Strong Acid Ion Exchange Resin Research Articles

Modeling and gPROMS based simulation of adsorption process for the removal of Cu (II) from aqueous wastewater

The present work studies the performance of Indion 730 (Strong acid) ion exchange resin for the removal of Cu (II). The modeling and gPROMS based simulation is used to study the sorption capacity, equilibrium, and performances of Indion 730 ion exchange resin. The extraction effectiveness of the resin is studied by using breakthrough curves. The experimental and simulation results were compared. A numerical model is proposed for the investigation of the ion exchange phenomenon using gPROMS using various optimized parameters like flow rate, bed height, and initial concentration of wastewater containing Cu (II) heavy metal ion in the column. For instance, the effects of flow rate, bed height, and inlet concentration of heavy metal on a breakthrough curve are investigated in depth. The results illustrate that the predicted theoretical breakthrough curves show analogous patterns with the corresponding investigational output with a discrepancy of the equilibrium time. The predictions of the model will help to discover the optimal conditions of operation.

Fe3O4-loaded ion exchange resin for chromatographic separation of boron isotopes: Experiment and numerical simulation

Fe3O4-loaded ion exchange resin composites (Fe3O4@Resin) were optimally constructed through ion exchange and co-precipitation of Fe2+ and Fe3+ on strong acid ion exchange resin. The as-synthesized Fe3O4@Resin composite was characterized and investigated for 10B/11B separation including effect of pH and isotherms through batch adsorption experiments which can be well described by Langmuir model. In the chromatographic column packed with Fe3O4@Resin, 10B was selectively retained with a high dynamic separation factor of 1.312. Considering the consistency between simulated and experimental breakthrough curves within Fe3O4@Resin packed column, chromatographic 10B/11B separation performance was simulated under various conditions which were further optimized by Response surface methodology. Consequently, the annual yield of 10B reached the maximum of 2534 g with feed concentration of 9.729 g L−1, flow rate of 146.05 mL min−1, and column size of 2.2 × 150 cm (I.D. × length). In addition, five-cycle adsorption/regeneration experiments demonstrated its merit of reusability.

Kinetic Studies of the Glycerolysis of Urea to Glycerol Carbonate in the Presence of Amberlyst-15 as Catalyst

Amberlyst-15, a strong acidic ion-exchange resin, has showed as a potential and an effective catalyst for the glycerolysis process of urea to glycerol carbonate. In this work, the kinetic model of the urea glycerolysis over Amberlyst-15 catalyst was investigated. The kinetic model was developed by considering simultaneous steps of urea dissolution in glycerol, mass transfer of urea and glycerol from the bulk of the liquid into the outer part of the catalyst, diffusion of urea and glycerol into the inner part of the particle through the catalyst pores, and irreversible second order reaction of urea and glycerol on the active sites. The irreversibility of second order reaction of urea glycerolysis was validated and proven. The proposed kinetic model was simulated and validated with the experimental data. The kinetic studies show that mechanism proposed works well. Furthermore, the activation energy was found to be 145.58 kJ.mol−1 and the collision factor was in 8.00×1010 (m3)2.kg−1.mol−1.s−1. The simulation result shows that the predicted liquid temperatures were close to the experimental temperature data. It also gave glycerol concentration profile inside the catalyst particle as a function of glycerolysis time and position. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Separation and Purification of Biogenic 1,3-Propanediol from Fermented Glycerol through Flocculation and Strong Acidic Ion-Exchange Resin.

In the present work, was investigated the separation and purification procedure of the biogenic 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PD), which is a well-known valuable compound in terms of bio-based plastic materials development. The biogenic 1,3-PD was obtained as a major metabolite through the glycerol fermentation by Klebsiella pneumoniae DSMZ 2026 and was subjected to separation and purification processes. A strong acidic ion exchange resin in H+ form was used for 1,3-PD purification from the aqueous solution previously obtained by broth flocculation. The eluent volume was investigated considering the removal of the secondary metabolites such as organic acids (acetic, citric, lactic, and succinic acids) and 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BD), and unconsumed glycerol. It was observed that a volume of 84 mL of ethanol 75% loaded with a flow rate of 7 mL/min completely remove the secondary metabolites from 10 mL of concentrated fermented broth, and pure biogenic 1,3-PD was recovered in 128 mL of the eluent.

Hydrolysis of Oligosaccharides and Polysaccharides on Sulfonated Solid Acid Catalysts: Relations between Adsorption Properties and Catalytic Activities.

