Strong Fluorescence Intensity Research Articles

Synthesis and Optoelectronic Properties of Cationic Iridium(III) Complexes with o-Carborane-Based 2-Phenyl Benzothiazole Ligands.

A series of cationic cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes with o-carborane cage on the main ligand of 2-phenylbenzothiazole were synthesized. The prepared iridium complexes (C1-C6) were fully characterized by UV-vis, NMR, and FT-IR spectra. The exact molecular structure of complex C1 was further studied by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The different substitution position of o-carborane on the 2-phenylbenzothiazole ring lead to obvious differences in the emission properties of the synthesized complexes. The o-carboranyl unit results in a bathochromic shift of 10 nm in the fluorescence emission spectrum of C2. In addition, the presence of an o-carborane fragment promoted the strong fluorescence intensity of C1 and C4, which can be used as a tool to effectively boost the intensity of fluorescence properties. The emission fluorescent behavior of iridium(III) complexes can be facilely tuned by structural variations in the main ligands of these materials.

Green fluorescent waterborne polyurethane polyols

In this paper, we reported a series of green fluorescent flame-retardant waterborne polyurethane polyols. The polyurethane polyols were uniformly sized and possessed decent colloidal stability. Comparing to other reported products, our aqueous dispersions showed much stronger fluorescence intensity and greatly improved long-term stability, which were desired for practical applications. Small molecule conjugation units were gated into polyurethane chains via reaction between −OH of naphthalene and −NCO of diisocyanate, which restricts intramolecular rotation of naphthalene chromophores and non-radiative transition to enhance fluorescence intensity. The non-radiative transition and chromophore aggregation are weakened to hinder aggregation-caused quenching of chromophores to improve fluorescence by weak collision. This study has demonstrated a facile method to prepare waterborne polyurethane polyols, providing detailed explanation and guidance for related work in the future.

A New Strategy Using a Fluorescent Probe Combined with Polydopamine for Detecting the Activity of Acetylcholinesterase

A water-soluble and sensitive fluorescent probe N,N′-bis[tris-(2-aminoethyl)amine]-3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic diimide (PTRIS) was synthesized and, in combination with polydopamine (PDA), utilised in the detection of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. PDA is spontaneously polymerized from dopamine (DA) in aerobic and alkaline solutions. The excellent absorption of PDA results in the aggregation of PTRIS around PDA as well as π–π stacking between them, which consequently quenched the fluorescence of PTRIS due to aggregation induced quenching (AIQ) in 9 min. The hydrolysis product of acetylthiocholine (ATCh) catalyzed by AChE, thiocholine (TCh), was proved to inhibit the polymerization of DA, therefore the free monomeric PTRIS retained its strong fluorescence intensity. The fluorescence was switched off and on depending on the activity of AChE. According to the change of fluorescence intensity at 550 nm, the detection limit of AChE was quantified as 0.02 mU mL−1. It was also proved that this probe possessed excellent selectivity for AChE. Tacrine and the organophosphate pesticide diazinon were further evaluated for inhibitor screening. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration value of tacrine and diazinon was calculated to be 1.4 and 1.6 μM respectively, revealing potential applications for inhibition and pesticide detecting.

Examining How Different Carbon Entry Point Affects Recombinant Protein Production from Ethylene Glycol in Bacillus Subtilis

Recombinant protein production is the first application task for nascent genetic engineering efforts in 1970s. Since then, a variety of basic science and process engineering approaches have been used in improving recombinant protein production. Given that protein production could serve as marker for how well rewired metabolism is functioning, possibility exists in using it to highlight the most suitable pathway for assimilating a particular unconventional substrate. To this end, different pathways with different carbon entry point in central carbon metabolism could be constructed, with fluorescence of a green fluorescent protein as readout. Good carbon entry point should ideally lead to even distribution of substrate flux to all precursors feeding amino acid synthesis, and should result in strong fluorescence intensity and high protein production. This perspective critically examines the literature for prior work on the above hypothesis in relation to utilization of ethylene glycol by Bacillus subtilis. A literature review suggests that the hypothesis is novel, and provides additional information that modulation of global regulatory protein (transcription factor) may serve as ancillary factors promoting high recombinant protein production.

