Strong Antioxidant Activity Research Articles

Methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid treatment changes the nutritional quality, antioxidant profile and gene expression of postharvest blackberry fruit

Blackberry fruit is rich in various nutrients and has strong antioxidant activity. However, these fruit are soft, juicy, prone to decay and spoilage, and not suitable for storage. To ensure the quality of blackberry fruit and extend its shelf life, this study used methyl jasmonate (MJ), salicylic acid (SA), or MJ+SA to treat mature blackberry fruit after harvesting. And measure the fruit appearance indicators, antioxidant contents, antioxidant enzyme activities, and related gene expression levels stored at 4 °C for different durations. The results showed that the MJ, SA, and the combination of MJ+SA treatments could slow fruit softening by increasing antioxidant contents and antioxidant enzyme activities, with MJ+SA having the greatest effect on the postharvest treatment of blackberry. Compared with those in the control, the DPPH radical scavenging capacity, total phenol and flavonoid contents, and antioxidant enzyme (POD, GSH, and SOD) activities were increased in three hormone treatment groups. Moreover, the expression levels of key genes involved in flavonoid and phenol compound synthesis were upregulated in all the postharvest treatment groups. There was a positive correlation between the contents of total phenol and flavonoid and between their related structural enzyme-encoding genes and transcription factors. This study lays the foundation for further exploration of hormone application for prolonging the shelf life and changing in the antioxidant activity of blackberry fruit.

Inhibitory action of antimicrobial peptides against the formation of carcinogenic and mutagenic heterocyclic amines in meat

Thermal processing of meat leads to the development of Maillard's reaction intermediates, and carcinogenic toxicants. For the first time, the effectiveness of three (HX-12A, HX-12B and HX-12C) antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) against the formation of heterocyclic amines (HAs) in chemical and meat model systems. The results showed that AMPs especially 12A and 12C have strong metal chelation potential (48 and 40% at 1 mg/ml) and antioxidant activity (35 and 25% at 1 mg/ml), respectively, which were endorsed by their secondary structure (FTIR analysis) in terms of high β-sheets (1628 cm−1 and 1672 cm−1) in those AMPs. UPLC-MS analysis revealed that 12A and 12C were the most capable AMPs in MeIQx and PhIP-producing chemical models, respectively, whereas 12B promoted the HAs formation even higher than control. In particular, 12C AMP significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the most abundant carcinogenic HAs (PhIP) up to 90% at 9 mg/100 g of fresh meat, whereas 12A inhibited up to 80% of mutagenic HAs at same level compared to control and 12B. Low Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (LF-NMR) test showed that inhibitory effect of 12A and 12C was mediated by means of retaining water (lower T22 and T23 relaxation time) inside the macromolecules. This favorable effect was also evidenced by significantly enhanced tryptophan fluorescent intensity. Finally, based on correlation and principle component analysis, the mechanism of action has been proposed. These outcomes recommend that 12A and 12C are potential AMPs for the attenuation of HAs in thermally processed meat-based products.

Analysis of sediment re-formation factors after ginseng beverage clarification based on XGBoost machine learning algorithm

The aim of this study was to explore the sediment re-formation factors of ginseng beverages subjected to four clarification ways (11 subgroups) including the ethanol precipitation, enzymatic treatment, clarifier clarification, and Hollow Fiber Column (HFC) methods, based on the Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model. The results showed that the clarity of the ginseng beverages was significantly improved by all the clarification treatments, but still formed sediment after storage. HFC method exhibited the highest transmittance, the least sediment, and stronger antioxidant activity in the clarification treatment groups. According to the results of chemical composition analyses and partition coefficients, carbohydrates, saponins, proteins and metal elements were involved in varying degrees in the re-formation of the sediments in ginseng beverage after clarification. Based on the above data, the XGBoost model predicted that protein, Rd, Na, K, and total saponins were the five most important chemical components affecting the sediment re-formation in ginseng beverages.

