Strong Closure Research Articles

Water Quality Evaluation With Entropy Weight‒Grey Correlation Technique for Fishing Operation Area in Tianjin, China

ABSTRACTThe discharge of domestic sewage and waste oil from fishery activities can cause adverse impacts on coastal seawater in bays and estuaries. The Bohai Sea near Tianjin features strong water closure and weak self‐purification ability. The objective evaluation and analysis of pollution characteristics are crucial for assessing the quality of coastal seawater. This evaluation is essential for the sustainable development of traditional marine fisheries and serves as a powerful tool for government decision‐making. To this end, we constructed an entropy weight‒grey correlation technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) model (EWGCT) based on the traditional TOPSIS evaluation approach to evaluate the water quality of five fishing ports and operation areas. The spatial distribution characteristics, pollution characteristics, and key impactful indicators were identified via a geographic information system (GIS) and multivariate statistical analysis. The results show that (1) the EWGCT has the ability to rank water quality universally and evaluate it based on the comprehensive impact of all pollution factors; (2) petroleum (PETRO) was affected mainly by the waste oil discharged, and suspended solids (SS), dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP), and fecal coliform bacteria (FCB) were affected mainly by the domestic sewage discharged; and (3) effective management of fishing vessel discharge is important for ensuring the quality of the seawater environment. By establishing the EWGCT, the reliability and rationality of the evaluation results are verified, which can provide a reference for the formulation of development strategies for coastal cities.

Polynomial‐exponential equations — Some new cases of solvability

AbstractRecently, Brownawell and the second author proved a ‘non‐degenerate’ case of the (unproved) ‘Zilber Nullstellensatz’ in connexion with ‘Strong Exponential Closure’. Here, we treat some significant new cases. In particular, these settle completely the problem of solving polynomial‐exponential equations in two complex variables. The methods of proof are also new, as is the consequence, for example, that there are infinitely many complex with .

Diversity in stomatal and hydraulic responses to post-flowering drought in common (Phaseolus vulgaris) and tepary (P. acutifolius) beans.

Plants differ widely in how soil drying affects stomatal conductance (gs) and leaf water potential (ψleaf), and in the underlying physiological controls. Efforts to breed crops for drought resilience would benefit from a better understanding of these mechanisms and their diversity. We grew 12 diverse genotypes of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and four of tepary bean (P. acutifolius; a highly drought resilient species) in the field under irrigation and post-flowering drought, and quantified responses of gs and ψleaf, and their controls (soil water potential [ψsoil], evaporative demand [Δw] and plant hydraulic conductance [K]). We hypothesised that (i) common beans would be more "isohydric" (i.e., exhibit strong stomatal closure in drought, minimising ψleaf decline) than tepary beans, and that genotypes with larger ψleaf decline (more "anisohydric") would exhibit (ii) smaller increases in Δw, due to less suppression of evaporative cooling by stomatal closure and hence less canopy warming, but (iii) larger K declines due to ψleaf decline. Contrary to our hypotheses, we found that half of the common bean genotypes were similarly anisohydric to most tepary beans; canopy temperature was cooler in isohydric genotypes leading to smaller increases in Δw in drought; and that stomatal closure and K decline were similar in isohydric and anisohydric genotypes. gs and ψleaf were virtually insensitive to drought in one tepary genotype (G40068). Our results highlight the potential importance of non-stomatal mechanisms for leaf cooling, and the variability in drought resilience traits among closely related crop legumes.

Computability and non-monotone induction

Non-monotone inductive definitions were studied in the late 1960’s and early 1970’s with the aim of understanding connections between the complexity of the formulas defining the induction steps and the ordinals measuring the rank of the inductive process. In general, any type 2 functional will generate an inductive process, and in this paper we will view non-monotone induction as a functional of type 3. We investigate the associated computation theory of this functional inherited from the Kleene schemes and we investigate the associated companion of sets with codes computable in the functional of non-monotone induction. The interest in this functional is motivated from observing that constructions via non-monotone induction appear to be natural in classical analysis. There are two groups of results: We establish strong closure properties of the least ordinal without a code computable in the functional of non-monotone induction, and we provide a characterisation of the class of functionals of type 3 computable from this functional, a characterisation in terms of sequential operators working in transfinite time. We will also see that the full computational power of non-monotone induction is required when this principle is used to construct functionals witnessing the compactness of the Cantor space and of closed, bounded intervals.

Pinpointing the causal influences of stomatal anatomy and behavior on minimum, operational, and maximum leaf surface conductance.

