Strong Inflection Research Articles

Neurophysiological evidence for morphological underspecification in German strong adjective inflection: Online Supplementary Materials

Neurophysiological evidence for morphological underspecification in German strong adjective inflection: Online Supplementary Materials

Physicochemical changes in phosphorylase kinase associated with its activation

Phosphorylase kinase (PhK) regulates glycogenolysis through its Ca(2+)-dependent phosphorylation and activation of glycogen phosphorylase. The activity of PhK increases dramatically as the pH is raised from 6.8 to 8.2 (denoted as upward arrow pH), but Ca(2+) dependence is retained. Little is known about the structural changes associated with PhK's activation by upward arrow pH and Ca(2+), but activation by both mechanisms is mediated through regulatory subunits of the (alphabetagammadelta)(4) PhK complex. In this study, changes in the structure of PhK induced by upward arrow pH and Ca(2+) were investigated using second derivative UV absorption, synchronous fluorescence, circular dichroism spectroscopy, and zeta potential analyses. The joint effects of Ca(2+) and upward arrow pH on the physicochemical properties of PhK were found to be interdependent, with their effects showing a strong inflection point at pH approximately 7.6. Comparing the properties of the conformers of PhK present under the condition where it would be least active (pH 6.8 - Ca(2+)) versus that where it would be most active (pH 8.2 + Ca(2+)), the joint activation by upward arrow pH and Ca(2+) is characterized by a relatively large increase in the content of sheet structure, a decrease in interactions between helix and sheet structures, and a dramatically less negative electrostatic surface charge. A model is presented that accounts for the interdependent activating effects of upward arrow pH and Ca(2+) in terms of the overall physicochemical properties of the four PhK conformers described herein, and published data corroborating the transitions between these conformers are tabulated.

Adsorption and diffusion of alkanes in CuBTC crystals investigated using infra-red microscopy and molecular simulations

The adsorption and intra-crystalline diffusion of n-butane (nC4), iso-butane (iC4), 2-methylbutane (2MB), and 2,2-dimethylpropane (neoP) in CuBTC (Cu 3(BTC) 2 where BTC = benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate) has been investigated using infrared microscopy (IRM), combined with molecular simulations. Both experiments and simulations show strong inflection characteristics in the adsorption isotherms. The primary cause of the inflection is due to the strong preference for adsorption within, and in the regions close to the mouths of tetrahedral pockets. The isotherm inflection has a significant influence on the dependence of the Maxwell–Stefan diffusivity, Ð i , on the fractional occupancy, Ð i . Both IRM experiments and simulations show that the Ð i – θ i behavior appears to be influenced by the loading dependence of the inverse thermodynamic factor 1 / Γ i = d ln θ i / d ln p i . For nC4 and iC4, the Ð i increase sharply by about one order of magnitude as the occupancy θ i increases from 0 to about 0.2. This increase is caused by the fact that the diffusion characteristics undergo a transition from being dominated by hops across narrow 4.6 Å windows at low loadings to hops across large 9 Å windows for loadings higher than 8 molecules per unit cell. For loadings higher than 8 molecules per unit cell the Ð i – θ i dependence of nC4 and iC4 is dictated by 1/ Γ i , characteristic of more open channel structures such as FAU zeolite. For 2MB and neoP, the IRM experiments show evidence of phase transition and except for the region in which this occurs the Ð i follows the occupancy dependence of 1/ Γ i for the entire range of loadings.

Inflection in the loading dependence of the Maxwell–Stefan diffusivity of iso-butane in MFI zeolite

Configurational-bias Monte Carlo simulations of the adsorption isotherm for iso-butane (iC4) in MFI zeolite shows a strong inflection at a loading Θ = 4 molecules per unit cell. The consequence of the isotherm inflection on the loading dependence of the Maxwell–Stefan (M–S) diffusivity, Ð, was investigated using infra-red microscopy (IRM). The experimental data show that Ð decreases nearly linearly as Θ is increased to 4; further increase in Θ results in a sharp increase in Ð, with a cusp at Θ = 4. Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations are used to rationalize the experimental observations. The simulations indicate that significant inter-molecular repulsions are present for Θ > 4.

