Strong Bonds Research Articles

Membangun Generasi Muda Toleran: Penguatan Moderasi Beragama di Desa Multi Agama

This community service activity explores the practice of religious moderation in Nanganesa Village, focusing on young people. Observation of the problem is pointed by the increasing activity of youth religious organizations but the lack of relations and interactions between organizations and young people of different religions in Nanganesa Village. The service was conducted using a Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) approach to examine religious moderation practices in the village. Through questionnaires and focus group discussions (FGD), the team identified strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in fostering religious moderation at the local level. The study results indicate that strong social bonds, environmental support, and the active role of religious leaders are factors that promote tolerance. Nonetheless, the influence of social media and the lack of interfaith activities pose challenges that need to be addressed. The socialization of religious moderation aims to strengthen bonds of tolerance among youth of different faiths and their ability to resist extreme and radical ideologies in religion. This community engagement activity should be continued with follow-up efforts, such as strengthening tolerance education, media and technology literacy for young people through their respective religious organizations and increasing cross-organizational activities that can accommodate young people from various religions to strengthen religious moderation among young people.

A Base‐Free Two‐Coordinate Oxoborane

Oxoboranes (R‐BO) are transient species that rapidly trimerise to form boroxines. To date, the only method used to stabilise oxoboranes is to add a Lewis base, but this forms a three‐coordinate at boron oxoborane that has a different bonding/reactivity profile. Herein we report a base‐free, two‐coordinate oxoborane that is isolated as a Lewis adduct with AlCl3. This species, Mes*BO‐AlCl3 (Mes* = 2,4,6‐tBu‐C6H2), has a ν11ΒΟ stretching frequency of 1843 cm‐1, indicating a strong BO bond. Computational analysis indicates this is due to a highly polarised BO bonding interaction combined with modest BO multiple bond character. While the polarisation of the BO bond on AlCl3 coordination enhances the Lewis acidity at boron it also reduces the basicity at oxygen and the latter is key to accessing a base‐free oxoborane. Finally, this oxoborane reacts with PhN3 in a unique way to form an unprecedented boron heterocycle.

Social play fosters cooperation in wild adult chimpanzees.

Adult social play is a universal human trait, promoting the tolerance, bonding, cooperation, and collective action that sustain our large and complex societies.1,2 Play serves as a conduit for transmitting positive emotions, thereby stimulating psychological resilience to stressors and facilitating the positive intent and trust3,4,5,6 essential for cooperation emergence. In contrast, non-human adult social play is considered rare, and its role in cooperation remains unknown. We address this gap by studying the play behavior of 57 adult chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire, where adult social play and collective action regularly occur. We show that adult female and male chimpanzees play more during times of increased mate competition (with males mainly playing with immatures) and with adult partners they had recent disputes with, highlighting the role of play in regulating social tension that can undermine cooperation. Chimpanzees also preferred playing with adult partners with whom they share strong affiliative bonds, aligning with the idea that play is associated with social familiarity and trust. Finally, adult chimpanzees were more likely to play before collectively defending their territory against outsiders and hunting monkeys. Those who played together were subsequently more likely to collaborate, reinforcing the notion that the positive feedback signaled via play can facilitate cooperation.5 Our findings demonstrate the sustained significance of adult social play throughout the chimpanzee lifespan, providing valuable insights into the evolution of adult social play and its societal functions, from diffusing tension to supporting social bonds and collective action.