Preparation and characterization of lactoferrin-polyphenol conjugate with stabilizing effects on fish oil high internal phase Pickering emulsions

The combination of protein and polyphenol is an effective approach to improve the stability of protein emulsions. The lactoferrin (LF)-(−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) covalent complex (LF-EGCG) was first prepared by alkali-induced reaction, then the structure and physicochemical properties between LF-EGCG and non-covalent complex (LF + EGCG) were compared, and finally the stability of complexes to fish oil high internal Pickering emulsions (HIPPEs) was tested. Results showed that LF-EGCG had stronger antioxidant activity, higher thermal stability, and better surface wettability than LF + EGCG. Meanwhile, the complexes showed no cytotoxicity within the tested concentration range (12.5–200 μg/mL). The HIPPEs stabilized with LF-EGCG possessed smaller droplet size, higher ζ-potential, and more uniform oil/water proton distribution. Covalent treatment also enhanced the storage, thermal, freeze-thaw and physical stability of LF HIPPEs. Furthermore, due to the higher antioxidant activity and denser microstructure, LF-EGCG HIPPE can more effectively inhibit the oxidation of fish oil.

Rooted in therapeutics: comprehensive analyses of Cannabis sativa root extracts reveals potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and bactericidal properties.

Following the legalization of recreational Cannabis in Canada in 2018, the associated waste, including Cannabis roots, has significantly increased. Cannabis roots, comprising 30%-50% of the total plant, are often discarded despite their historical use in Ayurvedic medicine for treating inflammatory and infectious disorders. This study evaluates the phytochemical and therapeutic properties of Cannabis root extracts from a high tetrahydrocannabinolic acid, low cannabidiolic acid cultivar (variety Alien Gorilla Glue). We performed ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) to identify the chemical components of the Cannabis roots. Extracts using water, ethanol and acid-base solvents were tested for antioxidant activity through free radical scavenging, metal chelation, and lipoperoxidation inhibition assays. Mitochondrial membrane protection was assessed using flow cytometry with the MitoPerOx probe in THP-1 monocytic leukemia cells. Anti-inflammatory potential was evaluated by measuring interleukin-6 levels in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated THP-1 cells. Bactericidal/fungicidal efficacy against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans was determined using the p-iodonitrophenyltetrazolium assay. Additionally, we investigated the anticholinesterase activity of Cannabis root extracts, given the potential role of plant alkaloids in inhibiting cholinesterase, an enzyme targeted in Alzheimer's disease treatments. UPLC-QTOF-MS analysis suggested the presence of several phenolic compounds, cannabinoids, terpenoids, amino acids, and nitrogen-containing compounds. Our results indicated significant antioxidant, bactericidal, and anticholinesterase properties of Cannabis root extracts from both soil and hydroponic cultivation. Extracts showed strong antioxidant activity across multiple assays, protected mitochondrial membrane in THP-1 cells, and exhibited anti-inflammatory and bactericidal/fungicidal efficacy. Notably, soil-cultivated roots displayed superior anti-inflammatory effects. These findings demonstrate the remarkable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial activities of Cannabis roots, supporting their traditional uses and challenging their perception as mere waste. This study highlights the therapeutic potential of Cannabis roots extracts and suggests avenues for further research and application.

Exploring American Elderberry Compounds for Antioxidant, Antiviral, and Antibacterial Properties Through High-Throughput Screening Assays Combined with Untargeted Metabolomics.

American elderberry (Sambucus nigra subsp. canadensis) is a rapidly emerging new perennial crop for Missouri, recognized for its high level of bioactive compounds with significant health benefits, including antibacterial, antiviral, and antioxidant properties. A high-throughput screening assay combined with untargeted metabolomics analysis was utilized on American elderberry juice from 21 genotypes to explore and characterize these bioactive compounds. Our metabolomics study has identified 32 putative bioactive compounds in the American Elderberry juices. An array of high-throughput screening bioassays was conducted to evaluate 1) total antioxidant capacity, 2) activation of antioxidant response elements (ARE), 3) antiviral activity, and 4) antibacterial activity of the putatively identified compounds. Our results revealed that 14 of the 32 American elderberry compounds exhibited strong antioxidant activity. Four compounds (isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside, kaempferol, quercetin, and naringenin) activated ARE activity and were found to be non-cytotoxic to cells. Notably, six of the 32 compounds demonstrated significant antiviral activity in an in vitro TZM-bl assay against two strains of HIV-1 virus, CXCR4-dependent NL4-3 virus and CCR5-dependent BaL virus. Luteolin showed the most potent anti-HIV activity against the NL4-3 virus (IC50 = 1.49 μM), followed by isorhamnetin (IC50 = 1.67 μM). The most potent anti-HIV compound against the BaL virus was myricetin (IC50 = 1.14 μM), followed by luteolin (IC50 = 4.38 μM). Additionally, six compounds were found to have antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria S. aureus, with cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside having the most potent antibacterial activity in vitro (IC50 = 2.9 μM), followed by cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (IC50 = 3.7 μM). These findings support and validate the potential health benefits of compounds found in American elderberry juices and highlight their potential for use in dietary supplements as well as innovative applications in health and medicine.