Robert Lowell’s Propertius

Critics have ignored the strong Propertian presence in Robert Lowell's poems. The case is here made for Propertius as one of Lowell's main influences. Evidence adduced from Lowell's letters reveals his personal identification with Propertius, an attitude evident in the interpolations of his translation of elegy 4.7. Poems ostensibly based on Virgil, Catullus, and Ovid are shown to have a strong Propertian inflection. And per plexities of Propertius' style are linked to Lowell's.

Linking the loading dependence of the Maxwell–Stefan diffusivity of linear alkanes in zeolites with the thermodynamic correction factor

Molecular dynamics simulations have been carried out to determine the Maxwell–Stefan diffusivity Đ of C1–C4 linear alkanes for a range of molecular loadings, q, in AFI, MOR, MTW, and MFI zeolites. Configurational-Bias Monte Carlo simulations were used to determine the thermodynamic correction factor, Γ ≡ ∂ ln f/∂ ln q. For diffusion in the large 1D pores of AFI, Đ is proportional to 1/ Γ. In other zeolite topologies with smaller pore sizes, though such a direct proportionality is not observed, the Đ – q dependence appears to be closely linked to the 1/ Γ– q characteristics, especially when the latter exhibits strong inflection.

Influence of Isotherm Inflection on the Loading Dependence of the Diffusivities of n-Hexane and n-Heptane in MFI Zeolite. Quasi-Elastic Neutron Scattering Experiments Supplemented by Molecular Simulations

Quasi-Elastic Neutron Scattering (QENS) experiments were carried out to determine (a) Fick diffusivity, D (b) self-diffusivity, Dself, and (c) 1/Gamma, the inverse of the thermodynamic correction factor, for n-hexane (nC6) and n-heptane (nC7) in MFI zeolite (all silica silicalite-1) at 300 K for a variety of loadings. These experimental results are compared with configurational-bias Monte Carlo (CBMC) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of, respectively, the adsorption isotherms and diffusivities. For n-hexane, the CBMC simulated isotherm shows a slight inflection at a loading=4 molecules per unit cell; this inflection manifests, also, in the loading dependence of 1/Gamma, obtained from QENS. The trend in the loading dependence of the Fick D and Dself of nC6 obtained from QENS matches the MD simulation results. For nC7 the CBMC simulated isotherm shows a strong inflection at a loading=4 molecules per unit cell. At this loading=4, 1/Gamma tends to zero and there is a very good match between QENS and molecular simulations for the loading dependence of 1/Gamma. Both MD simulations and QENS data on the Fick diffusivity shows a sharp maximum at a loading in the region of=4. For both nC6 and nC7 the simulated values of diffusivity are about an order of magnitude higher than those determined from QENS.

Influence of isotherm inflection on the diffusivities of C5–C8 linear alkanes in MFI zeolite

Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations have been carried out to determine the Maxwell–Stefan (M–S) diffusivities Đ i for linear alkanes with 5, 6, 7 and 8 carbon atoms in MFI zeolite at 433 K for a range of molecular loadings Θ. The dependence of the MS diffusivities Đ i on the loading Θ was found to exhibit strong inflection behaviour; this is caused by the inflection in the corresponding sorption isotherm. The Đ i - Θ dependence follows the trend suggested by Krishna et al. [R. Krishna, J.M. van Baten, D. Dubbeldam, J. Phys. Chem. B 108 (2004) 14820]. The inflection behaviour also extends to diffusivities in binary mixtures.

