Strong Gravitation Research Articles

Correspondence of Concept of Circular Orbits in Schwarzschild Metric and Kerr Metric to those in Tidally Evolving Binaries in Weak Gravitational Regime and its Application in Determination of Spin of Supermassive Black Hole

This paper rederives diameters of the Innermost Stable Circular Orbits (ISCO) in Schwarzschild Metric (RDISCO = 6RSch for non-rotating BH with a =0) and in Kerr metric with particular reference to recently studied Super Massive Black Hole in NGC1365 (RDISCO = 9RSch for retrograde orbits and RDISCO = 1RSch for prograde orbits around maximally spinning BH of a=1). Next the same derivations are made in tidally evolving binaries based on kinematic model. Kinematic Model derivation corresponds to the derivations made in Kerr Metric for Circular Orbits in all its details at weak gravitation regime. At strong gravitation regime in Kerr metric, the two orbits converge to Innermost Stable Circular Orbit due to the Space-Time Curvature and Frame-Dragging Effect in the vicinity of SMBH. Kinematic model fails to arrive at ISCO since it has not included the relativistic mechanics.

Liquefaction of Cellulose for Production of Advanced Porous Carbon Materials.

Cellulose is a renewable resource for the production of advanced carbonaceous materials for various applications. In addition to direct carbonization, attention has recently been paid to the preparation of porous carbons from liquid cellulose-based precursors. Possible pathways of cellulose conversion to a liquid state suitable for the preparation of porous carbons are summarized in this review. Hydrothermal liquefaction leading to liquid mixtures of low-molecular-weight organics is described in detail together with less common decomposition techniques (microwave or ultrasound assisted liquefaction, decomposition in a strong gravitation field). We also focus on dissolution of cellulose without decomposition, with special attention paid to dissolution of nonderivatized cellulose. For this purpose, cold alkalines, hot acids, ionic liquids, or alcohols are commonly used.

Confirmation of the physic unification by the ether elasticity theory

We precise the concept of ether by proving that its points can only rotate elastically on themselves, the ether volumetric density remains then constant, and an ether wave is the propagation of elastic ether point rotations. We prove that: a particle is constituted by ether point rotations, i.e., when a particle moves, only elastic ether rotations change their emplacements, but not those of the ether points; a particle is generally constituted by a sum of monochromatic ether waves that becomes only one of them when it is confined to move around a nucleus; the changes in the ether created by a particle but out of it, is the field that it created; two ether waves associated each to an electron moving in opposite sense around the nuclei can form by interference a stationary wave of very small energy. An atom of which all the electron ether waves are coupled, is said “noble”. A single electron ether wave can also propagate around the nucleus without falling on the nucleus, this happens when this ether wave superpose itself adequately at each round, this case is an “oxidation”. We prove that there is a “strong gravitation” between two protons even in a repulsive electromagnetic field when they are sufficiently close one to the other, this is explained by the General Relativity and the ether concept. We present then the ether elasticity interpretation of the “chemical” reaction and of the “nuclear” reaction and prove that two very close protons are submitted to a very strong gravitation that overcome their electrical repulsion as for example: two H nuclei form a He nucleus, on the contrary to the fact that in heavy nuclei, there are protons that cannot get close and therefore are submitted to repulsive forces that can cause their disintegration.

Равновесие «невидимой руки» в семье: сила притяжения между мужчиной и женщиной на брачных рынках

The proof of the Invisible hand describes the inner market mechanism, which leads the producer to the meeting point with the uninformed consumer, where the price and the meeting time provide the maximization of the output on the consumption-leisure production possibility frontier and unintentionally maximize the buyer’s consumption-leisure utility. This mechanism also works in marriage markets where the Invisible hand corrects the misleading information. The paper confirms G. S. Becker’s assumption that more beautiful, charming, and talented women tend to marry wealthier and more successful men but refutes his conclusion that such marriage maximizes the aggregate output. The high male productivity really attracts women because it produces a strong male gravitation field. But the marriage of a very productive man to a beautiful woman fails because it represents for a beautiful woman a corner solution. The man’s wealth, accumulated before the marriage, as well the bride price reinforces this disequilibrium. A dowry can also result in a disequilibrium because it gives time for a man to look for another partner. The paper argues that the quality of men is determined not by their productivity as such but by the trade-off between the productivity and their ability to provide household services on the family consumption-leisure production possibility frontier. The quality of women is determined by the trade-off between household activity and efforts to support her natural female attractiveness. The invisible hand equilibrium represents something close to the mating of unlikes but with some peculiarities. The woman’s ability to provide household services substitutes the man’s household activity but it complements his gender-related quality of productivity. A housewife raises the productivity of her husband; she increases his attractiveness and reinforces his gravitation field at the expense of her own attractiveness and her gravitation field but only this way she maximizes her consumption-leisure utility. Polygamy also represents the invisible hand equilibrium but in this case the equal distribution of wealth between wives is followed by unequal distribution of household activities when some wives spend less time in the kitchen but more leisure time with the husband because they are more attractive. In monogamy, the woman’s strong gravitation field produces the phenomenon of the ‘tragedy of a femme fatale’. Her alliance with a wealthy man comes to the corner solution; she needs more attention of her husband but with that she decreases his gravitational field, and he becomes less interesting to her. The loss of male attractiveness results in the short time horizon of the equilibrium determined by the invisible hand.