Sulfonated solid acid materials, such as sulfonated carbon catalysts, are promising materials as heterogeneous catalysts for the hydrolysis of esters and polysaccharides in water solvents. The catalytic active site is a sulfonic acid functional group. Compared to conventional strong acidic ion-exchange resin catalysts, sulfonated carbon materials have less sulfonic acid functional groups but higher catalytic activity for hydrolysis of polysaccharides per catalyst weight. However, the details of catalytic properties and the substrate suitability of both catalysts are unclear. In this study, the hydrolytic activities and the adsorption properties of both catalysts were investigated for various oligosaccharides and polysaccharides with varying degrees of polymerization (DP). The catalytic activities for the hydrolysis with increase of the DP of saccharides were found to increase over the sulfonated carbon catalyst but decrease over strong acidic ion-exchange resin catalyst. The inverse catalytic properties attribute to the dependence of the amounts of adsorption and/or penetration of saccharides on the DP. Moreover, the catalytic activity per acidic sites of strong acidic ion-exchange resin is in good agreement with the value obtained by multiplying the catalytic activity of a dilute sulfuric acid by the penetration degrees.

Opportunities for coupled electrochemical and ion-exchange technologies to remove recalcitrant micropollutants in water

Micropollutants are found in many waters at concentrations that are concerning for living and environmental systems. They are usually characterised as being persistent and are generally difficult to remove from the water using traditional techniques. In this work, we investigate a treatment technology that couples electrooxidation of micropollutants with subsequent absorption of charged products and remaining compounds through a mixed strong acid and strong base ion exchange resin. The results clearly show that carbon fibre is a promising electrode material. Electrooxidation of the drug Ibuprofen using carbon fibre in a coulombic efficiency of 13 mC/ppm removed 71% of the compound after two hours (down to 29 ppm). The addition of sodium chloride led to a near doubling of the pseudo-first order reaction rate from 1.7 to 3.0 10−4 s−1. A mix of Ibuprofen and the pesticide Diuron showed similarly promising results and while the overall oxidation decreased the positive effect of sodium chloride was present. Strikingly, coupling electrooxidation with a mixed bed ion exchange resin removed both compounds, decreasing levels of Diuron to below the limit of detection (18 ppb) and Ibuprofen down to 0.8 ppm. The approach shows potential as a treatment technology for the removal of complex pollutants in water.

Synthesis of Cyclopentyl Methyl Ether by Gas Phase Catalytic Reaction Using Strong Acid Ion Exchange Resin as a Catalyst —Study of Catalyst Deactivation Mechanism—

Synthesis of Cyclopentyl Methyl Ether by Gas Phase Catalytic Reaction Using Strong Acid Ion Exchange Resin as a Catalyst —Study of Catalyst Deactivation Mechanism—

Efficient epoxidation of vegetable oils through the employment of acidic ion exchange resins

AbstractThe epoxidation of vegetable oils is a chemical or biochemical reaction where oil triglycerides are converted into more reactive molecules. These will be further transformed into a broad variety of products with significant potential for industrial applications. The epoxidation of vegetable oils consists of a commercially established process that uses homogeneous mineral acids as catalysts. In this paper, different strong acidic ion exchange resins were evaluated as alternatives to substitute the commercial homogeneous catalysts. Amberlyst 39 was selected as the most promising one to explore the effect of the variables such as temperature, acetic acid, or hydrogen peroxide concentration in sunflower oil epoxidation. The optimal operational conditions that maximized the conversion and oxirane yield were determined. Then, these values were applied in several catalyst reuses for establishing the resin durability. Results show that by employing ion exchange resins, excellent product yields and selectivity are obtained, minimizing post‐reaction purification needs.

Kinetics, Isotherm, and Thermodynamics of Adsorption of Sterol on Strong Acid Ion Exchange Resin

Kinetics, isotherm and thermodynamics of sterol adsorption on styrene-divinylbenzene based ion-exchange resin with strong acid was investigated at temperature in the range of 298 to 313 K using a model solution of stigmasterol in n-heptane with initial concentration in the range of 0.3(10-3 to 1.8(10-3 kg/kg-solution. Adsorbent (5 wt%) was added to the model solution and isothermal adsorption was performed at 3.33 rps for 7.2(103 s. Kinetics of sterol adsorption was analysed based on pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models. The results revealed that pseudo-second-order model agreed with the experimental data, much better than pseudo-first-order model. At the equilibrium of adsorption, adsorption capacity (qe) decreased when the temperature was increased. This result indicated that sterol adsorption was exothermic. Analysis of adsorption isotherm data based on Langmuir, Freundlich and linear models showed that Freundlich was the best model that could predict the adsorption isotherm data. Adsorption equilibrium constants calculated based on Freundlich model at various temperatures were used to calculate Gibb’s free energy change (ΔG), enthalpy change (ΔH), and entropy change (ΔS). The increase of ΔG with respect to temperature indicated that the adsorption was more favourable at lower temperatures. The negative value of ΔH indicated that the adsorption was exothermic and agreed well with the effect of temperature on adsorption capacity. The negative value of ΔS indicated associative adsorption and decrease of the randomness between the solid/liquid interfaces due to the adsorption.