Significance of Late Paleozoic Fission-track Ages in Volcanic Rocks from the Lavras Do Sul Region, Southernmost Brazil

This paper describes the application of apatite fission-track thermochronology to four outcrop samples of the basaltic to andesitic volcanic rocks of the Hilário Formation, located in the Precambrian Sul-rio-grandense Shield, in southernmost Brazil. The investigated unit was generated during the late stages of the Neoproterozoic Brasiliano/Pan-African Cycle (900-500 Ma), in a context of strike-slip motion along NE-trending structures and consequent basin inception. The apparent fission-track (FT) ages fall in the range 270.1 to 298.2 Ma, late Carboniferous to early Permian. The mean confined fission-track lengths range between 10.76 and 12.20 mm and the estimate for initial fission-track recording (below 110°C) is positioned around 359 and 344 Ma. Considering this, the Neoproterozoic volcanic rocks of the Hilário Formation were buried under at least 4 km of volcanic and sedimentary rocks, resulting in thermal fading of all the original fission-tracks, and remained so until the late Paleozoic. Then, the investigated rocks and the whole region acted as the southern margin and source area for the Paleozoic/Mesozoic intraplate Paraná Basin. A long-lived cooling trend, from the early Carboniferous (359-344 Ma) to the Permian/Triassic boundary (ca. 250 Ma) can be inferred from the analysis of the thermal history curves. This tendency can be associated to the conjunction of uplift and denudation of this region. During the Carboniferous, it probably reflects a response to the compressive events in the southwestern Gondwanan margin, in the context of the Eo-Hercynian (Chañic) Orogeny. This period, in the studied region, was also characterized by extensive ice caps related to the Gondwanan glaciation and by lack of sedimentation. With the collapse of the glaciers, alluvial fan and glaciogenic sedimentation took place during the late Carboniferous and early Permian. This cooling phase is probably recorded by the apparent FT ages. A subsequent uplifting event is revealed by the analysis of the thermal history curves, which show a strong inflection between 90 and 70 Ma. These data are here tentatively correlated with significant re-arrangements of the Brazilian southeastern coast, such as the Serra do Mar and Serra da Mantiqueira uplifts.

Aufbau von markierten Pluralklassen im Deutschen — eine Herausforderung für die Markiertheitstheorie

In addition to the two regular plural markers -en and -e for strong and weak inflection (Banken, Jahr-e) with their morphonological variants -n and -0 (Ranke-n, Fahrer-0) German has employed plurals with umlaut (Wolf-e, Vater-0) and in -er (Huhn-er) since Early New High German and, more recently, plurals in -s which establish a new plural class in German (Uhus, Mullers, Hochs und Tiefs). This formation of a new plural class, however, severely contradicts the assumptions of Markedness Theory, according to which language change should lead to a decline in markedness, to a reduction of the diversity of forms, but not to the formation of an additional class. The paper will show that development and function of the umlaut plural and the -er plural can be explained as substitutions for the -e plural subjected to apocope in Early New High German and as better realizations of the naturalness principle of uniqueness, whereas the -s plural can be accounted for in terms of transparency requirements which, in some word classes, dominate all other naturalness principles including those of optimal word length and implicational paradigm structure. Since the specific word classes that form an -s plural in German share joint features, I will assume a specific 'transparency domain' for these nouns. On the one hand, the phonologically or semiotically special characteristics of these nouns motivate the emergence of a new plural class, on the other hand, they define relatively clear cut boundaries. The motivation for the different plural forms, their development and even their decline will be explained in the framework of Markedness Theory by competing naturalness principles.

The Control Of Coherent Eddies In Vegetation Canopies: Streamwise Structure Spacing, Canopy Shear Scale And Atmospheric Stability