Fluorogenic probes for mitochondria and lysosomes via intramolecular photoclick reaction.

The tetrazole-based photoclick chemistry has attracted considerable attention in virtue of its good biocompatibility, exclusive molecular reaction, and spatiotemporally controllable properties. Using this photoclick reaction, we designed an in situ, real-time fluorescence imaging system that targeted mitochondria and lysosomes in a spatiotemporally controllable manner. Upon irradiation, the pyrazoline fluorophore was generated in situ by the intramolecular tetrazole-alkene cycloaddition reaction ("photo-click chemistry"). This strategy exhibits features such as fast response, high efficiency, strong fluorescence intensity without background and superior stability. In addition, by integrating with an organelle-specific group, it has a good application for subcellular targeting imaging. Furthermore, the photo-responsive moiety Tet facilitates the probes, Mt-Tet and Ly-Tet, for the super-resolution imaging of subcellular structures.

PREPARATION OF FLUORESCENT POLYSTYRENE MICROSPHERES BY IMPROVING SWELLING PERFORMANCE BASED ON MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND SURFACE CARBOXYL GROUP CONTENT

The fluorescent microspheres are prepared by the swelling-evaporation method. The optimal swelling conditions are obtained by researching related factors, such as types and dosages of swelling agent, dosages of fluorescent substance, swelling time and swelling temperature. Considering that the structure of microspheres can influence the swelling properties, the paper mainly focuses on the effect of molecular weight and surface carboxyl group content of polystyrene microspheres on swelling properties. When the molecular weight of microspheres is 75276 g mol-1, the density of carboxyl group on their surface is 6.94×10-4 mol g-1, and the doping amount of europium complex reaches the maximum of 24.9 mg g-1 with the strongest fluorescence intensity. Meanwhile, the as-prepared fluorescent microspheres have high monodispersity, uniform particles size and high thermal stability (the decomposition temperature is 385 oC), which sets up the good foundation for biomolecule detection. So, this work provides a significant experience for the preparation of fluorescent microspheres.

Stimuli responsive nanogels with intrinsic fluorescence: Promising nanovehicles for controlled drug delivery and cell internalization detection in diverse cancer cell lines

Nanogels are an important class of nanomaterials with a wide field of potential applications in nanomedicine. Fluorescent nanogels have the great advantage of the application in theranostics. In this study, intrinsic fluorescent nanogels, crosslinked with fluorescein O,O′-diacrylate (FDA), were synthetized and studied for first time, via a robust methodology of one–pot, resulting in yields in scale of grams. This new type of nanovehicles avoid the susceptibility to leaching, inhomogeneity, or degradation of the fluorescent moieties, observed in others approaches using encapsulation or conjugation of fluorescent molecules, additionally they show multi-stimuli response to temperature and pH. Both anionic (AFN) and cationic fluorescent nanogels (CFN) were successfully produced, which showed strong fluorescence intensity at neutral pH, the fluorescence was quenched at pH 5. Cisplatin (CDDP) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) were loaded into the nanogels, leading to partially quenching of the fluorescence. The kinetics of drug release and cell-viability studies are also reported. Cell-internalization studies were performed by fluorescence microscopy in non-small lung adenocarcinoma cell line NCI-H1437 and human colorectal cancer cell line HCT-116; demonstrating that the AFN were not internalized and CFN were easily internalized at concentrations of 100 µg/mL in 5 min, irrespective of the molecular weight of the Poly(ethylenglycol)-chains. The developed method can be expanded to the preparation of other fluorescent nanogel types; whereas the prepared AFN and CFN could be studied as nanocarriers to be internalized in diverse cell-lines.

Substitution-site and ambient annealing dependences of upconversion emission of SrTiO3

We investigated the upconversion (UC) emissions and their ambient dependences of SrTiO3 polycrystals co-doped in Er3+ and Yb3+ at different substitution sites. i.e., the A-site and B-sites in ABO3-type perovskite, and its response to H2 and O2 ambient annealing. Under near-infrared excitation at 980 nm, the as-synthesized samples exhibited strong UC emission features in the green (525 and 550 nm) and red (660 nm) region from Er3+ ions owing to sensitization by Yb3+; the emission was much stronger for A-site doping than for B-site doping. Interestingly, annealing in the H2 atmosphere to increase the oxygen vacancies suppressed the photoluminescence and UC emission of the A-site doped samples, but enhanced the emission signals of the B-site doped samples. After subsequent annealing in the O2 atmosphere to decrease the oxygen vacancies, the emission intensities showed a tendency to return to those in the as-synthesized A-site doped and B-site doped samples. These intriguing behaviors were explained in terms of the relationship between the substitution site and charge compensation. We performed the temperature dependent UC emissions and found that the intensity ratio between two green emissions changed significantly with temperature. This strong fluorescence intensity ratio could be used for optical thermometry.