Microwave Reactive Distillation Process for Production of Ethyl Acetate

A novel intensification technology–microwave reactive distillation (MRD) process was developed by coupling the microwave irradiation and reactive distillation (RD) process to break through the limitations of the RD process, such as low esterification reaction rate. The batch MRD process and RD process for acetic acid and ethanol esterification were compared by using a laboratory-scale RD packed column with strong acidic ion-exchange resin as catalyst. The effects of reflux ratio, feed flow rate, microwave power, and reboiler heating power were investigated. The results showed that, with the same total energy consumption, MRD needed less time than RD to obtain 70% overhead EtAc content. Compared with the RD process, the instantaneous improvement of ethyl acetate content achieved by MRD was up to 6.9% under same reflux ratio, and 6.7% under same acetic acid feed flow rate. The variation trend of experimental results matched that of the numerical simulation results.

Modeling of Ni2+ exchange on the strong acid ion-exchange resin and the organic-inorganic ion exchanger

Currently, for calculations of processes in the ion-exchange columns is used the model which require the use of parameters such as diffusion coefficients of the ions in solution and the ion exchanger, exchange capacity, selectivity coefficients, and particle size of the ion exchanger and bed height, velocity of the solution. The greatest difficulty is the definition of the diffusion coefficient of exchanging ions in the ion exchanger, as this parameter varies with the degree of substitution of the resin and is very dependent on the presence of other ions in solution. In this regard, the actual task is creating a formalized process model in a dynamic mode, which allows minimizing the number of parameters, eliminating the diffusion coefficients and selectivity. The aim of research is creation of a formalized model of ion exchange, taking into account only empirical parameters.It is investigated the strongly acidic gel ion exchanger modified by aggregates of nanoparticles of zirconium hydrogen phosphate. In dynamic mode it was performed deionization of combined solution prepared in tap water, which contains ions of calcium, magnesium and nickel.Under dynamic conditions it is investigated extract of nickel ions from the combined solution by using a strongly acidic gel cation exchange resin and the composite ion exchanger on its base, containing aggregates of nanoparticles of zirconium hydrogen phosphate. A model is proposed, which allows determining the time at which the capacity is reached before breakthrough for nickel ions. This model involves the use of only empirical parameters obtained in the investigation of ion exchange in a dynamic mode, reflecting the concentration of ions in the solid phase and does not require prior identification and selectivity coefficient of diffusion of sorbed ions, and the communication mode (external and internal diffusion or mixed).

Two solid-phase recycling method for basic ionic liquid [C4mim]Ac by macroporous resin and ion exchange resin from Schisandra chinensis fruits extract

In this study, two solid-phase recycling method for basic ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([C4mim]Ac) were studied through a digestion extraction system of extracting biphenyl cyclooctene lignans from Schisandra chinensis. The RP-HPLC detection method for [C4mim]Ac was established in order to investigate the recovery efficiency of IL. The recycling method of [C4mim]Ac is divided into two steps, the first step was the separation of lignans from the IL solution containing HPD 5000 macroporous resin, the recovery efficiency and purity of [C4mim]Ac achieved were 97.8% and 67.7%, respectively. This method cannot only separate the lignans from [C4mim]Ac solution, also improve the purity of lignans, the absorption rate of lignans in [C4mim]Ac solution was found to be higher (69.2%) than that in ethanol solution (57.7%). The second step was the purification of [C4mim]Ac by the SK1B strong acid ion exchange resin, an [C4mim]Ac recovery efficiency of 55.9% and the purity higher than 90% were achieved. Additionally, [C4mim]Ac as solvent extraction of lignans from S. chinensis was optimized, the hydrolysis temperature was 90°C and the hydrolysis time was 2h.