An analogy has been established between a plane mixing layer and the atmospheric flow near the top of a vegetation canopy. It is based on a common feature, a strong inflection in the mean velocity profile, responsible for hydrodynamical instabilities that set the pattern for the coherent eddies and determine the turbulence length scales. In an earlier study, this analogy was tested using a small data set from thirteen experiments, all in near-neutral conditions. It provided a good prediction of the streamwise spacing Λw of the dominant canopy eddies (evaluated from time series of vertical velocity) that appears to depend on a shear length scale Ls = U(h)/U'(h), where h is canopy height, U is mean velocity and U' the vertical gradient dU/dz. The present analysis utilizes an extensive data set of approximately 700 thirty-minute runs, from six experiments on two forest sites and a maize crop, with a large range of stability conditions. Λw was estimated for each run using the wavelet transform as an objective, automated detection method. First, the variations of Λw and Ls with atmospheric stability are discussed. Neutral and unstable values exhibit a large scatter whereas in stable conditions both variables decrease with increasing stability. It is subsequently found that Λw is directly related to Ls, in a way close to the neutral prediction Λw /h = 8.1Ls/h.The Strouhal number Str = Ls /Λw is then shown to vary with atmospheric stability, weakly in unstable conditions, more significantly in stable conditions. Altogether these results suggest that, to some extent, the plane mixing-layer analogy can be extended to non-neutral conditions. It is argued that the primary effect of atmospheric stability, at least in stable conditions, is to modify the shear length scale Ls through changes in U(h) and U'(h), which in turn determines the streamwise spacing of the active, coherent motions.

Comparative Phenology and Demography of Triturus boscai from Portugal

-The population structure and ecology of Triturus boscai were studied during eight years in northern (high and low altitudes) and central Portugal. Newts were censused monthly by dip-netting aquatic habitats. Annual activity cycles and reproductive phenologies varied among populations. Northern newts enter into winter dormancy and Central newts into summer dormancy. Individual age was assessed by skeletochronology using lines of arrested growth in the humeri. Females were larger than males in each population, but there was no difference between the sexes in age frequency distribution. The youngest mature newts were three years old. A higher growth rate in females, both before and after maturity, was responsible for the sexual size dimorphism. The growth curve showed a strong inflection after maturity in newts from Central Portugal; these were the smallest newts although mean age and longevity (7-8 yr) were greater than in the two northern populations (6-7 yr). Interpopulation differences in phenology are explained by differences in local climatic conditions, although differences in demographic parameters did not follow expected trends. Triturus boscai is a small newt endemic to the Iberian Peninsula and widely distributed in Portugal. This species inhabits small lakes, streams, and peat bogs but prefers small ponds with abundant vegetation (Caetano, 1982a). Triturus boscai is one of the most aquatic European newts and, like some T cristatus (Thorn, 1968), may spend a large portion of the year in water. Apart from biogeography (Crespo, 1971; Salvador, 1974), morphological descriptions (Caetano, 1982b), and analysis of sexual behavior (Rafinski and Pecio, 1992; Faria, 1993), the only life history account of Bosca's newt is that of Barbadillo (1987). Caetano (1990) provided preliminary information on the application of skeletoch onology for age estimation of this species. No demographic studies have been published on T boscai. Intraspecific plasticity in phenology and demographic traits may be expected and has been demonstrated for a variety of salamander species (e.g., Tilley, 1980; Dolmen, 1983; Bruce and Hairston, 1990; Caetano and Leclair, 1996). In Triturus marmoratus from Portugal, specimens rom southern regions have earlier maturity, a markedly shortened life-span, and do not reach the same large size compared with specimens from northern regions (Caetano and Castanet, information on the application f skeletoronology for age stimation of this species. e ographic studies have b en published 192 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.117 on Sun, 23 Oct 2016 04:38:08 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms DEMOGRAPHY OF TRITURUS BOSCAI

Seismic signature and geochemistry of an island arc: A multidisciplinary study of the Kohistan accreted terrane, northern Pakistan

