Strong Acidic Conditions Research Articles

Microwave Irradiation 및 촉매로서 실리카 지지 술팜산을 사용한 아닐 리드의 합성(Beckmann 자리옮김 반응)

A unique product of 1;2 Shift, Beckmann reaction has it’s good many synthesis application. Beckmann reaction is a general tool in organic chemistry. The reaction requires high reaction temperature; strong acidic conditions and dehydrating media. Amides are important biological and commercial compounds. Because amide constitutes the backbone of protein molecules, their chemistry is of extreme importance. The penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics are among the best-known products of the pharmaceutical industry. Keep all such things in mind we go for preparation of anilides, which also contribute excellent role to synthesis, various organic compounds. The Beckmann rearrangement requires strong acidic conditions such as conc. Sulphuric acid or Phosphoric acid these have a large amount of side products and serious corrosion problems. So, In recent days the milder conditions were tried and investigated on clean, simple, ecofriendly benign and excellent process became the chemists interesting undertaking. Several improved or developed process are reported using modified reagents and solid acid catalyst like clay, zeolites and silica sulfuric acid. However, the reactions are sluggish when they are performed in the liquid phase. Relatively few solid phase methods have been developed. Also the Beckman reaction using a Stoichiometic amount of cynuric chloride and Dimethyl formamide salt, Reactions was observed with solvents other than Dimethyl formamide and the reaction rate decreased noticeably with a reduced amount of cyanuric chloride in Dimethyl formamide. Also some methods are available for one-pot Beckmann reaction of Acetophenone (ketone). Hence, overcome all such disadvantages we report clean, effective, and simple method for one-pot synthesis of anilides in presence of catalytic amount of silica supported Sulphamic acid using microwave irradiation under solvent free condition.

Design of a neutral electro-Fenton system with Fe@Fe 2O 3/ACF composite cathode for wastewater treatment

The narrow pH range limits the wide application of Fenton reaction in the wastewater treatment. It is of great importance to widen working pH range of Fenton reaction from strong acidic condition to neutral, even basic ones. In this study, for the first time nanostructured Fe@Fe 2O 3 was loaded on active carbon fiber (ACF) as an oxygen diffusion cathode to be used in a heterogeneous electro-Fenton (E-Fenton) oxidation system. This novel Fe@Fe 2O 3/ACF composite cathode was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and element mapping. On the degradation of dye pollutant rhodamine B in water, this heterogeneous E-Fenton system with the Fe@Fe 2O 3/ACF cathode showed much higher activity than other E-Fenton systems with commercial zero valent iron powders (Fe 0) and ferrous ions (Fe 2+) under neutral pH. On the basis of experimental results, we proposed a possible pathway of rhodamine B degradation in this heterogeneous Fe@Fe 2O 3/ACF E-Fenton process. This heterogeneous E-Fenton system is very promising to remove organic pollutants in water at neutral pH.

The Effect of Acetohydroxamic Acid on Extraction and Speciation of Plutonium

The effect of acetohydroxamic acid (AHA) on speciation of transuranic elements has been investigated in the extraction and spectrophotometric experiments relevant to UREX extraction process. The distribution ratios decreased with increased concentration of added AHA rapidly, and a considerable ability of AHA to form complexes with plutonium even under strong acidic conditions was confirmed. Using FITEQL 4.0, a computer modeling program for equilibrium experimental data, the speciation distribution of tetravalent plutonium was determined. Acetohydroxamate species of Pu(IV) identified in Vis-NIR spectra of the extraction organic phase confirms formation of extractable neutral solvates of ternary acetohydroxamate-nitrate complexes of plutonium with tributyl phosphate (TBP).

Construction of composite particles with monolayered poly(styrene- co-acrylic acid) spheres on gold surface via heterocoagulation

Composite particles are successfully fabricated in a shape of bead-on-bead through a heterocoagulation. Submicron poly(styrene- co-acrylic acid) (PSAA) spheres are prepared and used as guest materials of composite particles. The spheres adsorb on the gold surface of a host material in perfect monolayered form and the pH dependence of the adsorption degree is also investigated. At strong acidic condition, the spheres are effectively adsorbed on the host materials, while the adsorption efficiency dramatically decreases with increasing pH due to the deprotonation of carboxyl groups at the surface of the spheres. Even though the composite particles are immersed in good solvents of PSAA for 12 h, the particles exhibit excellent adsorption stability.