Immobilizing Cr3+ with SO3H-functionalized solid polymeric ionic liquids as efficient and reusable catalysts for selective transformation of carbohydrates into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural

A series of functional polymeric ionic liquids (FPILs) were prepared by coupling of SO3H-functionalized polymeric ionic liquids with different counterpart anions containing or excluding CrCl3·6H2O, and characterized by SEM, FT-IR, XRD, NH3-TPD, TG, melting point, ICP-AES, and TEM. The catalytic activity of the prepared solid FPILs was investigated for the conversion of biomass including fructose, glucose and cellulose into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) with the presence of DMSO-mediated solvents, successively producing moderate to excellent yields of HMF under atmospheric pressure. The FPILs catalysts developed in this study present improved performance on fructose-to-HMF conversion over other solid catalysts, such as functional ionic liquids supported by silica, metal oxides and strong acid ion exchange resin catalysts, and can be very easily recycled at least five times without significant loss of activity. In addition, a kinetic analysis was carried out to illustrate the formation of HMF.

Abstract No. 280 - Intravenous chemotherapy filter: initial design and in-vitro proof-of-concept of a novel device for high-dose chemotherapy delivery during transarterial chemoembolization

Purpose Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) increases tumoral chemotherapy dose while minimizing systemic toxicity. Nonetheless, up to 50% of injected doxorubicin (Dox) passes directly through hepatic tumors into the systemic circulation. To further increase tumor dose and limit systemic exposure, we propose to develop a novel chemotherapy filter catheter device that would be positioned transiently during TACE in the draining vein of the target organ to bind Dox that has passed through the tumor before it enters the systemic circulation. Materials and Methods The device would be guided to the desired vein via an internal jugular approach and be deployed like a windsock. Based on chemical properties, 15 activated carbons and 7 resins were obtained to test drug binding capacity and kinetics via a phantom flow model constructed to simulate TACE. 50 mg Dox in 1L PBS (with Ca2+/Mg2+) was warmed to 37°C. Selected adsorbent material with volume equal to a cone in the renal or hepatic vein (2.5 ml) was placed in the circuit segment, simulating device deployment within the vein. Dox concentrations were measured until equilibrium via UV spectrophotometry. Given interest in rapid high capacity drug binding, we propose a metric, the TACE Factor (TF), defined as total mg Dox bound during initial 10 minutes per ml of adsorbent. A goal TF is >10 given a 2.5 ml constraint and aim to bind half the administered Dox (25 mg). Prototype devices were constructed. Results A hydrophilic strong-acid ion-exchange resin performed well with a TF of 9 (20 min equilibrium). Testing of activated carbon suffered from poor kinetics (270 min equilibrium) and a TF of 2.2, although good equilibrium capacity (50 mg Dox / g carbon). Conclusion Proof-of-concept and feasibility of a novel intravenous chemotherapy filter device was successfully demonstrated in-vitro with significant Dox binding in a physiologic TACE flow model. Binding performance in such a model was characterized for carbons/resins, which has not been described before. Based on these results, the physical-chemical properties of the above materials will be optimized to develop even more efficient carbons/resins prior to in vivo device validation. Table 1

Adsorption and Desorption of Praseodymium (III) from Aqueous Solution Using D72 Resin

In this work, the feasibility of using a macroporous strong acid ion exchange resin (D72) as an adsorbent for praseodymium (III) was examined. The adsorption behavior and mechanism were investigated with various chemical methods and IR spectrometry. The results showed that the loading of Pr (III) ions was strongly dependent on pH of the medium and the optimal adsorption condition is in HAc-NaAc medium with pH value of 3.0. Adsorption kinetics of Pr (III) ions onto D72 resin could be best described by pseudo-second-order model. The maximum adsorption capacity of D72 for Pr (III) was evaluated to be 294 mgg−1 for the Langmuir model at 298K. The apparent activation energy, Ea, was 14.71 kJmol−1. The calculated data of thermodynamic parameters, ΔSΘ value of 100 Jmol−1K−1 and ΔHΘ value of 8.89 kJmol−1, indicate the endothermic nature of the adsorption process, while a decrease of ΔGΘ with increasing temperature indicates the spontaneous nature of the adsorption process. Finally, Pr (III) can be eluted by using 1.00 mol·L−1 HCl-0.50 mol·L−1 NaCl solution and the D72 resin can be regenerated and reused. Thomas model was successfully applied to experimental data to predict the breakthrough curves and to determine the characteristic parameters of the column useful for process design. The characterization before and after adsorption of Pr (III) ions on D72 resin was conformed by IR.