Localized Water Restriction in Ternary Eutectic Electrolytes for Ultra‐Low Temperature Hydrogen Batteries

AbstractProton batteries are promising candidates for next‐generation large‐scale energy storage in extreme conditions due to the small ionic radius and efficient transport of protons. Hydrogen gas, with its low working potentials, fast kinetics, and stability, further enhances the performance of proton batteries but necessitates the development of novel electrolytes with low freezing points and reduced corrosion. This work introduces a localized water restriction strategy by incorporating a tertiary component with a high donor number, which forms strong bonds with water molecules. This approach restricts free water molecules and reduces the average hydrogen bond ratio and strength. As‐prepared ternary eutectic electrolytes lowered the freezing point to −103 °C, significantly lower than the traditional binary electrolyte (9.5 m H3PO4, −93 °C). This electrolyte is highly compatible with the Cu0.79Co0.21[Fe(CN)6]0.64 ⋅ 4H2O (CoCuHCF) cathode, reducing material dissolution and current collector corrosion. The H2||CoCuHCF battery using this electrolyte demonstrated a high‐power density of 23664.3 W kg−1, excellent performance at −80 °C, and stable cyclability over 1000 cycles (>30 days) at −50 °C. These findings provide a framework for proton electrolytes, highlighting the potential of hydrogen batteries in challenging environments.

Application and prospects of interface engineering in energy storage and conversion of graphdiyne‐based materials

AbstractA new carbon allotrope, graphdiyne (GDY) has great promise for future use. Much interest was piqued when it was initially prepared in 2010. GDY is made up of sp‐ and sp2‐hybridized carbon atoms. It has a one‐atom thick two‐dimensional structure and many interesting and useful qualities, such as strong chemical bonds, super‐large π structures, the ability to change from an alkyne to an alkene, and can be grown on any surface. GDY has become one of the frontier hotspots in chemistry and materials science, with original research achievements in energy conversion and storage, catalysis, intelligent information, life sciences constantly emerging and so on, showing revolutionary performance. In electrochemical cells, the electrode interface content not only accounts for a small proportion in the entire electrode system but it also plays a crucial role, affecting the efficiency, lifespan, power performance, and safety performance of the battery. In view of this, the intrinsic properties of GDY have been thoroughly analyzed, and a new GDY‐based electrochemical interface has been proposed by combining the key problems of electrochemical interfaces in electrochemical energy storage and conversion. This has led to new understanding and insights to address many critical scientific issues. In this review, the structure, characteristics, and applications of GDY in interface engineering are presented. In particular, recent advances in GDY and its aggregates in energy storage and conversion are summarized and discussed.

C(sp3)−F Bond Activation by Lewis Base‐Boryl Radicals via Concerted Electron‐Fluoride Transfer

AbstractSelective C−F bond activation through a radical pathway in the presence of multiple C−H bonds remains a formidable challenge, owing to the extraordinarily strong bond strength of the C−F bond. By the aid of density functional theory calculations, we disclose an innovative concerted electron‐fluoride transfer mechanism, harnessing the unique reactivity of Lewis base‐boryl radicals to selectively activate the resilient C−F bonds in fluoroalkanes. This enables the direct abstraction of a fluorine atom and subsequent generation of an alkyl radical, thus expanding the boundaries of halogen atom transfer reactions.

Room-temperature CO2 conversion to carbon using liquid metal alloy catalysts without external energy input

Conversion of CO2 to carbon using a catalyst typically requires significant energy input such as heat, pressure, or electricity. This is due to its strong bonds and the energy needed to initiate the reaction. The energy requirement for CO2 conversion may also lead to carbon emissions if sources are fossil-based. There is less exploration at low temperatures and without an external energy CO2 conversion to solid carbon. Here, we show a liquid metal alloy (In0.2Ga0.8) used as a catalyst for converting CO2 to carbon at room temperature without external energy. The carbon formed was characterized, and the calculated free energy of the reduction reaction was −530 kJ mol−1.The catalyst coated over a ceramic surface observed similar phenomena of CO2 conversion to carbon at room temperature. The conversion was five times higher at catalyst-coated ceramic membranes than at bulk catalysts. The CO2 conversion efficiency was 60 % at the catalytic membrane for continuous flow of CO2 at room temperature. EDX and XPS studies confirmed the formation of carbon at the catalyst surface. Our study may open the topic of membrane-based catalysis of CO2 for practical carbon conversion at lower operating costs at the industrial scale to achieve net-zero emissions.