A method for quantifying the unstable and highly polar drug nafamostat mesilate in human plasma with optimized solid-phase extraction and ESI-MS detection: more accurate evaluation for pharmacokinetic study

An advanced quantification method was developed with solid-phase extraction (SPE) and mass spectrometry (MS) determination for nafamostat, an unstable and highly polar drug, in human plasma. For unstable drugs with an ester group, the main analytical challenge is how to avoid the ester hydrolysis, and strong acid or alkaline conditions should be excluded during sample preparation. Considering that, we developed a relatively mild method with SPE for sample preparation without strong acid and alkaline treatment, which was optimized with different pHs and salt concentrations in phosphate-buffered saline treatment. The results indicated that pH 5 gave the most efficient extraction and 0.1 M salt concentration enhanced the extraction the most, with a minor effect on MS monitoring. The extraction method effectively avoided drug hydrolysis and achieved good drug enrichment over 82.2%. The linear range of quantification was 1.25-160 ng mL(-1). The stability of the drug in sample treatment was fully validated according to the sample processing procedure, including the stability in fresh blood, mobile phase, plasma and acidic methanol, and the results indicated that the drug remained stable during the whole sample preparation. Compared with a previous isotope-labeling method, more accurate and specific quantification of plasma concentration was achieved with liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization MS determination. With use of our method, nafamostat mesilate pharmacokinetics in 30 Chinese healthy volunteers was investigated with three doses via intravenous-drip infusion. The pharmacokinetic parameters were also estimated and compared with those of Japanese volunteers (slightly lower plasma concentration and longer terminal elimination half-life for Chinese volunteers). The difference in the pharmacokinetics may be ascribed to the quantification method, because previous isotope labeling may have overestimated the parent drug.

Cadmium removal from simulated wastewater to biomass byproduct of Lentinus edodes

A kind of agricultural waste, the byproduct of brown-rot fungus Lentinus edodes, was used as an efficient biosorbent for the removal of cadmium from water in this paper. The sorption conditions, such as pH, the dose of biomass and the initial concentration of cadmium were examined. Three kinds of adsorption models were applied to simulate the biosorption data. Uptake of cadmium was higher in weak acid condition than in strong acid condition. Nearly no sorption of cadmium occurred when the pH value was lower than 2.5. Biosorption isothermal data could be well simulated by Freundlich model, and then Langmuir and Temkin model. Langmuir simulation of the biosorption showed that the maximum uptake of cadmium was 5.58mmol/g in weak acid condition, which was much higher than many other biosorbents. The exchanged proton was highly related to the uptake of cadmium in weak acid condition. Fourier transform infrared spectrums and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalyzer were used to reveal ion-exchange mechanism between cadmium and the functional groups or participated inorganic metal ions during biosorption.