Quantifying temperature and flow rate effects on the performance of a fixed-bed chromatographic reactor

Chromatographic reactors are based on coupling chemical reactions with chromatographic separation in fixed-beds. Temperature and flow rate are important parameters for the performance of such reactors. Temperature affects mainly adsorption, chemical equilibria, mass transfer and reaction kinetics, whereas flow rate influences residence time and dispersion. In order to evaluate the mentioned effects, the hydrolysis reactions of methyl formate (MF) and methyl acetate (MA) were chosen as case studies. These reactions were performed experimentally in a lab-scale fixed-bed chromatographic reactor packed with a strong acidic ion exchange resin. The chosen reactions can be considered to represent a relative fast (MF) and a relative slow (MA) reaction. The processes which take place inside the reactor were described and simulated using an isothermal equilibrium dispersive model. The essential model parameters were determined experimentally at different temperatures and flow rates. The performance of the chromatographic reactor was evaluated at several discrete constant temperature levels by quantifying product purity, productivity and yield. The work provides insight regarding the influence of temperature and flow rate on values of the model parameters and the performance criteria.

Supported ionic liquid silica nanoparticles (SILnPs) as an efficient and recyclable heterogeneous catalyst for the dehydration of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural

Supported ionic liquid nanoparticles (SILnPs) having particle size ranging from 293 ± 2 to 610 ± 11 nm have been prepared by immobilization of ionic liquid, 1-(tri-ethoxy silyl-propyl)-3-methyl-imidazolium hydrogen sulfate (IL-HSO4) on the surface of silica nanoparticles. The catalytic activity of the prepared SILnPs was investigated for the dehydration of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in the presence of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) as a solvent. The reaction temperature and amount of catalyst have been optimized for dehydration of fructose over SILnPs using experimental design leading to 99.9% fructose conversion and 63.0% HMF yield using silica SILnPs (d = 610 ± 11) nm at 130.0 °C in 30 min reaction time. The SILnPs catalysts developed in this study present improved performances over other zeolites and strong acid ion exchange resin catalysts, and they have been efficiently and very easily recycled over seven times without any significant loss in fructose conversion and HMF yield.

Development of a Strong Acid Ion Exchange Resin with a Monolithic Microhoneycomb Structure Using the Ice Templating Method

In this work, the synthesis of a strong acid ion-exchange resin with a monolithic microhoneycomb structure was attempted using the ice templating method, a new micromolding technique developed by the authors. The obtained monoliths were found to have micrometer-sized straight channels, and the thickness of the walls which form the channels were also in the micrometer range. Through titration experiments, it was confirmed that the monoliths have a sufficient ion exchange capacity and strong acidity. The monoliths also showed catalysis in esterification reactions which indicates that they can be used as an effective solid acid catalyst with an extremely low hydraulic resistance in various commercial reactions.

Removal of Co(II) from aqueous solutions by NKC-9 strong acid resin

A strong acidic ion exchange resin (NKC-9) was used as a new adsorbent material for the removal of Co(II) from aqueous solutions. The adsorption isotherm follows the Langmuir model. The maximum adsorption capacity of the resin for Co(II) is evaluated to be 361.0 mg/g by the Langmuir model. It is found that 0.5 mol/L HCl solution provides effectiveness of the desorption of Co(II) from the resin. The adsorption rate constants determined at 288, 298 and 308 K are 7.12×10 −5, 8.51×10 −5 and 9.85×10 −5 s −1, respectively. The apparent activation energy ( E a) is 12.0 kJ/mol and the adsorption parameters of thermodynamic are Δ H Θ =16.1 kJ/mol, Δ S Θ=163.4 J/(mol·K), Δ G Θ 298 K=-32.6 kJ/mol, respectively. The adsorption of Co(II) on the resin is found to be endothermic in nature. Column experiments show that it is possible to remove Co(II) ions from aqueous medium dynamically by NKC-9 resin.

Cross-Contamination Test of an Enthalpy Wheel Loading a Strong Acidic Cation Ion-Exchange Resin or 3A Zeolite as a Desiccant Material

Enthalpy wheels have been widely used for achieving comfortable air-conditioning with low energy consumption. Desiccant materials such as silica gel and molecular sieves are used so as to give it a latent heat exchanging function. However, this important function has become the cause of cross-contamination because substances with offensive odors are also adsorbed onto desiccants. In this study, cross-contamination of an enthalpy wheel consisting of ion-exchange resin particles as a desiccant material is examined and compared with a commercialized 3A zeolite wheel. It is found that the ion-exchange resin type wheel shows a smaller cross-contamination ratio than the other for all contaminants tested in this study, i.e. ammonia, carbon dioxide, formaldehyde and propane, although water-soluble and smaller contaminants such as ammonia still indicated a higher contamination ratio.