Systematic sampling and mapping in the Kohistan accreted arc terrane of northern Pakistan has provided a sample suite representing the lithologic diversity of the section from its base along the Main Mantle Thrust upward through several stacked intrusions and their metamorphosed equivalents into the Kohistan batholith. A new lithologic column for the terrane has been developed during the course of this study using geothermobarometry based on elemental exchange reactions calculated from electron microprobe analyses of mineral assemblages. The pressures calculated from the chemical analyses of various mineral assemblages are constrained by recently published activity‐composition models and an internally consistent thermodynamic data base. Compressional and shear wave velocities and densities have been measured on samples that represent the diverse lithologies in this section and have been correlated with the new lithologic column. This data set has been augmented with published compositions and values for the uppermost part of the arc, not sampled in this study. Compressional wave velocities range from 4.3 km s−1 in supracrustal volcanogenic sediments to 7.5 km s−1 in lower crustal mafic cumulates. Underlying ultramafic rocks with velocities of 8.0 to 8.4 km s−1 define a sharp seismic Moho. The strong inflection in the velocity profile to greater than 8.0 km s−1 is due to the transition from plagioclase‐bearing to plagioclase‐free cumulate rocks in a continuous ultramafic‐mafic intrusion. The base of the crust lies at least four kilometers below this transition. Correlation of these laboratory‐measured values and the new lithologic column has allowed development of a velocity profile comparable to profiles developed through more conventional field seismic methods. Geochemical indices of fractionation exhibit a reasonable correlation with Compressional and shear wave velocities. An estimate of mean crustal Vp is remarkably similar to models for other cordilleran terranes at 6.7 plus or minus 0.05 km s−1. An estimate of the bulk chemical composition of the Kohistan terrane does not compare favorably with most published assessments of bulk continental crustal chemical composition, but is significantly more mafic than the latter. The striking resemblance of our reconstructed velocity profile to models generated from field seismic studies not only addresses the veracity of these models, but suggests that the Kohistan arc is a superbly well‐preserved analog for other arc terranes.

Volc�n Quizapu, Chilean Andes

Quizapu is a flank vent of the basalt-to-rhyodacite Holocene stratocone, Cerro Azul, and lies at the focus of a complex Quaternary volcanic field on the Andean volcanic front. The Quizapu vent originated in 1846 when 5 km3 of hornblende-dacite magma erupted effusively with little accompanying tephra. Between ∼ 1907 and 1932, phreatic and strombolian activity reamed out a deep crater, from which 4 km3 of dacite magma identical to that of 1846 fed the great plinian event of 10–11 April 1932. Although a total of >9 km3 of magma was thus released in 86 years, there is no discernible subsidence. As the pre-plinian crater was lined by massive lavas, 1932 enlargement was limited and the total plinian deposit contains only ∼ 0.4 wt % lithics. Areas of 5-cm and 1-cm isopachs for compacted 1932 fallout are about half of those estimated in the 1930's, yielding a revised ejecta volume of ∼9.5 km3. A strong inflection near the 10-cm isopach (downwind ∼110 km) on a plot of log Thickness vs Area1/2 reflects slow settling of fine plinian ash — not of coignimbrite ash, as the volume of pyroclastic flows was trivial (<0.01 km3). About 17 vol.% of the fallout lies beyond the 1-cm isopach, and ∼ 82 wt% of the ejecta are finer than 1 mm. A least 18 hours of steady plinian activity produced an exceptionally uniform fall deposit. Observed column height (27–30 km) and average mass eruption rate (1.5x108 kg/s) compare well with values for height and peak intensity calculated from published eruption models. The progressive “aeolian fractionation” of downwind ash (for which Quizapu is widely cited) is complicated by the large compositional range of 1932 juvenile pumice (52–70% SiO2). The eruption began with andesitic scoria and ended with basaltic scoria, but >95% of the ejecta are dacitic pumice (67–68% SiO2); minor andesitic scoria and frothier rhyodacite pumice (70% SiO2) accompanied the dominant dacite. Phenocrysts (pl>hb∼opx>mt>ilm∼cpx) are similar in both abundance and composition in the 1846 (effusive) and 1932 (plinian) dacites. Despite the contrast in mode of eruption, bulk compositions are also indistinguishable. The only difference so far identified is a lower range of δ D values for 1846 hornblende, consistent with pre-eruptive degassing of the effusive batch.