The evolution of the size–mass relation at z = 1–3 derived from the complete Hubble Frontier Fields data set

ABSTRACT We measure the size–mass relation and its evolution between redshifts 1 < z < 3, using galaxies lensed by six foreground Hubble Frontier Fields clusters. The power afforded by strong gravitation lensing allows us to observe galaxies with higher angular resolution beyond current facilities. We select a stellar mass limited sample and divide them into star-forming or quiescent classes based on their rest-frame UVJ colours from the ASTRODEEP catalogues. Source reconstruction is carried out with the recently released lenstruction software, which is built on the multipurpose gravitational lensing software lenstronomy. We derive the empirical relation between size and mass for the late-type galaxies with $M_{*}\gt 3\times 10^{9}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$ at 1 < z < 2.5 and $M_{*}\gt 5\times 10^{9}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$ at 2.5 < z < 3, and at a fixed stellar mass, we find galaxy sizes evolve as $R \rm _{eff} \propto (1+z)^{-1.05\pm 0.37}$. The intrinsic scatter is <0.1 dex at z < 1.5 but increases to ∼0.3 dex at higher redshift. The results are in good agreement with those obtained in blank fields. We evaluate the uncertainties associated with the choice of lens model by comparing size measurements using five different and publicly available models, finding the choice of lens model leads to a 3.7 per cent uncertainty of the median value, and ∼25 per cent scatter for individual galaxies. Our work demonstrates the use of strong lensing magnification to boost resolution does not introduce significant uncertainties in this kind of work, and paves the way for wholesale applications of the sophisticated lens reconstruction technique to higher redshifts and larger samples.

THEMATIC AND STRUCTURAL PARALLELS OF UKRAINIAN AND CATALYTIC PROSE

The typical and recurring structural components of the prose of Merce Rodoroda, the classic of the Catalan literature of the XX century, are considered. Their role in creating the national coloring of the novel is determined. A comparative analysis of the poetic peculiarities of Merce Rodoreda’s prose with the structure of some works of Ukrainian prose is carried out. The comparative aspect of the new Ukrainian and Catalan prose, which has in-depth general features, is by now unexplored. The problem of the ratio of universal and original in art is developed over considerable time in a different genre and methodological planes. And if, for example, the Irish component in the British literature has been studied quite thoroughly, then the national peculiarities of Ukrainian and Catalan literatures have been studied less than the mentioned one. At the same time, a comparative analysis of the differences between literature in Ukrainian and Russian and in Catalan and Castilian can be indicative. Historically, the literature was developed in very similar conditions: both sought to merge with the European context, and both experienced a strong gravitation (and often political opposition) of the Russian and Castilian states. The discovery of separate laws of interaction between Catalan and Castilian literatures will allow a better understanding of the laws of the national literature development. The article shows peculiar structural components of the prose, which with a great deal of probability will form the national originality of any European novel.

The Gravitational Field in the Relativistic Uniform Model within the Framework of the Covariant Theory of Gravitation

For the relativistic uniform system with an invariant mass density the exact expressions are determined for the potentials and strengths of the gravitational field, the energy of particles and fields. It is shown that, as in the classical case for bodies with a constant mass density, in the system with a zero vector potential of the gravitational field, the energy of the particles, associated with the scalar field potential, is twice as large in the absolute value as the energy defined by the tensor invariant of the gravitational field. The problem of inaccuracy of the use of the field’s stress-energy tensors for calculating the system’s mass and energy is considered. The found expressions for the gravitational field strengths inside and outside the system allow us to explain the occurrence of the large-scale structure of the observable Universe, and also to relate the energy density of gravitons in the vacuum field with the limiting mass density inside the proton. Both the Universe and the proton turn out to be relativistic uniform systems with the maximum possible parameters. The described approach allows us to calculate the maximum possible Lorentz factor of the matter particles at the center of the neutron star and at the center of the proton, and also to estimate the radius of action of the strong and ordinary gravitation in cosmological space.