Dual liquid/vapor-fed flame synthesis for the effective preparation of SiO2@YAlO3:Nd3+ nanophosphors

Yttrium aluminum oxide YAlO3 is an attractive laser host material for lanthanide ions like Nd3+. In this paper, a dual liquid/vapor-fed flame synthesis (DLVF) system is developed for investigating the role of SiO2 coating on flame-made YAlO3:Nd3+ nanophosphors. The hexamethyldisiloxane (HDMSO) vapor is flexibly fed into the YAlO3:Nd3+ flame spray flow at different positions and molar ratios. We find that the introduction of SiO2 coating dramatically improves the crystallinity of YAlO3:Nd3+cores because of the heat-insulation effect and nearly doubles the fluorescence intensity. Through a timescale analysis, we demonstrate that the best timing for coating injection is when the small particles have already been formed but not heavily aggregated. An early injection could result in segregated SiO2 particles and some impurities like Al2SiO5, while a delayed injection leads to the coating of SiO2 on the entire aggregates instead of on individual particles. Experiments of different coating ratios show that the coating ratio 1:1 of Si:(Y+Nd) produces the best crystallinity and strongest fluorescence intensity. Further increase of the coating ratio does not show any improvements of the crystallinity, and may even causes the decrease of the relative fraction of Nd3+ ions. Compared with YAG:Nd3+ bulk materials (with a typical optimum doping concentration 1.1mol%) and uncoated YAlO3:Nd3+ nanophosphors (with an optimum doping concentration 2 mol%), the SiO2 coating promotes the optimum Nd3+ doping concentration up to 3 mol%.

Ascorbic acid stabilized copper nanoclusters as fluorescent probes for selective detection of tetracycline

In this work, we synthesized the copper nanoclusters (AA-Cu NCs) by protection and chemical reduction of ascorbic acid. The characterization results illustrated that the water-soluble nanoclusters were stable and well monodispersed with strong fluorescence intensity. The fluorescence of the nanoclusters could be selectively and efficiently quenched by tetracycline. There were two excellent linear relationships between the F0/F values and tetracycline concentrations in the range of 0.9–70 μM and 80–150 μM. The quenching mechanism might be static quenching and inner filter effect (IFE). More importantly, the fluorescent probe AA-Cu NCs could efficiently detect tetracycline in environmental water.

Simultaneous imaging of lysosomal and mitochondrial viscosity under different conditions using a NIR probe

This article reported a hemicyanine dye fluorescent probe (1), based on benzo[e]indole and aromatic azonia skeleton, for simultaneous detection of viscosity fluctuation in mitochondria and lysosomes. Probe 1 exhibited near infrared emission and high sensitivity towards viscosity of the medium. As the viscosity increases, the rotation of CC single bond between the benzo[e]indole and the nitrogen heterocycle could be suppressed, and the entire molecular scaffold was coplanar and emitted strong fluorescence due to more delocalized electron distribution. The fluorescence intensity of probe 1 was enhanced 16.2 times at 650 nm as the viscosity increased from 0.89 cP to 865 cP. Correspondingly, the fluorescence quantum yield of probe 1 increased from 4.2% to 49.6%. The change of lg (I650nm) had a good linear relationship with lgη (viscosity values: 0.89 cP to 8.6 cP), which meant the viscosity of dilute solution could be detected quantitatively. In cell experiments, probe 1 with low concentration (500 nM) had stronger fluorescence intensity in cancer cells than in normal cells. Besides, probe 1 could monitor the viscosity changes of mitochondria and lysosomes caused by the addition of ionophores (monensin, nystatin and dexamethasone) or in the process of autophagy. The results provide a simple and effective method for the early diagnosis of related diseases.