PREPARATION OF GLUCOSYL-SUBSTITUTED POLYPHOSPHAZENE HYDROGELS

Two kinds of polyphosphazenes,that bear α-D-glucosyl side groups together with methoxyethoxy or ethyl glycinato as cosubstituent groups,have been synthesized and characterized by IR and ~1H-NMR analyses.They were examined in order to investigate their possible use as matrix for glucose-sensitive insulin delivery basing on the specific interaction of glucose with lection. Briefly, the polymers were prepared via nucleophilic displacement of the reactive chlorines of polydichlorophosphazene with diisopropylidene D-glucose at first, and subsequently with methoxyethanol (polymer a) or glycine ethyl ester (polymer b) to substitute the residual P-Cl. After filtration and dialysis, the purified polymers were then treated with 90% trifluoroacetic acid to remove isopropylidene groups to get glucosyl groups. The formation of aggregates of glucosyl-substituted polyphosphazenes physically crosslinked by Concanavalin A (Con A) was studied by monitoring the transmittance at 360 nm of dilute polymeric aqueous solutions. Hydrogels were made by mixing concentrated glucosyl-substituted polyphosphazene aqueous solution with Con A aqueous solution. Different polyphosphazenes with various compositions of α-D-glucosyl side group and methoxyethoxy or ethyl glycinato side group combinations were obtained by adjusting the feeding dose of the nucleophiles. And their hydrophilicity differed from each other for the methoxyethoxy group is hydrophilic, and the ethyl glycinato group is hydrophobic, which would affect the formation of hydrogel and the drug release thereof in different way. In the deprotection reaction, the treating time needed to be prolonged to complete the hydrolysis of isopropylidene groups, however, it would cause significant cleavage of polyphosphazene backbones and degradation of cosubstituted ethyl glycinato groups (while almost no effect to methoxyethoxy) in the strong acidic condition. As a result, the deprotection ratio of glucoses was maintained at about 60% in this study to avoid remarkable decrease in molecular weight, and at the same time, the remained diisopropylidene D-glucosyl groups were considered biocompatible and might play a role in balancing polymeric hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity. Con A is one of the most widely used lectins in studying the interaction of specific saccharide with protein, particularly, for nonreducing D-mannosyl and D-glucosyl residues. For both polymers a and b, their dilute solutions rapidly turned turbid when Con A was mixed into, and turbidity increased with increasing the concentration of polymeric solutions and the content of glucosyl side groups in the polymers due to the formation of more and larger aggregates. The aggregates could be dissociated by addition of free glucose, and transmittance of the solution increased. On the other hand, it has been found that the transmittance data of solutions of polymer a mixed with Con A were much larger that those of polymer b, even if they had the similar amount of glucosyl side groups and the same polymeric concentration. One possible reason for this phenomenon was that polymer b could not dissolve well in water due to the presence of hydrophobic ethyl glycinato side groups, and the interaction between Con A and glucosyl groups was hindered. Thus, hydrogels were made from polymer a and Con A by increasing the polymeric concentration above 10 wt%. Higher concentrations of glucosyl-substituted polyphosphazene, more hydrophilic co-substituted side groups and higher amounts of glucosyl side groups would be in favor of hydrogel formation. This hydrogel can be a potential matrix for glusoce-sensitive insulin delivery.

On the Acidity of Saponite Materials: A Combined HRTEM, FTIR, and Solid-State NMR Study

Acid clays were prepared by exchanging a synthetic saponite in HCl solutions of different concentration (0.01 and 1M, respectively). A combined experimental approach (XRD, HRTEM, N2 physisorption, solid-state MAS NMR, and TGA) was used to investigate on the structural, morphological, and textural features of the samples treated under mild and strong acid conditions. FTIR spectroscopy of adsorbed probe molecules with different basicity (e.g., CO and NH3) was used to monitor the surface acid properties and acid site distribution. XRD and SS-MAS NMR indicated that the activation under mild acid conditions does not alter the clay structure, while a deep modification of the saponite framework occurred after ion exchange in 1 M HCl solution. The presence of porous amorphous silica phase after treatment under strong acid conditions was confirmed by TEM inspection augmented by SS-MAS NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. N2 and Ar physisorption measurements suggested that cavitation phenomena occurred in saponite structure. N2 physisorption confirmed that the porosity and surface area of the samples are strongly modified upon strong acid treatment. FTIR spectroscopy of adsorbed NH3 pointed out that the H-exchange in mild conditions increased the number of surface Brønsted acid sites. Conversely, these sites are significantly depleted after treatment under strong acid conditions. The use of CO as a FTIR probe molecule, which is applied for the first time to study synthetic acid clays, allowed to monitor distribution and strength of Brønsted acid sites, whose acidity is similar to that of strong acid zeolites. The Al-OH sites with medium acidity are also found in acid-activated saponites. The distribution of strong and medium acid sites is strictly dependent on the acid conditions adopted.

On the Nature and Location of Nanoparticulate Iron Phases and Their Precursors Synthetized within a Sepiolite Matrix

In this work, we report on the characterization by Mossbauer spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy of nanoparticulate iron phases and their precursors synthesized by a wet chemical route within the framework of a silicate matrix (sepiolite). These results show that the nature and location of the different iron species within the sepiolite structure are dependent on the conditions of the wet chemical preparation and, specifically, on the pH value of the acidic treatment to which the sepiolite powder was subjected prior to the impregnation with the iron(III)-containing solution. A subsequent thermal treatment at 500 °C (2 h) of the iron-containing sepiolites in a reducing H2/Ar atmosphere leads to the formation of different iron-reduced species. The nature of these reduced species is also dependent on the initial acidic treatment of the sepiolite. So, in the case of the iron-containing materials produced after treatment in strong acidic conditions of the original sepiolite, t...