THE STUDENTS' AND TEACHERS’ IMPRESSION TOWARD NEARPOD APPS IN LEARNING ENGLISH OF CURRICULUM MERDEKA PERSPECTIVES

This article discusses using an application for Education called Nearpod. Nearpod is an application with real-time insights into student understanding through interactive lessons, gamified learning, formative assessment, and other exciting activities. Nearpod can be personalized instruction for individual students, small group assignments, or homework to differentiate and allow students to work independently, which all this feature in line with the framework of Kurikulum Merdeka. This research was done by using qualitative approach. In this article, the author wants to find students' and teacher perceptions or feedback about their experience learning and teaching English by using Nearpod in the classroom. the interview was used as the instrument in collecting main data. Hence, 5 students became the sample in this research. Besides that, the author also provides the observation as the supporting data to look on how the student engage with the apps. The data were taken from a school in Tangerang, Banten province. This school has been applying of Kurikulum merdeka for 4 years. In which, this will have a strong bond between the demand in both curriculum and this app. The result of the research shows thematic dimensions of positive and negative feedbacks. Those are memory of learning retention, creativity and critical thinking, new environment experience, advantages and disadvantages for future suggestions.

The unequal spread of digital neighbourhood platforms in urban neighbourhoods: A multilevel analysis of socio-demographic predictors and their relation to neighbourhood social capital

Digital neighbourhood platforms (DNPs) – also called online neighbourhood networks or neighbourhood social networks – are still a relatively novel phenomenon, and little is known about their actual reach among citizens and about neighbourhood conditions which foster or impede their spread. We consider DNPs as a digital extension of conventional neighbourhood social capital and analyse their spread in comparison with the latter using a recent community survey in two large German cities with a probability sample of 2900 respondents in 139 neighbourhoods. The analysis is guided by the scholarly discussion on the potential of DNPs to reduce current inequalities in the distribution of social capital. The results showed that 18% of respondents in Cologne and 12% of respondents in Essen have used DNPs. Multilevel analyses revealed a strong negative association of neighbourhood ethnic diversity with user rates, in parallel to the same negative effect on conventional neighbourhood social capital. It is therefore reasonable to assume that pre-existing inequalities in social capital are replicated by DNPs. On the individual level, the use of DNPs was less dependent on strong social bonds than on conventional social capital. Comparing respondents who use DNPs to those who do not, the former group proves to be socially more connected, more trusting and more satisfied with their neighbourhoods.

Representasi Loyalitas dalam Dialog dan Interaksi Karakter Roronoa Zoro di Serial One Piece: Kajian Humaniora

In the One Piece series, Roronoa Zoro's loyalty to Monkey D. Luffy is not just a comradeship, but a strong bond of brotherhood. This research explores the importance of fostering individual trust and commitment in facing common challenges. Through the analysis of dialogue and interaction between Zoro and Luffy, this research reveals that the representation of loyalty serves as a social construct that is reflected in the actions and communication of characters. Using a critical discourse analysis and narrative study approach, the study examined five episodes in the Thriller Bark Arc and several other episodes, highlighting key moments that demonstrate Zoro's dedication. The technique used is qualitative descriptive, through four stages, namely data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results of the analysis show that Zoro's loyalty is influenced by the personal code of honor, the promise to Kuina, the respect for Luffy, as well as the shared experience that strengthens the emotional bond. This loyalty inspires readers about the true meaning of commitment and friendship in the context of popular culture, making it a vivid example of values that are widely accepted among a global audience

Upcycling Polyethylene to High-Purity Hydrogen under Ambient Conditions via Mechanocatalysis.