Antinuclear Antibody Profiling in Patients of a Tertiary Care Centre in Central India.

The incidence of autoimmune disorders that includes the connective tissue diseases has seen a rise in India in recent times. Antinuclear antibodies, the telltale sign of systemic autoimmune response, thus can be used as a screening tool and also to support the diagnosis of systemic autoimmune disease. The present retrospective cross- sectional analysis aimed to study the antinuclear antibodies profile (patterns and specific antibody reactivity) amongst suspected cases of auto-immune disorders at a tertiary care teaching hospital. The study retrieved and reviewed reports of 644 patients sent for ANA testing by indirect immunofluorescence assay over a period of 1year by different specialty departments. Positive samples were further processed for anti-ds-DNA antibody and antibodies to extractable nuclear antigen. Data collected was statistically analysed. ANA pattern positivity was observed in 31% of cases and a positive antibody reactivity was seen in 66% of them. Female predominance (82%) was noted in both pattern positivity and antibody reactivity. High levels of pattern positivity and antibody reactivity was found in the young adults (45.9%). Amongst the ANA patterns, the nuclear homogenous pattern was found the commonest. The common antibodies associated with this pattern were anti-dsDNA and U1 Sm/RNP antibodies. A stronger fluorescence intensity on initial screening showed a higher confirmation rate for specific antibodies on immunoassay. High occurrence of positive ANA patterns in autoimmune disorders suggests its utilization as a screening tool for them and would also play an adjuvant to the diagnosis. Early knowledge about future autoimmunity will earn better prognostic achievements through better treatment interventions.

A label-free reusable aptasensor for Alzheimer’s disease

To early effectively detect amyloid-beta (Aβ) oligomers, a label-free reusable aptasensor was designed. This aptasensor based on a luminescent nanoscale lanthanum-based metal-organic framework (L-MOF)-armored single-stranded DNA antibody (MOF-armored-anti-DNA antibody) as signal tags and aptamer bound to magnetic beads (Apt-MB) as capture probe. The reusable aptasensor combines signal tag and capture probe with antigen-antibody interaction. When the reusable aptasensor is formed, the strong fluorescence intensity of L-MOF will "turn off" by photo-induced electron transfer from excited states to an unfilled d shell of iron cations on the nanoparticle surface. Upon the presence of Aβ oligomersin serum samples, they can be especially distinguished with theAβ oligomers aptamer in capture probes and then signal tags are released into the solution for developing thefluorescence aptasensor under excitation/emission 365nm/430nm. Meanwhile, theaptamer was recovered from the complex of Aβ oligomers/Apt-MB by heat treatment. When the temperature returns to room temperature, therecovered aptamer in the capture probe can once again bound to the MOF-armored-anti-DNA antibody for reuse. The label-free reusable aptasensor system detection has high sensitivity and selectivity toward Aβ oligomers (LOD = 0.4pg/mL) and anexcellent linear range (0.001-100ng/mL). This strategy is a fruitful step for the development of reusable aptasensor and may turn on new avenues for the applications of Aβ oligomer detection in clinical diagnosis.Graphical abstract.

Rhombic-like Al nanosupporter-based fluorescent immunochromatographic assay for the sensitive detection of tetracycline

Fluorescence-based lateral flow immunoassay (FLFIA) is a prospective technology in detecting tetracycline (TET). However, the existing fluorescent materials (FMs) often require cross-linkers to bind with antibodies (Abs) to form FLFIA FM-Ab probe, which complicates the modification process and may affect the fluorescence intensity of FMs. Herein, the rhombic-like Al nanosupporter (RAlNS) was prepared via a one-step hydrothermal method and used for designing fluorescence nanosupporter for FLFIA to detect TET in real samples. The RAlNS not only possessed excellent water stability, strong fluorescence intensity and favorable thermal stability, but also could adsorb Abs to obtain FMs-Ab probe by simple centrifugation. Under optimal conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) of RAlNS-FLFIA was 0.0516 ng/mL (n = 3), which was 18 times lower than traditional colloidal gold-based LFIA. Meanwhile, the proposed sensor also exhibited high specificity for TET against other antibiotics. Furthermore, the RAlNS-FLFIA was successfully applied to the detection of TET in beef, chicken, milk and honey samples, separately, which demonstrated a significant recovery of 80.40–112.05%. The novel RAlNS-FLFIA provided great potential for the detection of various analytes in food analysis.