Synthesis of Highly Ordered Ir-Containing Mesoporous Carbon Materials by Organic–Organic Self-Assembly

By simply adjusting the molar ratio of resorcinol (R) to formaldehyde (F) and optimizing the aging time of the gel, highly ordered mesoporous carbons (OMCs) have been synthesized under strong acidic conditions through aqueous self-assembly of R/F with triblock copolymer F127, without addition of any promoters. It was found that both the excess amount of R (R/F ≥ 1/2) and the long aging time (96 h) were favorable to the formation of the OMC. This facile route was further extended to the synthesis of highly ordered iridium-containing mesoporous carbons (Ir-OMC) by adding H2IrCl6 to the reaction mixture. The resultant Ir-OMCs were characterized by nitrogen sorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that iridium particles, with sizes of ∼2 nm, were highly dispersed in the carbon matrix, while the ordered mesostructure of carbons remained well. Comparing with the Ir/OMC sample prepared by postimpregnation, such one-pot synthesized Ir-OMC samples had smalle...

One-pot synthesis of ordered and stable cubic mesoporous silica SBA-1 functionalized with amino functional groups

Well-ordered and stable aminopropyl-functionalized mesoporous SBA-1 materials have been prepared by co-condensation of tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) or tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS) using cetyltriethylammonium bromide (CTEABr) as pore-directing agent under strong acidic conditions. Prehydrolysis of TMOS prior to the addition of APTMS was a preliminary and key step for preparation of the well-ordered SBA-1 materials with amino functionality under acidic conditions. Solid-state 13C and 29Si MAS NMR spectroscopy demonstrated the successful incorporation of the aminopropyl groups in SBA-1. The aminopropyl-functionalized SBA-1 materials prepared with the acid medium H 2SO 4 showed better structural properties than those prepared with the acid medium HCl. A facile synthesis route by using sucrose as an auxiliary agent was developed to prepare amino-functionalized SBA-1 materials with excellent textural properties.

Direct Synthesis of Mesoporous Sulfated Silica-Zirconia Catalysts with High Catalytic Activity for Biodiesel via Esterification

A solid acid material of high loading of sulfated zirconia on mesoporous silica SBA-15 has been successfully synthesized by a direct-synthesis under strong acidic condition. The materials were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption−desorption, UV−visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ICP-mass, and NH3 temperature-programmed-desorption (TPD). The zirconia content and well-ordered mesostructure of SiO2−SZ are controllable by tuning the molar ratios of sulfate to zirconia and silica to zirconia. UV−visible spectra and TEM observations confirm the incorporation of zirconium (IV) onto the mesoporoes framework. Acidity is enhanced in comparison with unsupported sulfated zirconia. Much improved catalytic performance under mild temperature condition in the esterification of lauric acid and palmitic acid with the direct-synthesis SiO2−SZ catalyst was observed as compared to un-supported SZ. The good catalytic performance of the sulfated silica-zirconia materials is attributed to a higher dispersion of zirconia to give higher acid site density and also to better tolerance of water. The solid acid catalytic materials have many advantages over liquid acids in its environmentally friendliness and easy separation.

Degradation of diuron in aqueous solution by dielectric barrier discharge

Degradation of diuron in aqueous solution was conducted in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor and the proposed degradation mechanism was investigated in detail. The factors that affect the degradation of diuron were examined. The degradation efficiency of diuron and the removal of total organic carbon (TOC) increased with increasing input power, and the degradation of diuron by DBD fitted first-order kinetics. Both strong acidic and alkaline solution conditions could improve diuron degradation efficiency and TOC removal rate. Degradation of diuron could be accelerated or inhibited in the presence of H 2O 2 depending on the dosage. The degradation efficiency increased dramatically with adding Fe 2+. The removal of TOC and the amount of the detected Cl −, NO 3 − and NH 4 + were increased in the presence of Fe 2+. The concentrations of oxalic and acetic acids were almost the same in the absence and presence of Fe 2+, but high concentration of formic acid was accumulated in the presence of Fe 2+. The main degradation pathway of diuron by DBD involved a series of dechlorination-hydroxylation, dealkylation and oxidative opening of the aromatic ring processes.