Thermodynamic aspects of translocation of reducing equivalents by mitochondria.

The "poise" in which there is no net transport of reducing equivalents mediated by glutamate and aspartate movements across the mitochondrial membrane has been studied using nonrespiring liver mitochondria, supplied with a given extramitochondrial ATP/ADP ratio. Absorbance shifts in safranine have been used as a probe to estimate the membrane potential generated under these conditions. Measurements of the asymmetric distribution of substrate anions and of reducing potential across the limiting membrane gave estimated differences of between 2.2 and 3.3 kcal when the ATP/ADP ratio in the suspending medium was about 30. The estimated membrane potential under these conditions was about 140 mV. All of the above parameters were decreased in a corresponding manner when the ATP/ADP ratio imposed from outside was decreased. A strong inflection in the slope of correlated parameters was obtained when the ATP/ADP ratio was below about 0.5. On the other hand, there was a linear relationship between the membrane potential and the asymmetric poise of reducing equivalents and of carbon metabolites. It is concluded that the poise of reducing equivalents mediated by the malate-aspartate shuttle is determined principally by the membrane potential through its effect on the electrogenic exchange of glutamate and aspartate.

On the Mechanism of Anodic Chlorate Oxidation

Anodic polarization curves were determined on smooth Pt, Pt‐coated Ti, ‐coated graphite, and ‐coated Ti. Operating conditions were typical for industrial perchlorate production, i.e. 1.6 moles/liter , while concentration was ranging between 0.47 and 4.7 moles/liter, at 50°C, pH 6–7. For solutions containing only, the anodic current potential diagram is rectilinear, irrespective of any presence of or , If also is present, the diagram shows a strong inflection. For each set of conditions, current efficiency and anode potential were determined vs. current density. This allowed two separate curves for conversion rate and O2 evolution rate, respectively, to be plotted vs. anode potential. Tafel linearity for conversion is thus obtained on Pt and on under all conditions, with a slope ranging between 0.1 and 0.12. This fact supports the view that is oxidized through a path involving primary discharge of with formation of radicals and that charge transfer is in most cases the rate‐determining step.

Soft X-Rays from a Single Nickel Crystal

AT the suggestion of Prof. O. W. Richardson, an investigation was made on the excitation of soft X-rays from a single crystal of nickel, kindly lent by Dr. H. H. Potter, of the University of Bristol. The face chosen was the [100] face and the range of potential was from 0 to 300 volts. The experiment was conducted with an all-quartz tube similar to the one used by Richardson and Chalklin (Proc. Roy. Soc., A, 110, p. 247; 1926). Curves were drawn between the applied potential and the energy of the soft X-ray excited as measured by the usual photoelectric method. When the bombarding current was maintained at about 1.5 milliamperes, definite and strong inflections appeared at 63.8, 72.2, 106.2, and 116.0 volts. A very weak inflection was also noted at 94.4 volts. No other inflections were obtained. If, however, the thermionic current was increased to about 3 milliamperes, there appeared also, besides the four strong ones noted above, weak inflections at 129.0, 144.8, 155.9, 179.9, 186.0, and 217.7 volts (all of which appear in the results of Thomas for nickel), while the inflection at 94.4 volts became stronger.

TWO NEW SPECIES OF LEPIDOPTERA

Peridroma canities n. sp. – Form and markings of the Texan P. annexa, but of a different, dusty gray, colour and a little shorter winged. Primaries dusty gray, with a slight dusky shading along costa, against which the pale dots, marking inception of transverse lines, are relieved. T.p. line tolerably distinct, indentate interspaceally, with included pale shade. Veins marked with fuscous. T. a. line double, with a strong outward inflection above internal margin. Claviform blunt, filled in with fuscous. Orbicular with central dot. Reniform moderate,filled in with fuscous. Cell slightly darker shaded. Marking inconspicuous, concolorous. Hind wings (♀) white.