Polyethylene (PE) is the most abundant plastic waste, and its conversion to hydrogen (H2) offers a promising route for clean energy generation. However, PE decomposition typically requires high temperatures due to its strong chemical bonds, leading to significant carbon emissions and low H2 selectivity (theoretically less than 75 vol% after accounting for further steam-reforming reactions). Here, we report a mechanocatalytic strategy that upcycles PE into high-purity H2 (99.4 vol%) with an exceptional H2 recovery ratio of 98.5% (versus 15.7% via thermocatalysis), using manganese as a catalyst at a low temperature of 45 °C. This method achieves a reaction rate 3 orders of magnitude higher than thermocatalysis. The marked improvement in H2 recovery ratio is mainly due to metal carbides formation induced by the mechanocatalytic process, which does not catalyze hydrocarbons formation. This work is expected to advance studies of the conversion of polyolefins to high-purity H2 with net-zero carbon emissions.

Recycling Sulfur-Poisoned Pd Catalysts via Thermal Atomization for Semi-Hydrogenation of Acetylene.

Palladium catalysts are highly efficient for a variety of chemical industrial processes but are prone to being affected by poisons during practical application. Sulfur is one of the major poisons in Pd-based catalysts. The recycling of deeply poisoned Pd species like Pd sulfides is challenging due to the strong Pd-S bond. Herein, we proposed a top-down strategy to degrade Pd sulfides and create Pd single-atom sites simultaneously by one-step thermal atomization. Pd4S model nanoparticles were successfully converted to Pd single-atom sites supported on nitrogen and sulfur-codoped carbon (Pd1/N, S-C) after loading them on ZIF-8 and thermal treatment. PdZn intermediates were formed during the atomization process. Density functional theory revealed that the formation of PdZn helped the generation of vacancies adjacent to metal nanoparticles, which prompted the atomization process. This strategy can be facilely applied to the atomization of sulfur-poisoned commercial Pd/C, which shows the potential for recycling commercial catalysts. The optimal Pd1/N, S-C catalyst showed good activity and much enhanced selectivity than Pd4S for the semi-hydrogenation of acetylene.

Upcycling Polyethylene to High‐Purity Hydrogen under Ambient Conditions via Mechanocatalysis

Polyethylene (PE) is the most abundant plastic waste, and its conversion to hydrogen (H2) offers a promising route for clean energy generation. However, PE decomposition typically requires high temperatures due to its strong chemical bonds, leading to significant carbon emissions and low H2 selectivity (theoretically less than 75 vol% after accounting for further steam‐reforming reactions). Here, we report a mechanocatalytic strategy that upcycles PE into high‐purity H2 (99.4 vol%) with an exceptional H2 recovery ratio of 98.5% (versus 15.7% via thermocatalysis), using manganese as a catalyst at a low temperature of 45 °C. This method achieves a reaction rate 3 orders of magnitude higher than thermocatalysis. The marked improvement in H2 recovery ratio is mainly due to metal carbides formation induced by the mechanocatalytic process, which does not catalyze hydrocarbons formation. This work is expected to advance studies of the conversion of polyolefins to high‐purity H2 with net‐zero carbon emissions.

Pd-Catalyzed Site-Selective Defluorinative Etherification Between Unactivated Perfluoroarenes and Hydrobenzoxazoles.

Polyfluoroaryl ethers represent an important framework of biologically active molecules and materials. Owing to the strong bond dissociation energy of C-F bond, selectivity and other issues, transition metal-catalyzed synthesis of polyfluoroaryl ethers from perfluoroarenes via the activation of C-F bond is challenging and underdeveloped, as compared to the well-documented C-O bond formation starting from aryl iodides, aryl bromides or aryl chlorides. Herein, an unprecedented Pd-catalyzed defluorinative etherification for the synthesis of polyfluoroaryl ether skeletons using hydrobenzoxazoles as phenol surrogate, has been reported. The substrate scope for this protocol is broad, with respect to hydrobenzoxazoles and perfluoroarenes, under mild reaction conditions. More importantly, challenging alkenyl and alkynyl substituted polyfluoroarenes could be successfully used as the cou-pling component for Pd-catalyzed etherification reaction. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were employed to investigate the reaction mechanism, which suggested that oxidative addition between polyfluorobenzene and Pd(0) constituted the rate-determining step.