The Potential of Emerging Medicinal Plants and their Phytoconstituents in Treating Alzheimer's Disease

Backgrounds: Alzheimer's disease (AD) impacts a total of 30 million individuals worldwide, resulting in the impairment of brain cells. Despite the approval of medications, there are still poor results and adverse effects that continue to exist, which has led to continued research for more effective treatments. Objectives: We prioritize the study of medicinal plants and their bioactive chemicals to attract researchers and pharmaceutical companies interested in producing powerful herbal medicines and semi-synthetic drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, although minimizing any potential adverse effects. Methods: This review investigate the effective use of medicinal plants and their phytochemicals in the treatment of AD to manage its growth and relieve symptoms via improving cognitive deficits. Result: These medicinal plants and their phytochemicals contribute to the treatment of AD by protecting against cell damage induced by beta amyloid, improving memory and learning abilities, functioning as nerve tonics, and exhibiting strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Furthermore, they have demonstrated therapeutic benefits in the management of AD. The finding suggests that several phytoconstituents/ plant metabolites are present in numerous anti-Alzheimer's plants known for their anti-Alzheimer's properties such as rosmarinic acid, quercetin, kaempferol, gallic acid, β-sitosterol, oleic acid and linalool. In addition, this article emphasizes the anti- Alzheimer's disease significance of various important phytochemicals. Conclusions: The review proposes that medicinal plants and their bioactive phytochemicals hold potential as a viable alternative treatment for AD. The utilization of these medicinal plants can improve memory and decrease the likelihood of developing Alzheimer's disease in the future.

Fabrication and Application of Tannin Double Quaternary Ammonium Salt/Polyvinyl Alcohol as Efficient Sterilization and Preservation Material for Food Packaging.

Food packaging films play a vital role in preserving and protecting food. The focus has gradually shifted to safety and sustainability in the preparation of functional food packaging materials. In this study, a bisquaternary ammonium salt of tannic acid (BQTA) was synthesized, and the bioplastics based on BQTA and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were created for packaging applications. The impact of BQTA on antibacterial effect, antioxidant capacity, opacity, ultraviolet (UV) protective activity, mechanical strength, thermal stability, and anti-fog of the resultant bioplastics was examined. In vitro antibacterial experiments confirmed that BQTA possesses excellent antimicrobial properties, and only a trace amount addition of BQTA in PVA composite film could inhibit about 100% of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Compared to BQTA/PVA bioplastics with pure PVA, the experiment findings demonstrate that BQTA/PVA bioplastics show strong antioxidant and UV protection action and the performance of fruit preservation. It also revealed a small improvement in thermal stability and tensile strength. The small water contact angle, even at low BQTA concentrations, gave BQTA/PVA bioplastics good anti-fog performance. Based on the findings, bioplastics of BQTA/PVA have the potential to be used to create packaging, and they can be applied as the second (inner) layer of the primary packaging to protect food freshness and nutrition due to their antioxidant activity and biocompatibility.

Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant Properties, Anti-nutrient Contents and Antimicrobial Study of Aqueous Extract of Morinda lucinda, Solanum erianthun, and Dryopteris expansa

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms poses a significant challenge in clinical practice by complicating treatment options for infections. Exploring natural products as alternative drugs presents a promising approach to addressing these issues. Medicinal plants, acknowledged by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a preferred and safest source of various medicines, have gained considerable attention. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the phytochemical constituents, antioxidant properties, anti-nutrient content, and antimicrobial activities of Morinda lucinda, Solanum erianthun, and Dryopteris expansa The phytochemical analysis indicates that while flavonoids, saponins, and reducing sugars are common across the studied plants, Morinda lucida and Dryopteris expansa exhibit higher levels of saponins and the present of alkaloids, suggesting potential unique medicinal properties. The antimicrobial study revealed that the aqueous leaf extract of Morinda lucida made Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus susceptible to its effects, while Dryopteris expansa made only Streptococcus pyogenes susceptible and the aqueous leaf extract of Solanum erianthum made the fungal species Penicillium chrysogenum susceptible to its action. All the studied plants demonstrated very strong antioxidant activity. The anti-nutrient analysis showed that Morinda lucida had the lowest cyanide content at 5.50 mg/100 g, while Solanum erianthum had the highest cyanide content at 6.89 mg/100 g. Dryopteris expansa exhibited the lowest levels of oxalates and phytates, with values of 0.28 mg and 0.20%, respectively. The results of this study demonstrate that each of these plants possesses significant potential as antimicrobial agents and antioxidants, with low toxicity levels. Consequently, they hold promise for medicinal applications and drug development.

Development of a blue innovative antioxidant, biodegradable packaging material with Clitoria ternatea L. flos

Today, the packaging industry, and in particular the plastic packaging industry, are going to experience a number of challenges as a result of the provisions included in the directive on reducing the environmental impact of plastic packaging materials. Therefore, much attention is being paid to bio-based packaging based on natural and biodegradable polymers. Focus is being placed on natural additives with antioxidant properties to materials, eliminating the risks associated with the migration of chemical, often harmful substances into food. Therefore, in the present study, we obtained a blue antioxidant and biodegradable packaging material with flowers of Clitoria ternatea L., which is additionally safe against selected plants and invertebrates. Furthermore, we observed that the addition of blue matcha improved the barrier properties of the tested films. Samples with matcha CM (cellulose/matcha) and CZM (cellulose/gelatin/matcha) showed WVTR values of 14.44 [g/m2ˑd] and 9.34 [g/m2ˑd], respectively. Antioxidant activity testing by both the DPPH radical and FRAP methods showed the activity of the film containing the matcha extract. The extract alone had the highest activity (DPPH IC50 = 1.44 mg/ml; FRAP IT0.5 = 0.64 mg/ml). CM film had stronger antioxidant activity than CZM film. The film samples without matcha were characterised by TS values of 13.54 [MPa] and 22.24 [MPa], respectively. In contrast, their elongation at break was 74.87 [%] and 41.04 [%]. The samples containing matcha additives showed the weakest mechanical properties: CM and CZM. The cellulose/matcha film (CM) had TS and EAB values of 5.11 [MPa] and 5.05 [%], respectively. Whereas the cellulose/gelatin/matcha film (CZM) had TS and EAB values of 6.45 [MPa] and 1.54 [%], respectively. Application of a high concentration of matcha resulted in a separation of the phase leading to a weakening of the mechanical properties of the films. The observed change in the optical performance of matcha-containing films in this study was due to the blue colour of matcha, which is an effect of the presence of dried flowers. Furthermore, the blue colour of the packaging material has a marketing role as it can make the packaging product ‘stand out’ on the shop shelf.

Exploring the potential of Scabiosa columbaria in Alzheimer's disease treatment: An in silico approach