Leaf surface conductance to water vapor and CO2 across the epidermis (gleaf) strongly determines the rates of gas exchange. Thus, clarifying the drivers of gleaf has important implications for resolving the mechanisms of photosynthetic productivity and leaf and plant responses and tolerance to drought. It is well recognized that gleaf is a function of the conductances of the stomata (gs) and of the epidermis + cuticle (gec). Yet, controversies have arisen around the relative roles of stomatal density (d) and size (s), fractional stomatal opening (α; aperture relative to maximum), and gec in determining gleaf. Resolving the importance of these drivers is critical across the range of leaf surface conductances, from strong stomatal closure under drought (gleaf,min), to typical opening for photosynthesis (gleaf,op), to maximum achievable opening (gleaf,max). We derived equations and analyzed a compiled database of published and measured data for approximately 200 species and genotypes. On average, within and across species, higher gleaf,min was determined 10 times more strongly by α and gec than by d and negligibly by s; higher gleaf,op was determined approximately equally by α (47%) and by stomatal anatomy (45% by d and 8% by s), and negligibly by gec; and higher gleaf,max was determined entirely by d. These findings clarify how diversity in stomatal functioning arises from multiple structural and physiological causes with importance shifting with context. The rising importance of d relative to α, from gleaf,min to gleaf,op, enables even species with low gleaf,min, which can retain leaves through drought, to possess high d and thereby achieve rapid gas exchange in periods of high water availability.

Representative Functions, Variational Convergence and Almost Convexity

We develop a new epi-convergence based on the use of bounded convergent nets on the product topology of the strong topology on the primal space and weak star topology on the dual space of a general real Banach space. We study the propagation of the associated variational convergences through conjugation of convex functions defined on this product space. These results are then applied to the problem of construction of a bigger-conjugate representative function for the recession operator associated with a maximal monotone operator on this real Banach space. This is then used to study the relationship between the recession operator of a maximal monotone operator and the normal–cone operator associated with the closed, convex hull of the domain of that monotone operator. This allows us to show that the strong closure of the domain of any maximal monotone operator is convex in a general real Banach space.

Dynamic Evaluation of Sealing and Site Optimization for Underground Gas Storage in Depleted Gas Reserve: A Case Study

In the post-epidemic economic recovery background, under the influence of the international situation brought by the Russia-Ukraine conflict, the world is facing a significant rebound in total energy consumption. In order to seek a smooth transition for national energy low-carbon transformation, it is urgent that research be conducted on the trap dynamic sealing capacity evaluation and site optimization for underground storage in depleted gas reserves. Based on the geological data of Block S in Northeast China, combined with a dynamic acoustic test and a static triaxial test, a rock mechanical property model for wells is established, and the stress model of the underground storage in depleted gas reserves before construction is inverted. The sealing of the cap rock and faults in the underground gas storage is evaluated from both static and dynamic perspectives. The results show that the maximum horizontal principal stress of the cap rock and reservoir before construction is distributed between 48–76 MPa and 50–85 MPa, respectively. The reservoir of the Yingcheng Formation has strong stratigraphic mechanical strength and can be used as the main space for underground gas storage. The global cap rock shear safety factor is between 0.7–0.9, and the fault slip factor is only 0.1, indicating that this reservoir has strong dynamic closure sealing and is suitable for construction, thereby realizing the dynamic evaluation of sealing and site optimization for underground gas storage in a depleted gas reserve, providing a guarantee for the safe and stable operation of its subsequent expansion, multi-cycle injection, and production.

2k-Vertex Kernels for Cluster Deletion and Strong Triadic Closure

2k-Vertex Kernels for Cluster Deletion and Strong Triadic Closure

INVESTIGATION OF SEAWATER EXCHANGE RATE FOR COASTAL PROTECTION STRUCTURES

Various types of coastal structures have been used as a measure to effectively block the incident high waves to control the damage behind the coast. In order to achieve the needs and specific purposes of residents, it is often constructed in a structure with strong closure, and in this case, water quality and low quality pollution may occur due to the inflow of contaminated water and congestion of seawater. In order to solve this problem, this study reviewed various kinds of countermeasures that induce seawater exchange inside and outside the facility using natural energy such as waves and tidal changes.