Spontaneous Phase Transition and Multistage Interfacial Mechanical Friction of Liquid Metals Induced CO2 Reduction at Room Temperature

AbstractExcessive emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) have caused the greenhouse effect and environmental crisis. Therefore, the carbon reduction and negative carbon technologies are particularly important. Among these, the negative carbon technologies that convert CO2 into carbon materials or carbon‐based chemicals for reuse have attracted significant attention. However, the strong double covalent bonds make the CO2 conversion usually require harsh conditions, complex processes, and high energy consumption. Gallium‐based liquid metals (LMs) are the functional materials with both metallic and liquid properties, exhibiting a unique liquid‐phase structure and diverse surface characteristics. Herein, a strategy for reducing CO2 is proposed to carbon materials by utilizing the spontaneous phase transition and mechanical friction of liquid metals. The gallium (Ga) and indium (In) particles are mixed and exposed to CO2, the contact interface of metal particles spontaneously transforms into liquid metals. The system has multistage interfaces, including Ga/In, Ga/eGaIn, and In/eGaIn, capable of generating triboelectrification upon mechanical stimulation, leading to charge transfer. The high electric field generated by friction at the contact interface directly reduces CO2 to carbon materials at room temperature. The carbon materials cover the surface of eGaIn and can be directly stripped for used as fuel, or industrial applications.

Dynamic or Static Goal Regulation: Implications of Weak and Strong Bonds Between Autonomous/Controlled Reasons and Aims for Achievement Goal Striving

Achievement goals have been key concepts for describing what motivates individuals in educational contexts. While achievement goals have often merely been conceptualized in terms of aspired end-states (aims of goal striving), contemporary research has proposed a more holistic perspective synthesizing these aims alongside autonomous versus controlled reasons derived from Self-Determination Theory into so-called achievement goal complexes. How these aims and reasons align is a matter of further discussion. An overview of empirical studies on goal complexes as well as associations between achievement goals and overarching goal systems reveals that aims differ in whether they show strong communality (static goal regulation) or rather high situational fluctuation regarding underlying reasons (dynamic goal regulation). Particularly, mastery aims show primarily strong bounds with autonomous reasons, whereas performance aims are more ambiguously aligned with underlying reasons. This has implications for the development of an overarching theory as well as for educational practice aiming to foster certain goals and goal complexes. Potential avenues for future research such as further investigations into goal valence, a broader set of aims, the impact of culture, and goal development are discussed.

Zr-Doping Strategy of High-Quality Cu2O/β-Ga2O3 Heterojunction for Ultrahigh-Performance Solar-Blind Ultraviolet Photodetection.

β-Ga2O3, as an ultrawide band gap semiconductor, has emerged as the most promising candidate in solar-blind photodetectors. The practical application of β-Ga2O3, however, suffers from intrinsic defects and suboptimal crystal quality within the devices. In this work, high-quality β-Ga2O3 was successfully synthesized by employing the Zr-doping strategy, which has facilitated the development of ultrahigh-performance solar-blind photodetectors based on Cu2O/β-Ga2O3 heterostructures. Structural analyses indicate that the strong Zr-O covalent bond effectively stabilizes the material, thereby eliminating oxygen vacancy defects. The Cu2O/β-Ga2O3 heterostructure photodetector demonstrates an ultrahigh responsivity and detectivity coupled with an external quantum efficiency. Furthermore, the device exhibits a photocurrent-to-dark current ratio of 3 × 105, showcasing its superior capability in detecting low-intensity deep ultraviolet signals, markedly surpassing previous heterostructure ultraviolet photodetectors. These exceptional performances are attributed to the effective elimination of oxygen vacancy defects in β-Ga2O3 and the variation of band alignment at the interface, which facilitate rapid separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs under reverse bias. This study not only provides an enhanced and easy route to mitigate oxygen vacancy defects in oxide materials but also propels further exploration into the next generation of flexible, high-performance, solar-blind ultraviolet photodetectors.