The Gravitational Field in the Relativistic Uniform Model within the Framework of the Covariant Theory of Gravitation

For the relativistic uniform system with an invariant mass density the exact expressions are determined for the potentials and strengths of the gravitational field, the energy of particles and fields. It is shown that, as in the classical case for bodies with a constant mass density, in the system with a zero vector potential of the gravitational field, the energy of the particles, associated with the scalar field potential, is twice as large in the absolute value as the energy defined by the tensor invariant of the gravitational field. The problem of inaccuracy of the use of the field’s stress-energy tensors for calculating the system’s mass and energy is considered. The found expressions for the gravitational field strengths inside and outside the system allow us to explain the occurrence of the large-scale structure of the observable Universe, and also to relate the energy density of gravitons in the vacuum field with the limiting mass density inside the proton. Both the Universe and the proton turn out to be relativistic uniform systems with the maximum possible parameters. The described approach allows us to calculate the maximum possible Lorentz factor of the matter particles at the center of the neutron star and at the center of the proton, and also to estimate the radius of action of the strong and ordinary gravitation in cosmological space.

(Special Unified Field TheoryyDemonstration the Electromagnetic Force and the Strong Force, the Weak Force, Gravitational Force Unity)

Chinese Abstract: 统一场理论共分为狭义统一场理论和广义统一场理论。所谓狭义统一场理论就是指：电磁力与弱力、强力、万有引力的统一，即以电磁力为基本力，由电磁力延伸，通过数学计算和理论推导产生了强力、弱力、万有引力，以及由此理论推导而发现万有斥力的存在，即物质和反物质之间、正磁物质和反磁物质之间存在着万有斥力。广义统一场理论就是指：从物质的结构和组成上的物质世界大统一，即世界大同理论，也就是说：首先由正负电子相结合形成一对γ光子，而一对γ光子又能形成一对正负电子，同时，正负电子的外表面是由正电场和负电场存在（γ光子就是由电力线和磁力线组成，正负电子外的正负电场可以看成是γ光子中的电力线组成），正负电子都存在着自旋磁矩，且自旋磁矩的值比正负电子外的正负电场按照光速自旋所产生磁矩要大近1000倍，即充分说明正负电子中存在着磁结构（γ光子就是由电力线和磁力线组成，正负电子中的磁场，即磁力线，可以看成是γ光子中的磁力线组成），除此之外再也没有发现任何第三种存在从正负电子相结合中发出。由此可得：正负电子是由电和磁组成的，进而得出，正负电子再组成基本粒子（包括中子、质子），而中子和质子组成了原子核，原子核再与核外的电子组成原、分子。原子和分子组成了五彩缤纷的大千世界。同时，由广义统一场理论还可以得出：经典理论、场论、量子理论、薛定愕方程之间的相互统一。 English Abstract: Unified field theory is divided into special unified field and generalized unified field theory. The so-called special unified field refers to: Unified the electromagnetic force and the weak force、strength force、gravitation. Namely electromagnetic force as the basic force, extending from the electromagnetic force, through mathematical calculations and theoretical analysis to produce the strong force, weak force, gravitation, and theoretical analysis and found the existence of universal repulsion. Namely between matter and antimatter, between the positive magnetic material and antimagnetic material, there is a universal repulsion between them. Generalized unified field theory refers to: first of all, the matter from the structure and composition of the unity, that grand unified matter world. That is: first of all, Electron-positron combines to form one pair of γ photons, and one pair of γ photons can form a pair of electron-positron also, in the meantime, positive and negative electrons in the outer surface there is a positive and negative electric field (γ photon is composed by power lines and magnetic field lines, positive and negative electric field outside of the electron-positron can be seen as consisting of a power line of the γ photons), there are positive and negative electron spin magnetic moment, and the value of the spin magnetic moment is large nearly 1000 times than the value that the electron-positron external the positive and negative electric field rotation in accordance with the speed of light produced the value. It fully demonstrates the presence of electron-positron magnetic structure (γ photon is composed by power lines and magnetic field lines, positive and negative electric field outside of the electron-positron can be seen as consisting of a power line of the γ photons) in addition to the presence of a third never find any issue from a combination of electron-positron. Thus available: electron-positron is composed by electric and magnetic, then draw, elementary particles are composed of electrons and positrons (including neutron, proton), and the protons and neutrons make up the nucleus, nuclei and electrons outside the nucleus of the constituent atoms and molecule, atomic and molecular composition of the colorful worlds. At the same time, by generalized unified field theory can also draw: Mutual unity between the classical theory, field theory, quantum theory, the Schrodinger equation.