The Duality in Computing SSA Programs and Control Dependency

Control dependency (CD) and Static Single Assignment (SSA) form are the basis of many program analyses, transformation, and optimization techniques, and these are implemented and used by modern compilers such as GCC and LLVM. Most state-of-the-art algorithms approximate these computations by using postdominator relations and dominance frontiers (DF) respectively for efficiency reasons which have been used for over three decades. Dominator-based SSA transformation and control dependencies exhibit a non-dual relationship. Recently, it has been shown that DF-based SSA computation is grossly imprecise, and Weak and Strong Control Closure (WCC and SCC) have wider applicability in capturing control dependencies than postdominator-based CD computation. Our main contribution in this article is the proof of duality between the generation of <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\phi$</tex-math></inline-formula> functions and the computation of weakly deciding (WD) vertices which are the most computationally expensive part of SSA program construction and WCC/SCC computation respectively. We have provided a duality theorem and its constructive proof by means of an algorithm that can compute both the <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\phi$</tex-math></inline-formula> functions and the WD vertices seamlessly. We have used this algorithm to compute SSA programs and WCC, and performed experiments on real-world industrial benchmarks. The practical efficiency of our algorithm is (i) almost equal to the best state-of-the-art algorithm in computing WCC, and (ii) closer to (but not as efficient as) the DF-based algorithms in computing SSA programs. Moreover, our algorithm achieves the ultimate precision in computing WCC and SSA programs with respect to the inputs of these algorithms and obtains wider applicability in the WCC computation (handling nonterminating programs)

Fuzzy closure structures as formal concepts

Galois connections seem to be ubiquitous in mathematics. They have been used to model solutions for both pure and application-oriented problems. Throughout the paper, the general framework is a complete fuzzy lattice over a complete residuated lattice. The existence of three fuzzy Galois connections (two antitone and one isotone) between three specific ordered sets is proved in this paper. The most interesting part is that fuzzy closure systems, fuzzy closure operators and strong fuzzy closure relations are formal concepts of these fuzzy Galois connections.

Investigation on the influence of the Bohai Sea Geological Environment on the submarine stratum stability based on data mining: an intelligent prediction model.

The Bohai Sea has unique characteristics of the marine geological environment, with strong water closure and weak self-purification ability. Assessment of the submarine stratum stability plays an essential part in ocean engineering construction, preventing marine geological disasters and controlling environmental pollution for the Bohai strait. Nevertheless, limited studies have investigated quantitative classification of the submarine stratum stability or the influence of Bohai Sea's engineering geological environment on the submarine stratum stability using laboratory experiments and the data mining method. Thus, this study carried out physical and mechanical experiments based on the submarine borehole soil samples from the Bohai Sea. And a database containing 60 groups of submarine soil samples' mechanical parameters was established. The physical and mechanical parameters of the Bohai sea's submarine soil, i.e., depth, water content, void ratio, density, internal friction angle, and cohesion, are the prediction indicators. And the submarine soil samples' unconfined compressive strength and elastic modulus are used for quantifying the stability grade of Bohai Sea's submarine stratum. Furthermore, the submarine stratum stability prediction model was established based on the multiple linear regression analysis method and the nonlinear regression analysis method (i.e., BPNN, normal cloud, and TOPSIS method). The testing results indicate that the submarine stratum stability prediction model obtained by the linear regression analysis does not have obvious linear characteristics and gives a poor prediction performance (MAE=0.9333, MAPE=0.3, RMSE=1.2111). In contrast, the nonlinear analysis methods presented a higher fitting version. Compared to the cloud model and the TOPSIS method, the BPNN model with the lowest testing error (MAE=0.2, MAPE=0.1, RMSE=0.4472) presented the best prediction accuracy. The proposed submarine stratum prediction model has been validated as an effective submarine stratum stability prediction method and has good prospects for further ocean engineering applications.

Local groundwater decline exacerbates response of dryland riparian woodlands to climatic drought.

Dryland riparian woodlands are considered to be locally buffered from droughts by shallow and stable groundwater levels. However, climate change is causing more frequent and severe drought events, accompanied by warmer temperatures, collectively threatening the persistence of these groundwater dependent ecosystems through a combination of increasing evaporative demand and decreasing groundwater supply. We conducted a dendro-isotopic analysis of radial growth and seasonal (semi-annual) carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13 C) to investigate the response of riparian cottonwood stands to the unprecedented California-wide drought from 2012 to 2019, along the largest remaining free-flowing river in Southern California. Our goals were to identify principal drivers and indicators of drought stress for dryland riparian woodlands, determine their thresholds of tolerance to hydroclimatic stressors, and ultimately assess their vulnerability to climate change. Riparian trees were highly responsive to drought conditions along the river, exhibiting suppressed growth and strong stomatal closure (inferred from reduced Δ13 C) during peak drought years. However, patterns of radial growth and Δ13 C were quite variable among sites that differed in climatic conditions and rate of groundwater decline. We show that the rate of groundwater decline, as opposed to climate factors, was the primary driver of site differences in drought stress, and trees showed greater sensitivity to temperature at sites subjected to faster groundwater decline. Across sites, higher correlation between radial growth and Δ13 C for individual trees, and higher inter-correlation of Δ13 C among trees were indicative of greater drought stress. Trees showed a threshold of tolerance to groundwater decline at 0.5m year-1 beyond which drought stress became increasingly evident and severe. For sites that exceeded this threshold, peak physiological stress occurred when total groundwater recession exceeded ~3m. These findings indicate that drought-induced groundwater decline associated with more extreme droughts is a primary threat to dryland riparian woodlands and increases their susceptibility to projected warmer temperatures.