ObjectivesAlzheimer's disease (AD) is posing an increasing global threat and currently lacks effective treatments. Therefore, this study was aimed at exploring phytochemicals in Scabiosa columbaria (S. columbaria) as inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), β-site APP cleavage enzyme 1 (BACE1), and TNF-α converting enzyme (TACE) in AD. S. columbaria contains various bioactive compounds, such as chlorogenic acid, linalool, and catechins, which are known for their detoxification properties, capacity to resist and manage harmful moisture buildup, and therapeutic roles in COVID-19. Several studies have also shown that S. columbaria extract has strong antioxidant activity, and may potentially decrease neuroinflammation in AD. Therefore, this study investigated the interactions between S. columbaria phytochemicals and key enzymes associated with AD, thus providing opportunities for the development of new therapeutic candidates. MethodsA total of 27 phytochemicals were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against AChE, BACE1, and TACE with YASARA Structure. ADMET profiles and toxicity were assessed. The top candidate compounds underwent 100 ns MD simulations. ResultsAll ligands met Lipinski's rule and showed low toxicity. Catechins, compared with the known drug galantamine, showed higher inhibitory activity and interacted with additional active sites on AChE, thus suggesting potentially higher efficacy. Moreover, chlorogenic acid showed stronger inhibitory activity against TACE than the control drug (aryl-sulfonamide), thereby suggesting a different mechanism of action. MD simulation revealed that the formed complexes had good stability. However, further exploration is necessary. ConclusionS. columbaria derivative compounds are promising drug candidates because of their properties, including the affinity of chlorogenic acid toward TACE and hydrogen bond enhancing ligand–receptor interactions. MD simulation indicated stable ligand–protein complexes, and the radius of gyration and MM-PBSA calculations revealed favorable binding and interaction energies. Our findings demonstrate the identified compounds' potential for further drug development.

Green synthesis of undoped and Ag-doped NiO nanoparticles: Evaluation and their synergetic effect on antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant activities

In this investigation, we successfully synthesized nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs) using a combustion method with Acacia nilotica gum as a biofuel, and systematically altered silver (Ag) concentrations within the NiO matrix. Post-calcination at 400 °C, various characterization techniques confirmed the formation, surface morphology, and crystalline characteristics of NiO NPs. The Ag-doped NiO NPs, particularly the NiAg4 sample, demonstrated remarkable antimicrobial efficacy, with superior activity against both fungal and bacterial pathogens. The NiAg4 sample also exhibited potent cytotoxicity against HT-29 human colon cancer cells, achieving an IC50 value of 1.5 mg/mL. Toxicological assessments revealed that both undoped and Ag-doped NiO NPs maintained biocompatibility with human red blood cells, indicating their potential for biomedical applications. Additionally, the NPs showed strong antioxidant activity and protein kinase inhibition, further supporting their therapeutic potential. These findings suggest that Ag-doped NiO NPs synthesized through a green protocol possess enhanced bioactivities, making them promising candidates for future in vivo studies and diverse biomedical applications.

Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Basella alba Leaf Extract and Their Antioxidant Activity

In this research, gold nanoparticles were synthesized using the green synthesis method with the bioreduction extract of Basella alba leaf infusion. This research aims to characterize gold nanoparticles synthesized using UV-Vis spectroscopy and TEM and assess their antioxidant activity, which is quantified by the IC50 value. The UV-Vis spectrophotometric characterization of the gold nanoparticles revealed an absorption peak at a maximum wavelength of 543 nm. TEM characterization indicated a particle diameter of 9.463 ± 2.273 nm. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) reduction method with concentration variations of 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 ppm, resulting in reduction percentages of 40.6%, 44.3%, 57.4%, and 77.9%, respectively, and an IC50 value of 7.05 μg/mL, indicating very strong antioxidant activity. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that Basella alba leaf infusion extract is effective as a biological reducing agent in synthesizing gold nanoparticles, and the resulting nanoparticles show significant potential as antioxidants for reducing free radicals.

Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolics, and Total Flavonoids Content of Bajakah Tampala (Spatholobus littoralis): The Indigenous Herbal Medicine from Kalimantan

Bajakah tampala (Spatholobus littoralis), a medicinal plant traditionally used in Indonesia, particularly on Kalimantan Island, has garnered interest for its potential health benefits. However, scientific evidence remains scarce. This study investigated the antioxidant activity of S. littoralis extract and its total phenolic and flavonoid content. Ethanol extraction and evaporation were used to prepare the extract. The DPPH method assessed antioxidant activity, while Folin–Ciocalteu and AlCl3 complexation methods quantified total phenolics and flavonoids, respectively. The S. littoralis extract exhibited strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 54.19 ± 8.15 µg/mL. Additionally, the extract contained substantial levels of phenolics (0.649 ± 0.026% GAE) and flavonoids (1.084 ± 0.043% QE). These findings suggest a link between the high phenolic and flavonoid content of S. littoralis extract and its observed strong antioxidant activity.

