Despite good evidence that screening for Lynch Syndrome (LS) in endometrial carcinoma (EC) cases has high potential for reducing morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs, and the wide availability of screening tests, there remains huge variation in the approach to screening. Pathologists need to be aware of the implications of LS screening for the patient and her family. Standardised and external quality-assured protocols should be developed and adopted for LS screening in EC cases. The International Society of Gynaecological pathology (ISGyP) has recently recommended that all newly diagnosed EC cases undergo testing for LS…We also suggest that all newly diagnosed patients with ovarian endometrioid or clear cell carcinoma are similarly screened for LS. MSH2 loss in a case of known germline MSH2 mutation. study Ryan et al. (p. 814) In conclusion, SDHB immunohistochemistry can be a useful tool for the differential diagnosis of pulmonary chondromas and hamartomas, in cases when this distinction is difficult based on histological features alone. Loss of SDHB expression in pulmonary chondromas may also assist in the identification of patients who may have Carney triad and are therefore at risk of developing more aggressive neoplasms. Succinate dehydrogenase B (SDHB) immunohistochemical staining in a case of chondroma. Cartilaginous cells (left) are not reactive. Endothelial cells (right) show granular cytoplasmic reactivity: SDHB expression is lost. Chatzopoulos et al. (p. 826) In summary, we have shown that a Ki67 PI of ≥25 was associated with poorer survival in high-grade Olfactory Neuroblastomas (ONBs), and that high-grade ONBs show more intratumoral Tumour Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs) than low-grade ONBs…and the CD4/CD8 ratio could also represent an interesting prognostic marker. This series confirms the importance of histological grading, and that a careful evaluation of TILs could prove to be a powerful prognostic tool for identifying patients with distinct clinical behaviours and responses to immunotherapeutic strategies. Ki67 proliferation index (PI) in a Hyams Grade I olfactory neuroblastoma. Classe et al. (p. 854) In summary, this study investigated the largest cohort, to our knowledge, of Nested Variant urothelial Carcinoma (UVUC) to date and aimed to identify the mutational and molecular backgroundsof this rare UC variant. NVUC seems to be characterised by a high frequency of TERT mutations and low frequency of mutations in FGFR3 and the mTOR, MAPK and PIK3 pathways. Mutations of Wnt and inflammatory pathways, including JAK3 mutations, may indicate a differential mutational landscape of this specific histomorphological variant compared to conventional UBC. Moreover, we were able to assign NVUC to the luminal subtype of UC. Our findings may be of significance in understanding the pathogenesis of this rare variant and may guide further diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic applications. Heatmap presenting immunohistochemistry results for luminal and basal markers in NVUC. Weyerer et al. (p. 866) In conclusion, the analysis of stromal maturity in gastric cancer is feasible with moderate reproducibility, and stromal maturity is an independent prognostic factor in gastric adenocarcinoma… classification of stromal response in this tumour type would benefit from more detailed criteria, preferably based on those biological mechanisms of the response mediating the prognostic effect.. Studies in neoadjuvant-treated patients and early-stage gastric cancer are warranted. 5-year overall survival of patients with intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinoma. Kemi et al. (p. 883) We have shown that Vacuum-assisted large-core biopsy (VALCB) is reliable for excluding malignancy, and allows the avoidance of surgical excision when there is no discordance between radiological and histological findings, and no associated atypia on biopsy. When a VALCB contains atypia, additional risk factors are the non-incidental finding of the RS/CSL, the mammographic appearance, and the number of fragments sampled being <12. When they are present, surgery remains safer. Example of a benign biopsy with a pure radial scar/complex sclerosing lesion. Bacci et al. (p. 901)