Investigation of Internal Classification in Coarse Particle Flotation of Chalcopyrite Using the CoarseAIRTM

This work introduces the CoarseAIR™, a novel system utilizing a three-phase fluidized bed and a system of inclined channels to facilitate coarse particle flotation and internal size classification. Internal classification in the CoarseAIR™ was investigated in a series of continuous steady-state experiments at different inclined channel spacings. For each experimental series, a low-grade chalcopyrite ore was milled to a top size of 0.53 mm and methodically prepared to generate a consistent feed. The air rate to the system was adjusted to determine the impact of the gas flux on coarse particle flotation and overall system performance, with a focus on maximizing both copper recovery and coarse gangue rejection. A new feed preparation protocol led to low variability in the state of the feed, and in turn strong closure in the material balance. Hence, clear conclusions were drawn due to the high-quality datasets. Inclined channel spacings of z = 6 and z = 9 mm were used. The z = 9 mm spacing produced more favourable copper recovery and gangue rejection. Higher gas fluxes of 0.30 to 0.45 cm/s had a measurable, adverse effect on the recovery of the coarser hydrophobic particles, while the gas flux of 0.15 cm/s delivered the best performance. Here, the cumulative recovery was 90%, and mass rejection was 60% at 0.50 mm, while the +0.090 mm recovery was 83% with a gangue rejection of 85%. The system displayed robust performance across all conditions investigated.

Novel Nanotherapeutics for Seroma Management

Background: Seroma formation is a well-recognized postoperative complication for many plastic and general surgical procedures. Although various tissue adhesives and substances have been used in an effort to treat seroma formation, no therapies have been established clinically. Recently, the nano-bridging phenomenon has been introduced as a promising approach to achieve tissue adhesion and strong closure of deep skin wounds in rats. The present study seeks to assess the potential of nano-bridging beyond skin wounds in a rat model of seroma.

Geological and engineering controls on the differential productivity of CBM wells in the Linfen block, southeastern Ordos Basin, China: Insights from geochemical analysis

In view of the differential productivity of coalbed methane (CBM) wells in the Linfen block on the southeastern margin of the Ordos basin, geochemical analysis is performed to determine the hydrodynamic condition of coal reservoirs, identify the water and gas source of commingled wells, reveal different pressure drop mechanisms, and finally clarify the geological and engineering controls on the production performance. The positive correlations between average daily gas production and the concentrations of Na+, Cl‾, TDS, Sr, and Ba imply that strong hydraulic closure is the premise of high productivity. There is no obvious relationship between water and gas production. Commingled (5 + 8#) wells tend to produce more water than single-layered (5#) wells, because the No. 8 coal seam has more active hydrodynamic condition, which is proven by the lighter δ2H and δ18O and smaller Sr/Ba ratio of waters from commingled wells. The difficulty in pressure drop funnel expansion is the primary constrains for the single-layered wells, which is only resolved by the horizontal wells located in low structural positions at present characterized by increasing trends of TDS, Na+ and Cl‾ contents during drainage. The faster the ion concentration rises, the faster the pressure drop funnel expands and a high peak daily gas production can be quickly achieved. The L-shaped horizontal well is thought to be the most suitable well type due to its high gas yield, low time investment and engineering cost. Due to hydrodynamic heterogeneity, commingled wells often show strong interlayer interference and a change in the water-producing horizon from 5# to 8# coal, which is manifested in the tendency of Cl‾, Na+, and TDS to increase first and then decrease. By selecting superior lithologic assemblages and avoiding strong aquifers, relatively continuous and stable production of commingled wells can also be achieved. This study provides a basis for the further development of CBM in the Linfen block and enriches engineering geochemistry theory.