Formulation of Nutraceutical Jelly Candy from a Combination of Cucurbita moschata Puree and Averrhoa carambola Juice as Antioxidant

Nutraceutical candy jellies are gaining popularity as a potential approach to deliver antioxidants in a palatable form. This study investigated the antioxidant activity of Cucurbita moschata puree combined with Averrhoa carambola juice, formulated into jelly candies. Design-Expert software V.13 was used to optimize the jelly candy base formula. The combined C. moschata puree and A. carambola juice exhibited strong antioxidant activity (IC50 = 29.580 ppm) at variation V1. The optimal base formula B3 consisted of 12% gelatin and 4% carrageenan. The formulated jelly candy possessed very strong antioxidant activity (IC50 = 44.771 ppm). These findings suggest the potential of C. moschata puree and A. carambola juice as ingredients in functional jelly candies.

Assessment and comparison of phytochemical constituents and biological activities of endemic Odonterrhena floribunda (Brassicaceae) from Türkiye

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the phenolic profile, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antidiabetic properties of ethanolic and methanolic extracts of the different parts of the endemic Odontarrhena floribunda. The antioxidant activities of O. floribunda were determined with 1,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and the copper-reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assays. The strongest antioxidant activity was recorded in methanolic root extract (IC50:1.68±0.25 μg/mL) for DPPH and ethanolic root (λ450:0.68±0.20) extract for CUPRAC. Antibacterial activities of the extracts were displayed by the Resazurin Microplate Method (REMA). All plant extracts analyzed demonstrated stronger effects on Acinetobacter baumannii (ATCC 02026) than those of the standard compound. The in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory of the plant extract were assessed using the Iodine method. Except for the methanol leaf extract, all other extracts showed strong α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (0.88–2.13 mmolTE/g). These results show that this endemic O. floribunda is a potential natural antioxidant, antibacterial, and enzyme inhibitor source.

GC-MS-employed Phytochemical Characterization and Anticancer, Antidiabetic, and Antioxidant Activity Screening of Lagerstroemia Thorelli.

Lagerstroemia thorelli (L. thorelli) is a member of the Lythraceae family and has not been previously researched. Thus, this study aimed to investigate its unexplored potential and identify novel therapeutic prospects. This research evaluated antioxidant, antidiabetic, and cytotoxic potentials along with compound characterization of the ethanolic leaf extract of L. thorelli. The antioxidant potential was assessed using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging assays, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) determination, antidiabetic property was assessed using α-amylase inhibition, and the cytotoxic effect was examined on HeLa and Vero cells using MTT colorimetric assay. Chemical characterization was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The findings demonstrated strong antioxidant, strong antidiabetic, and moderate cytotoxic activities. Comprehensive phytochemical analysis revealed its abundance in flavonoids, phenols/phenolics, tannins, glycosides, steroids, resin, etc. GC-MS analysis of the L. thorelli extract identified 80 important compounds including cis-11-eicosenamide, beta-D-glucopyranoside, methyl-, alpha-D-glucopyranoside, methyl-, phthalic acid, gamma-sitosterol, phytol, silicic acid, squalene, butanoic acid, cyclobarbital, etc. which are well-documented for their antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticancer effects. Thus, it can be inferred that L. thorelli could hold new promises in treating diseases like diabetes and free radical-induced conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases.

Potential of Coffee Cherry Pulp Extract against Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Air Pollution Induced Inflammation and Oxidative Stress for Topical Applications.