Green approaches via nanocatalysis with nanoporous materials: Functionalization of mesoporous materials for single site catalysis

Abstract Among the various green keys, catalysis, especially using heterogeneous catalysts, has been powerfully applied to achieve greener chemical processes. Here are presented nanoporous materials which have mesoporosity with the functional groups on the inner pore walls. The materials were synthesized via a rather greener process, such as microwave synthesis, and over these nanocatalysts some of the green chemical reactions were carried out with high activities and selectivities. Cobalt species has been successfully functionalized and stabilized as a Co(III) complex onto SBA-15 support and proven to be an active catalyst in alkylaromatic oxidation with molecular oxygen, styrene epoxidation with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP), and allylic oxidation of cycloolefins with H2O2. Short-channeled amino-functionalized SBA-15 catalyst with hexagonal plate morphology was synthesized directly by using microwave synthesis from the co-condensation of aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES) and sodium metasilicate under a strong acidic condition. The catalyst showed high catalytic activity in liquid-phase Knoevenagel condensation reactions, due to easy diffusion and mass transfer of substrates into the short mesopore channel. The HO3S–SBA-15 was prepared by grafting of mercaptopropyl trimethoxysilane onto the calcined mesoporous silica surface and subsequently oxidized with H2O2. The resulting catalyst was applied as a Bronsted solid-acid catalyst for the esterification of oleic acid with methanol.

Formation of Hydroxyl Radicals by Collapsing Ozone Microbubbles under Strongly Acidic Conditions

Hydroxyl radicals are strong oxidants in aqueous solution, reacting rapidly with a wide range of dissolved compounds. In contrast, ozone is a highly selective oxidant. Understanding the process by which ozone is transformed into hydroxyl radicals is important in the treatment of wastewater and drinking water. We use electron spin-resonance spectroscopy to demonstrate that when microbubbles of ozone in strongly acidic aqueous solution collapse, the ozone progressively decomposes and large quantities of hydroxyl radicals are generated. Moreover, the degradation of polyvinyl alcohol, which is ozone resistant, was also observed during the collapse of the microbubbles. These findings indicate that ozone microbubbles are potentially useful in future water-treatment applications.

Structure Elucidation of Dyes That Are Formed in the Colorimetric Detection of the Improvised Explosive Urea Nitrate

Urea nitrate (uronium nitrate, UN) is a powerful, improvised explosive that can be easily made from urea and nitric acid. It is considered the most frequently used, illegal explosive in the Israeli arena, which is responsible for the loss of more than a hundred lives in terrorist incidents. Urea nitrate is a colorless, crystalline substance that looks very much like sugar. A sensitive color test for UN was developed recently. It is based on the formation of a red dye in the reaction between p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde and UN under neutral conditions. A similar reaction with p-dimethylaminobezaldehyde produces a yellow dye. The two dyes have been synthesized, and their structures determined by X-ray crystallography. Both dyes are protonated Schiff bases, prevailing in the crystal in a quinoid form. They are identical to the compounds, which are obtained in the colorimetric detection of urea with the same reagents, under strong acidic conditions, whose structures have been postulated in the literature, but never fully proved experimentally.

Chemically and Photochemically Stable Conjugated Poly(oxadiazole) Derivatives: A Comparison with Polythiophenes and Poly(p-phenyleneethynylenes)

We have designed and synthesized highly stable conjugated poly(oxadiazoles) derivatives (PO1 and PO2). The oxadiazole-containing conjugated polymers have a strong photoluminescent property and are completely soluble in organic solvents. PO1 and two commonly used conjugated polymers, PPE and P3HT, were tested under strong acidic condition and strong UV irradiation condition to investigate their chemical and photochemical stability. PO1 turned out to be intact through the harsh treatments while the two control polymers were severely damaged in their conjugated backbone and lost their emissive property. Protonation of the oxadiazole unit of PO1 by acids induced backbone planarization of PO1, resulting in emission color change from blue to green. Reversible color change by adding and removing trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) to PO1 and latent fluorescent patterning by using a photoacid generator and UV irradiation through a photomask were demonstrated. The results provide a design principle to develop highly stable conjugated polymers for various applications where photobleaching and oxidation are a common challenging problem.

Biosorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution using free and polysulfone-immobilized Corynebacterium glutamicum: Batch and column studies

The amino acid fermentation industry waste, Corynebacterium glutamicum, has been found to possess excellent biosorption capacity towards methylene blue (MB). Due to practical difficulties in solid–liquid separation and biomass regeneration, C. glutamicum was immobilized in a polysulfone matrix. The pH edge experiments revealed that neutral or alkaline pH values favored MB biosorption. Isotherm experiments indicated that C. glutamicum, when in immobilized state, exhibited slightly inferior dye uptake compared to free biomass. Also considering the two forms, immobilized biomass took a long time to attain equilibrium. An attempt to identify the diffusion limitations in immobilized beads was successful, with the Weber–Morris model clearly indicating intraparticle as the rate controlling step. Regeneration of the free biomass was not possible as it tended to become damaged under strong acidic conditions. On the other hand, immobilized biomass performed well with 99% desorption of MB from the biosorbent with the aid of 0.1 mol/l HCl. The immobilized biomass was also successfully regenerated and reused for three cycles without significant loss in sorption capacity. An up-flow packed column loaded with immobilized biomass was employed for the removal of MB. The column performed well in the biosorption of MB, exhibiting a delayed and favorable breakthrough curve with MB uptake and % removal of 124 mg/g biomass and 70.1%, respectively.

Transesterification reactions over morphology controlled amino-functionalized SBA-15 catalysts

The amino-functionalized SBA-15 (NH2-SBA-15) catalysts have been synthesized by different approaches such as direct co-condensation, prehydrolysis of sodium metasilicate, and post synthetic-grafting methods in order to get different morphologies by using the amphiphilic triblock copolymer, pluronic P123 as a surfactant and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) as a precursor of functional groups under a strong acidic condition. The functionalized materials were confirmed with X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 gas adsorption/desorption studies, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the amount of amino-groups was evaluated by TGA analyses. Catalytic transesterification reactions of diethylmalonate with various aliphatic and aromatic alcohols were investigated over the amino-functionalized SBA-15 catalysts. Among the functionalized catalysts, the material synthesized via direct co-condensation method which had short channeled hexagonal platelet morphology exhibited enhanced catalytic activities with normal aliphatic alcohols than other fibrous type catalysts. The activities of the catalysts were found to be very much dependent on morphologies, dispersion of amino groups and molecular shape of alcohols.

Preparation of nanosized Mn3O4/SBA-15 catalyst for complete oxidation of low concentration EtOH in aqueous solution with H2O2

A new heterogeneous Fenton-like system consisting of nano-composite Mn3O4/SBA-15 catalyst has been developed for the complete oxidation of low concentration ethanol (100ppm) by H2O2 in aqueous solution. A novel preparation method has been developed to synthesize nanoparticles of Mn3O4 by thermolysis of manganese (II) acetylacetonate on SBA-15. Mn3O4/SBA-15 was characterized by various techniques like TEM, XRD, Raman spectroscopy and N2 adsorption isotherms. TEM images demonstrate that Mn3O4 nanocrystals located mainly inside the SBA-15 pores. The reaction rate for ethanol oxidation can be strongly affected by several factors, including reaction temperature, pH value, catalyst/solution ratio and concentration of ethanol. A plausible reaction mechanism has been proposed in order to explain the kinetic data. The rate for the reaction is supposed to associate with the concentration of intermediates (radicals: OH, O2− and HO2) that are derived from the decomposition of H2O2 during reaction. The complete oxidation of ethanol can be remarkably improved only under the circumstances: (i) the intermediates are stabilized, such as stronger acidic conditions and high temperature or (ii) scavenging those radicals is reduced, such as less amount of catalyst and high concentration of reactant. Nevertheless, the reactivity of the presented catalytic system is still lower comparing to the conventional homogenous Fenton process, Fe2+/H2O2. A possible reason is that the concentration of intermediates in the latter is relatively high.