Strengthening ties towards a highly-connected world

Online social networks provide a forum where people make new connections, learn more about the world, get exposed to different points of view, and access information that were previously inaccessible. It is natural to assume that content-delivery algorithms in social networks should not only aim to maximize user engagement but also to offer opportunities for increasing connectivity and enabling social networks to achieve their full potential. Our motivation and aim is to develop methods that foster the creation of new connections, and subsequently, improve the flow of information in the network. To achieve our goal, we propose to leverage the strong triadic closure principle, and consider violations to this principle as opportunities for creating more social links. We formalize this idea as an algorithmic problem related to the densest k-subgraph problem. For this new problem, we establish hardness results and propose approximation algorithms. We identify two special cases of the problem that admit a constant-factor approximation. Finally, we experimentally evaluate our proposed algorithm on real-world social networks, and we additionally evaluate some simpler but more scalable algorithms.

Efficient computation of minimal weak and strong control closure

Control dependency is a fundamental concept in many program analyses, transformation, parallelization, and compiler optimization techniques. An overwhelming number of definitions of control dependency relations are found in the literature that capture various kinds of program control flow structures. Weak and strong control closure (WCC and SCC) relations capture nontermination insensitive and sensitive control dependencies and subsume all previously defined control dependency relations. In this paper, we have shown that static dependency-based program slicing requires the repeated computation of WCC and SCC. The state-of-the-art WCC and SCC algorithm provided by Danicic et al. has the cubic and the quartic worst-case complexity in terms of the size of the control flow graph and is a major obstacle to be used in static program slicing. We have provided a simple yet efficient method to compute the minimal WCC and SCC which has the quadratic and cubic worst-case complexity and proved the correctness of our algorithms. We implemented ours and the state-of-the-art algorithms in the Clang/LLVM compiler framework and run experiments on a number of SPEC CPU 2017 benchmarks. Our WCC method performs a maximum of 23.8 times and on average 10.6 times faster than the state-of-the-art method to compute WCC. The performance curves of our WCC algorithm for practical applications are closer to the NlogN curve in the microsecond scale. Our SCC method performs a maximum of 226.86 times and on average 67.66 times faster than the state-of-the-art method to compute SCC. Evidently, we improve the practical performance of WCC and SCC computation by an order of magnitude.

Lifting in compact covering spaces for fractional Sobolev mappings

Let $\pi : \widetilde{\mathcal{N}} \to \mathcal{N}$ be a Riemannian covering, with $\mathcal{N}$, $\widetilde{\mathcal{N}}$ smooth compact connected Riemannian manifolds. If $\mathcal{M}$ is an $m$-dimensional compact simply-connected Riemannian manifold, $0<s<1$ and $2 \le sp< m$, we prove that every mapping $u \in W^{s, p} (\mathcal{M}, \mathcal{N})$ has a lifting in $W^{s,p}$, i.e., we have $u = \pi \, \circ \, \widetilde{u}$ for some mapping $\widetilde{u} \in W^{s, p} (\mathcal{M}, \widetilde{\mathcal{N}})$. Combined with previous contributions of Bourgain, Brezis and Mironescu and Bethuel and Chiron, our result \emph{settles completely} the question of the lifting in Sobolev spaces over covering spaces. The proof relies on an a priori estimate of the oscillations of $W^{s,p}$ maps with $0<s<1$ and $sp>1$, in dimension $1$. Our argument also leads to the existence of a lifting when $0<s<1$ and $1<sp<2\le m$, provided there is no topological obstruction on $u$, i.e., $u = \pi \, \circ \, \widetilde{u}$ holds in this range provided $u$ is in the strong closure of $C^\infty({\mathcal{M}}, \mathcal{N})$. However, when $0<s<1$, $sp = 1$ and $m\ge 2$, we show that an (analytical) obstruction still arises, even in absence of topological obstructions. More specifically, we construct some map $u\in W^{s,p}(\mathcal{M},\mathcal{N})$ in the strong closure of $C^\infty({\mathcal{M}}, \mathcal{N})$, such that $u = \pi \, \circ \, \widetilde{u}$ does not hold for any $\widetilde{u} \in W^{s, p} ({\mathcal{M}}, \widetilde{\mathcal{N}} )$.

Oral Rehabilitation Using the Lip Muscle Trainer: A Narrative Review

A lot of time is spent on exercising the body parts while the lips are neglected, despite the evidence on the wide-ranging effects of lips on overall health and quality of life. Oral rehabilitation by Patakara lip muscle trainer leads to a strong lip closure which can stand as the first-line defense mechanism against many oral dysfunctions related to aging. In the absence of a narrative review presented on this trainer, this paper focuses on the components, instructions for use, and oral health indications of the Patakara lip muscle trainer. This trainer could enhance many oral dysfunctions in the elderly as oral breathing, snoring, halitosis, dry mouth, and oral/gastrointestinal dysfunction, but future studies are needed in this field.