Airborne particulate matter (PM) contains polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as primary toxic components, causing oxidative damage and being associated with various inflammatory skin pathologies such as premature aging, atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis. Coffee cherry pulp (CCS) extract, rich in chlorogenic acid, caffeine, and theophylline, has demonstrated strong antioxidant properties. However, its specific anti-inflammatory effects and ability to protect macrophages against PAH-induced inflammation remain unexplored. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory properties of CCS extract on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells exposed to atmospheric PAHs, compared to chlorogenic acid (CGA), caffeine (CAF), and theophylline (THP) standards. The CCS extract was assessed for its impact on the production of nitric oxide (NO) and expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Results showed that CCS extract exhibited significant antioxidant activities and effectively inhibited protease and lipoxygenase (LOX) activities. The PAH induced the increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species, NO, TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS, and COX-2, which were markedly suppressed by CCS extract in a dose-dependent manner, comparable to the effects of chlorogenic acid, caffeine, and theophylline. In conclusion, CCS extract inhibits PAH-induced inflammation by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in RAW 264.7 cells. This effect is likely due to the synergistic effects of its bioactive compounds. Chlorogenic acid showed strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, while caffeine and theophylline enhanced anti-inflammatory activity. CCS extract did not irritate the hen's egg chorioallantoic membrane. Therefore, CCS extract shows its potential as a promising cosmeceutical ingredient for safely alleviating inflammatory skin diseases caused by air pollution.

Antioxidant Scavenging of the Superoxide Radical by Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) and Black Tea (Camellia sinensis) Plus Caffeic and Chlorogenic Acids, as Shown via DFT and Hydrodynamic Voltammetry.

We describe the antioxidant capability of scavenging the superoxide radical of several tea and yerba mate samples using rotating ring-disk electrochemistry (RRDE). We directly measured superoxide concentrations and detected their decrease upon the addition of an antioxidant to the electrochemical cell. We studied two varieties of yerba mate, two varieties of black tea from Bangladesh, a sample of Pu-erh tea from China, and two components, caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid. All of these plant infusions and components showed strong antioxidant activities, virtually annihilating the available superoxide concentration. Using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we describe a mechanism of superoxide scavenging via caffeic and chlorogenic acids. Superoxide can initially interact at two sites in these acids: the H4 catechol hydrogen (a) or the acidic proton of the acid (b). For (a), caffeic acid needs an additional π-π superoxide radical, which transfers electron density to the ring and forms a HO2- anion. A second caffeic acid proton and HO2- anion forms H2O2. Chlorogenic acid acts differently, as the initial approach of superoxide to the catechol moiety (a) is enough to form the HO2- anion. After an additional acidic proton of chlorogenic acid is given to HO2-, three well-separated compounds arise: (1) a carboxylate moiety, (2) H2O2, and a (3) chlorogenic acid semiquinone. The latter can capture a second superoxide in a π-π manner, which remains trapped due to the aromatic ring, as for caffeic acid. With enough of both acids and superoxide radicals, the final products are equivalent: H2O2 plus a complex of the type [X-acid-η-O2], X = caffeic, chlorogenic. Chlorogenic acid (b) is described by the following reaction: 2 O2•- + 2 chlorogenic acid → 2 chlorogenic carboxylate + O2 + H2O2, and so, it acts as a non-enzymatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimic, as shown via the product formation of O2 plus H2O2, which is limited due to chlorogenic acid consumption. Caffeic acid (b) differs from chlorogenic acid, as there is no acidic proton capture via superoxide. In this case, approaching a second superoxide to the H4 polyphenol moiety forms a HO2- anion and, later, an H2O2 molecule upon the transfer of a second caffeic acid proton.

Investigation of isomerization and oxidation of astaxanthin in ready-to-eat Litopenaeus vannamei during accelerated storage

Astaxanthin (AST), the natural pigment in Litopenaeus vannamei, is susceptible to oxidation and isomerization, leading to the fading of the orange-red color in ready-to-eat (RTE) shrimps. This study specifically investigated the changes mechanism in AST content, including geometric and stereoisomers, as well as oxidation degradation, throughout the storage process of RTE shrimps. The results showed that the total amount of AST decreased by 46.76 % after 45 days of storage at 40 °C. The levels of geometric isomers (all-E, 9-Z, 13-Z) and stereoisomers (3S,3′S, 3S,3′R, 3R,3′R) gradually decreased over time. Notably, 9-Z and 3S,3′S isomers, known for their strong antioxidant activity, were reduced by 83.57 % and 61.64 % respectively. Additionally, AST underwent oxidative degradation, forming short-chain compounds (astaxanthinal or astaxanthinone), with the main products being Apo-14′-astaxanthinal and Apo-7-astaxanthinone DHA ester. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for further research on the degradation mechanism of AST, and offer valuable insights into the color protection of RTE shrimps.