A quasi-periodic modulation of the iron line centroid energy in the black hole binary H1743−322

Accreting stellar-mass black holes often show a `Type-C' quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO) in their X-ray flux, and an iron emission line in their X-ray spectrum. The iron line is generated through continuum photons reflecting off the accretion disk, and its shape is distorted by relativistic motion of the orbiting plasma and the gravitational pull of the black hole. The physical origin of the QPO has long been debated, but is often attributed to Lense-Thirring precession, a General Relativistic effect causing the inner flow to precess as the spinning black hole twists up the surrounding space-time. This predicts a characteristic rocking of the iron line between red and blue shift as the receding and approaching sides of the disk are respectively illuminated. Here we report on XMM-Newton and NuSTAR observations of the black hole binary H 1743-322 in which the line energy varies systematically over the ~4 s QPO cycle (3.70 sigma significance), as predicted. This provides strong evidence that the QPO is produced by Lense-Thirring precession, constituting the first detection of this effect in the strong gravitation regime. There are however elements of our results harder to explain, with one section of data behaving differently to all the others. Our result enables the future application of tomographic techniques to map the inner regions of black hole accretion disks.

DETECTION LEVEL ENHANCEMENTS OF GRAVITATIONAL MICROLENSING EVENTS FROM LIGHT CURVES: THE SIMULATIONS

Microlensing can be seen as a version of strong gravitation lensing where the separation angle of the image formed by light deflection by a massive object is too small to be seen by a ground based optical telescope. As a result, what can be observed is the change in light intensity as function of time; the light curve. Conventionally, the intensity of the source is expressed in magnitudes, which uses a logarithmic function of the apparent flux, known as the Pogson formulae. In this work, we compare the magnitudes from the Pogson formulae with magnitudes from the Asinh formulae (Lupton et al. 1999). We found for small fluxes, Asinh magnitudes give smaller deviations, about 0.01 magnitudes smalller than Pogson magnitudes. This result is expected to give significant improvement in detection level of microlensing light curves.

Energy, momentum, mass, and velocity of a moving body in the light of gravitomagnetic theory

In the weak-field approximation of the covariant theory of gravitation the 4/3 problem is formulated for internal and external gravitational fields of a body in the form of a uniform ball. The dependence of the energy and the mass of the moving body on the energy of the field accompanying the body, as well as the dependence on the characteristic size of the body are described. Additions in the energy and the momentum of the system, defined by the energy and momentum of the gravitational and electromagnetic fields, associated with the body, are explicitly calculated. The conclusion is made that the energy and the mass of the system can be described through the energy of ordinary and strong gravitation and through the energies of electromagnetic fields of particles that compose the body.

A screw model for quantum electrodynamics: from gravitation to quanta

A screw model is developed for photons and fermions to offer a physical representation for the Feynman's arrow scheme in quantum-electrodynamics. This model interprets intrinsic parameters of particles: spin, rest energy and magnetic moment by self-rotations with the speed of light forming either a helical (boson) or a spherical (fermion) screws. Due to the extreme Lorentz contraction, the surface of screws is zero, while the radius remains finite (Compton radius). According to the general theory of relativity, the non-Euclidean geometry of space-time caused by the self-rotation of particles should produce an intrinsic force, which is analogous to the gravitation, but being 32-42 orders of magnitudes stronger, we denote it as strong gravitation. It is a self-stabilizing force for the intrinsic rotations, which is the source of spin and defines the Planck constant. The spherical screws of fermions are formed by double rotations, where the two rotations have right or left-handed chirality representing the particles and anti-particles. The double-rotation produces Coriolis force, where the sign is determined by the chirality and this force is the origin of electric charge. Parity violation in the beta-decay of neutrons is related to the symmetry of reflection for the self-motion of particles. The finite radius of self- rotation may resolve also divergences in the theory of quantum-electrodynamics.

Strong gravitation waves in terms of Maurer-Cartan forms

Strong gravitation plane waves are represented in terms of the Maurer-Cartan spin connection coefficients in cosmological background. It was shown that the diffeo-invariance of spin connection coefficients leaves only one degree of freedom of the strong gravitation plane waves in contrast to the metric approach, where gravitation waves have two degrees of freedom like photons in QED. The Hilbert action of gravitation waves in terms of spin connection coefficients takes the form of a bilinear field theory.