Fluorescence sensor for organophosphorus pesticide detection based on the alkaline phosphatase-triggered reaction

The threat of organophosphorus pesticide (OPP) residue to food safety and human health has caused widespread concern. In this paper, a sensitive fluorescence sensor for OPP detection was constructed based on the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) -triggered in situ reaction. In this method, ALP catalyses the dephosphorylation of the substrate l-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate sesquimagnesium salt hydrate (AAP) to generate l-ascorbic acid (AA). AA instantly combines with o-phenylenediamine (OPD) to form 3-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)furo[3,4-b]quinoxalin-1(3H)-one (DFQ), which contains a quinoxaline core skeleton fluorophore and emits a strong fluorescence intensity at 425 nm. The existence of OPPs inhibits the activity of ALP and the production of AA and DFQ. As a result, the fluorescence intensity obviously decreases. Under optimal conditions, the fluorescence intensity linearly depends on the logarithm of chlorpyrifos concentration over a wide range of 20 pg/mL ∼1000 ng/mL with a detection limit of 15.03 pg/mL (S/N = 3), which is lower than the previously reported values. The sensor with its satisfactory accuracy and precision has been successfully applied to the detection of chlorpyrifos in leeks and celery samples with recoveries of 94.5–106.7% and an inter-assay relative standard deviation (RSD) below 11.51%. OPPs can be semiquantitatively determined by the colour changes in ultraviolet light. The superiority of the sensor is due to its visual simplicity without complex fluorescence labelling procedures and costly instruments.

Combining competitive sequestration with nonlinear hybridization chain reaction amplification: an ultra-specific and highly sensitive sensing strategy for single-nucleotide variants

Highly specific and sensitive detection of single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) is of central importance in disease diagnosis and pharmacogenomics. However, it remains a great challenge to successfully detect very low amounts of mutant SNV sequences in real samples in which a SNV sequence may be surrounded by high levels of closely related wild-type sequences. Herein, we propose an ultra-specific and highly sensitive SNV sensing strategy by combining the competitive sequestration with the nonlinear hybridization chain reaction (HCR) amplification. The rationally designed sequestration hairpin can effectively sequester the large amount of wild-type sequence and thus dramatically improve the hybridization specificity in recognizing SNVs. To improve the detection sensitivity, a new fluorescent signal probe is fabricated by intercalating SYBR Green I dye into the nonlinear HCR based DNA dendrimer to further bind with SNVs for signal amplification. The hyperbranched DNA dendrimer possesses large numbers of DNA duplexes for dye intercalation, thus the signal probe shows strong fluorescence intensity, leading to large fluorescence signal amplification. Taking advantage of the improved hybridization specificity of the competitive sequestration and the enhanced fluorescence response of the nonlinear HCR amplification, the developed sensing strategy enables ultra-specific and highly sensitive detection of SNVs. Taking human pancreatic cancers and colorectal carcinomas related KRAS gene mutations as models, the developed strategy shows remarkably high specificity against 17 SNVs (discrimination factors ranged from 126 to 1001 with a median of 310), and achieves high sensitivity for 6 KRAS mutations (the best resultant detection limit reached 15 pM for KRAS G13D (c.38G > A)). Notably, combined with PCR amplification, our SNV sensing strategy could detect KRAS G12D (c.35G > A) from extracted human genomic DNA samples at abundance as low as 0.05%. This work expands the rule set of designing specific and sensitive SNV sensing strategies and shows promising potential application in clinical diagnosis.

Fluorescent determination of fluazinam with polyethyleneimine-capped copper nanoclusters

The polyethyleneimine-capped copper nanoclusters (PEI-Cu NCs) were prepared by using polyethyleneimine as protective agent and hydrazine hydrate as reducing agent. The PEI-Cu NCs possessed strong fluorescence intensity, excellent water solubility, good stability and high dispersion. The sample’s fluorescence could be selectively quenched by the addition of fluazinam. There was a good linear relationship between the relative fluorescence intensity of PEI-Cu NCs and concentrations of fluazinam in the range of 0.5–70 μM. The quenching mechanism might be dynamic quenching and inner filter effect (IFE). Significantly, the PEI-Cu NCs could be used to detect fluazinam as fluorescent probe in environmental water samples.