Fabrication of uniform, periodic arrays of exotic AlN nanoholes by combining dry etching and hot selective wet etching, accessing geometries unrealisable from wet etching of planar AlN

Aluminium nitride (AlN) is a wide bandgap semiconductor with far reaching realised and potential applications in electronics and optoelectronic technology. For example, gallium nitride (GaN) quantum dots (QDs) housed within an AlN matrix are attractive due to the large bandgap offsets. However, making suitable AlN sites to house GaN QDs is challenging due to the difficulty in fashioning 3D AlN structures. This results from AlN's strong bonds that are difficult to chemically etch.Whilst dry etching of AlN nanostructures has been explored, wet etching at the nanoscale has been limited by the common exposed facet of AlN being etch-resistant. Hence, wet etching of AlN to create uniform arrays of periodic nanohole nanostructures has, thus far, not been heavily explored.In this paper, an initial dry etching of a 2D AlN planar template is used to expose alternative wet-etchable facets so that periodic arrays of nanohole structures are revealed by wet-etching. Both a study of different initial dry etched structures, including tapered nanoholes, and wet etching time were performed. A model to describe the dynamics of wet etching on the different dry etched nanohole structures is proposed. Periodic arrays of uniform nanohole features are realised that hold promise for applications such as the housing of site-controlled quantum dots.

Family Social Capital and Sustainable Well-Being: Navigating Chinese Adolescents’ Well-Being During COVID-19 Lockdown

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic caused widespread disruption as governments took actions to limit the spread of the virus. Measures such as physical distancing and lockdowns changed living conditions, leading to challenges such as social isolation and reduced connectedness. This study explores COVID-19’s impact on adolescents’ well-being, emphasising family social capital, which refers to supportive adult-child relationships that foster well-being and enhance remote learning. Quantitative data was collected through an online survey from August 2022 to August 2023, involving 4008 students and 3511 parents. Semi-structured interviews with six students and their parents (either the mother or the father) provided in-depth insights into the perceived role of family social capital in shaping adolescents’ well-being during quarantine. Quantitative data revealed that parental education level significantly influenced adolescents’ self-reported well-being and resilience, and family income influenced parents’ perceptions of their children’s well-being. Qualitative data highlighted the importance of strong family bonds, effective parent-child relationships, and robust family support in mitigating the adverse effects of prolonged home quarantine. The research also discovered the role of adolescents’ agency in building social capital through web-based communities. The study contributes to understanding Chinese adolescents’ well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic, providing implications for supporting their well-being in the post-pandemic era.

Assess seismic resilience of unreinforced stone loess cave retrofitted with composite materials by shaking table tests

Unreinforced masonry (URM) structures have consistently suffered significant seismic damage in past earthquake events, leading to considerable losses in both life and property. Unreinforced stone loess cave (URSLC), a type of URM structure, are commonly used in the loess regions of northwestern China due to their affordability for low-income populations. Developing cost-effective and easily implementable reinforcement technologies to enhance the seismic performance of URSLC is therefore critical. In this study, a series of shake table tests were conducted to improve the strength and ductility of URSLC. Initially, the unreinforced structure was subjected to six progressively intense bidirectional seismic excitations, driving the structure to near-collapse. Subsequently, the damaged structure was retrofitted using composite materials, including steel bar/wire mesh mortar, steel belts, and epoxy resin. To compare the performance, a shaking table test was repeated on the retrofitted structure using the same seismic input as the initial test. Throughout the experiments, the damage progression, crack development, and failure characteristics of both the unreinforced and reinforced specimens were meticulously recorded. Additionally, dynamic properties before and after reinforcement were analyzed to assess the effectiveness of the retrofitting. The results demonstrated that the composite materials provided a strong bond between the stone layers and reinforcement, significantly improving the seismic resistance of the damaged loess caves. Moreover, the use of these materials was found to be both efficient and economical in enhancing the structural performance—particularly in terms of strength, stiffness, and damage tolerance. This study confirms that composite reinforcement can significantly improve the safety of masonry buildings, even under severe seismic loading conditions.