Universe as a representation of affine and conformal symmetries

The evolution of the Universe is considered by means of a nonlinear realization of affine and conformal symmetries via Maurer-Cartan forms. Conformal symmetry is realized by the geometry of similarity with the Dirac scalar dilaton. We provide preliminary quantitative evidence that the zeroth harmonic of the Dirac scalar dilaton may lead to observationally viable cosmology, where the type la supernova luminosity distances-redshift relation can be explained by vacuum dilaton dark energy. The diffeo-invariance of spin connection coefficients of the affine formulation leaves only one degree of freedom of strong gravitation waves. We discuss that the dark matter effect in spiral galaxies can be described by the gravitation waves expressed through the spin connection coefficients of the affine formulation. We show that, the evolution equations of the affine gravitons with respect to the dilaton zeroth mode coincide with the equations of “squeezed oscillator”. The list of theoretical and observational arguments is given in favor of that the origin of the Universe can be described by quantum vacuum creation of these squeezed oscillators.

Plane Poiseuille flow of a rarefied gas in the presence of strong gravitation

Plane Poiseuille flow of a rarefied gas, which flows horizontally in the presence of strong gravitation, is studied based on the Boltzmann equation. Applying the asymptotic analysis for a small variation in the flow direction [Y. Sone, Molecular Gas Dynamics (Birkhäuser, 2007)], the two-dimensional problem is reduced to a one-dimensional problem, as in the case of a Poiseuille flow in the absence of gravitation, and the solution is obtained in a semianalytical form. The reduced one-dimensional problem is solved numerically for a hard sphere molecular gas over a wide range of the gas-rarefaction degree and the gravitational strength. The presence of gravitation reduces the mass flow rate, and the effect of gravitation is significant for large Knudsen numbers. To verify the validity of the asymptotic solution, a two-dimensional problem of a flow through a long channel is directly solved numerically, and the validity of the asymptotic solution is confirmed.

The density profile of hard sphere liquid system under gravity

The density profile of hard sphere liquid under gravity is calculated by using density functional theory and Monte Carlo simulation method. The two methods give consistent results for a wide range of parameters. Meanwhile, the validity range of the density functional theory is also established. The results are quite different from the barometric height distribution rho(z)=rho(0) exp(-zL(G)) in almost all cases studied, which indicates that the interaction between particles plays an important role in the density distribution under external fields. Moreover, the crystallizing phenomenon is also predicted at the bottom part of the system under strong gravitation.

Weakly nonlinear analysis of wind-driven gravity waves

We study the weakly nonlinear development of shear-driven gravity waves induced by the physical mechanism first proposed by Miles, and furthermore investigate the mixing properties of the finite-amplitude solutions. Linear theory predicts that gravity waves are amplified by an influx of energy through the critical layer, where the velocity of the wind equals the wave phase velocity. As the wave becomes of finite amplitude nonlinearities have to be taken into account. In this paper we derive asymptotic solutions of finite-amplitude waves for weak wind and strong gravitation , consistent with Venkataramani's results.

Fe K$\mathsf{\alpha}$ line: A tool to probe massive binary black holes in Active Galactic Nuclei?

Since many or most galaxies have central massive black holes (BHs), mergers of galaxies can form massive binary black holes (BBHs). It is possible that some BBHs exist in active galactic nuclei (AGNs). We argue that each BH may be surrounded by an accretion disc with a different inclination angle to the line of sight (due to different BH spin directions and the Bardeen-Petterson effect). The observed Fe K α line profile from a BBH system is a combination of the lines from the inner regions of the two discs, which is significantly affected by the inclination angles of the two discs. The Fe K α line profile associated with BBHs may have an unusual shape with double or more peaks as well as short-term variability (e.g. ~10 4 s), which can be distinguished from the Fe K α line properties of some other possible models. The precession of the two discs could introduce two un-related quasi-periodic signals in the X-ray continuum emission, which would be useful to constrain both of the BH masses. We suggest that with the improvement of resolution in X-ray astronomy, Fe K α line profiles be a potential tool to probe the existence of massive BBHs in AGNs. The Fe K α line profile associated with BBHs may also provide a tool to investigate the dynamics in strong gravitation field (e.g. providing evidence of the Bardeen-Petterson effect).

Joule Heating in Neutron Stars under Strong Gravitation

Considering Joule heating caused by the dissipation of the magnetic field in the neutron star crust to be an efficient mechanism in maintaining a relatively high surface temperature in very old neutron stars, the role of general relativity is investigated. It is found that, although the effect of space-time curvature produced by the intense gravitational field of the star slows down the decay rate of the magnetic field, modification of the initial magnetic field configuration and the initial field strength by the space-time curvature results in increasing the rate of Joule heating. Hence the space-time curvature supports Joule heating in maintaining a relatively high surface temperature which is consistent with the bservational detection.