Introducing ortho-methoxyl group as a fluorescence-enhancing and bathochromic-shift bi-functional strategy for typical cysteine sensors

A practical strategy of introducing ortho-methoxyl group was explored to achieve the fluorescence-enhancing and bathochromic-shift bi-functional optimization. It was tested in the Cys sensing ISOPH-X series, thus the successful case, ISOPH-2, was obtained. It realized the optimization in a simple and compatible way. The corresponding strategy was basically established during the confirmation of checkpoints including applicable steadiness (over 24 h), wide pH range (7.0–9.0), rapid response (20 min), good biocompatibility, high sensitivity (LOD = 0.072 nm), high selectivity and biological monitoring of Cys in living cells as well as C. elegans. In this work, the o-methoxyl introduction strategy led to a 15 nm red shift and a near 4-fold fluorescence enhancement. This strategy could be combined with the double bond-introducing approach. Compared with reported strategies, by breaking the dilemma between red shift and strong fluorescent intensity, this strategy might offer beneficial information for exploiting better sensors with more fluorophores and mechanisms for their targets.

Fluorescent pH‐Responsive Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles with Core‐Shell Feature as a Traceable Delivery Carrier for Ibuprofen

AbstractThe fluorescent pH‐responsive mesoporous silica nanoparticles (P@BMMs) were prepared, in which, the (2‐[3‐(triethoxysilyl) propyl]‐1H‐Benz [de]isoquinoline‐1, 3(2H)‐dione) ‐ poly(acrylic acid) (PID‐PAA) shell was covalently anchored onto the vinyl‐modified surface of the bimodal mesoporous materials (BMMs) core via one‐step or two‐step process. Their structural features were analyzed by XRD, SEM, TEM, TG, and SAXS, and the results showed that P@BMMs possessed typical fractal features from structural irregularity to surface roughness. Ibuprofen as a model drug was loaded into the mesopore channels of BMMs cores, particularly, the drug‐releasing performances from P@BMMs carriers were pH‐dependent. Meanwhile, the photoluminescent emission spectra and the fluorescent decay profiles presented that the hybrid P@BMMs with strong fluorescent intensity at 395 nm and 450 nm and longer decay lifetimes (such as 3.53 and 18.86 ns for P@BMMs‐I‐10) is a promising drug carrier, which can be used in potential applications for controlled drug delivery.

Chromium-based metal-organic framework embedded with cobalt phthalocyanine for the sensitively impedimetric cytosensing of colorectal cancer (CT26) cells and cell imaging

In this study, we have prepared the series of nanohybrids of Cr-based metal-organic framework (Cr-MOF) and cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) nanoparticles (denoted as Cr-MOF@CoPc) and investigated them as novel platforms of electrochemical cytosensors for determining colorectal cancer (CT26) cells. The developed Cr-MOF@CoPc nanohybrids were composed of irregularly small nanoparticles, mixed metal valence states of Cr2+/Cr3+/Cr5+ and Co2+/Co3+, rich functional groups of C–O and COO and strong fluorescence performance, as well as high specific area and large pore volume. These intrinsic features of Cr-MOF@CoPc nanohybrids endowed them with strong immobilization ability toward aptamer strands via π- π* stacking, electrostatic interaction, and van der Waals force, excellent electrochemical property, strong fluorescence intensity, and good biocompatibility. Compared with cytosensors based on the sole metal MOFs (Cr-MOF and CoPc) and other reported bulk MOF-based sensors, the constructed Cr-MOF@CoPc-based cytosensor exhibited low detection limit toward CT26 cells, for which the sensing performance was modulated by changing the dosage of CoPc nanoparticles. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and differential pulse voltammetry results showed extremely low detection limits of 36 and 8 cells mL−1, respectively, within the concentration range of the CT26 cell suspension (50–1 × 107 cells mL−1), along with high selectivity, excellent stability, and acceptable reproducibility. Thus, the prepared cytosensor can be extensively applied for the analysis of other kinds of cancer cells when anchored their corresponding aptamer strands, providing great potential applications in the biosensor and biomedical fields.