Stromal CD10 Expression Research Articles

Stromal Expression of CD10 in Colorectal Carcinoma and its Correlation with Lymph Node Metastasis and Other Prognostic Factors

Stromal Expression of CD10 in Colorectal Carcinoma and its Correlation with Lymph Node Metastasis and Other Prognostic Factors

Stromal Expression of CD10 by Immunohistochemistry in Odontogenic Keratocyst (OKC), Dentigerous and Radicular Cysts and Its Correlation with Local Recurrence and Aggressive Behaviour

Objective:To assess and compare the stromal expression of CD10 in OKC, dentigerous and radicular cysts.Materials and Methods:This comparative, cross sectional study was conducted at Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP), Rawalpindi, from Jan 2017 to Dec 2017. Total sixty cases comprising 20 of each OKC, Dentigerous and Radicular cysts were included in this study. Hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) sections were performed followed by immunohistochemical staining for CD10 antibody. Expression of CD10 was evaluated and compared. Results were analyzed by using SPSS version 20.0. Chi Square test was performed with P value < 0.05 was considered as significant.Results:A total of 60 cases, 20 of each OKC, dentigerous and radicular cysts were taken. In our study, 38 (63.3%) male and 22 (36.7%) female patients with the mean age of 32 ± 15 (mean ± SD) were included. Percentage of CD10 positive cells were highest in sub-epithelial stroma of OKC (95% cases) as compared to radicular and dentigerous cysts (60 and 70%) with highest number of cases showing intense staining in OKC 13(65%) as compared to other odontogenic cysts i-e 4(20%) and 2 (10%) respectively. There was a statistically significant association between odontogenic cysts and proportional score, intensity score and combined score of stromal CD10 expression (P=0.009, p=0.001 and p=0.000).Conclusion:In this study, we found that highest stromal CD10 expression in OKC as compared to dentigerous and radicular cyst, which might be due to aggressive behaviour and increased risk of recurrence in OKC. Expression of CD10 marker will further aid the clinician to plan appropriate surgical intervention and keep regular follow-ups to identify recurrences.

Differential diagnostic significance of epithelial and stromal CD10 expression in tumors of trichogenic origin.

The histological differential diagnosis between benign trichogenic skin tumors and basal cell carcinoma may be challenging. We therefore set out to investigate whether expression of CD10, a cell surface protein with neutral endopeptidase activity, might be a suitable marker for the histological differential diagnosis of trichogenic skin tumors. We immunohistochemically analyzed 119 cases of benign trichogenic skin tumors and basal cell carcinoma. These included 28 nodular and 15 sclerosing basal cell carcinomas, 21 Pinkus tumors, 20 trichoblastomas, nine trichofolliculomas, eleven trichoepitheliomas, five desmoplastic trichoepitheliomas, and ten seborrheic keratoses. The majority of nodular basal cell carcinomas expressed CD10 in tumor cells at the peripheral (22/28 [75%]). On the other hand, trichoblastomas revealed peripheral CD10 expression in only 10% (2/20) of cases, whereas 50% showed central expression (10/20). Peripheral epithelial expression of CD10 was also found in Pinkus tumors (9/21 [42.9%]) and trichoepithelioma (4/11 [36.4%]). Desmoplastic trichoepithelioma showed no tumoral CD10 expression at all (0/5 [0%]), while the majority of sclerosing basal cell carcinomas was positive for CD10 (13/15 [86.7%]). Our findings suggest that epithelial expression of CD10 -and not peritumoral stromal CD10 expression, as has been postulated -may well be of differential diagnostic significance. The pattern of distribution of CD10-positive neoplastic cells in particular can be useful in the diagnosis of trichogenic tumors.

Stromal CD10 expression in invasive breast carcinoma

Background and Objective: This study aimed to assess the immunohistochemical expression of stromal CD10 in invasive breast carcinoma and determine its relationship with some clinicopathological parameters. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 91 female breast cancer cases collected from the archive of pathology department in Rizgary Teaching Hospital and some private labs during the period from January 2012 to August 2015. CD10 expression was detected by immunohistochemistry using labeled polymer and enhanced polymer systems (Dako EnVision™ Flex) Dakoprotocol. The scoring was based on the intensity and percentage of the stained stromal cells. Then CD10 immunoexpression was correlated with the age of patients, tumor size, histopathological types, tumor grade, lymphovascular invasion, lymph node status, and tumor stage. Results: Stromal CD10 expression was observed in 70.4% of the cases. A statistically significant positive correlation was seen between stromal CD10 and the tumor subtype (P = 0.02), tumor grade (P = 0.025), lymphovascular invasion (P = 0.002), and lymph node status (P = 0.047), however, no statistically significant association was identified between stromal CD10 expression and age, tumor size and tumor stage. Conclusion: Stromal CD10 is expressed in the majority of cases of invasive breast carcinoma and concerning the positive correlations between stromal CD10 expression and tumor grade, lymphovascular invasion, and lymph node status suggest a strong effect of stromal CD10 expression on aggressive behavior of breast carcinoma.

Stromal CD10 expression in breast cancer correlates with tumor invasion and cancer stem cell phenotype

BackgroundPrevious investigations have indicated that CD10 is associated with biological aggressivity in human cancers, but the use of this marker for diagnosis and prognosis is more complex. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of CD10 in breast cancer and its association with the clinicopathological features. In addition, we investigated whether a relationship exists between CD10 expression and cancer stem cells.MethodsCD10 expression was examined by the immunohistochemistry in a series of 133 invasive breast carcinoma cases. Results were correlated to several clinicopathological parameters. Cancer stem cell phenotype was assessed by the immunohistochemical analysis of CD44 and ALDH1.ResultsSignificant CD10 expression was found in the fusiform stromal cells in 19.5% of the cases and in the neoplastic cells in 7% of the cases. The stromal CD10 positivity was more frequently found in tumors with lymph node metastasis (p = 0.01) and a high histological grade (p = 0.01). However, CD10 expression by the neoplastic cells correlates with a high histological grade (p = 0.03) and the absence of estrogen (p = 0.002) as well as progesterone (p = 0.001) receptor expression.We also found that CD10 expression by the stromal cells, but not by the neoplastic cells, correlates significantly with the expression of cancer stem cell markers (CD44+/ALDH1+) (p = 0.002).ConclusionThese findings support the role of the stromal CD10 expression in breast cancer progression and dissemination, and suggest a relationship with cancer stem cells.

Stromal expression of CD10 in invasive breast carcinoma and its correlation with clinicopathological parameters

BackgroundBreast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, and it is the fifth cause of death from cancer overall. Stromal factors are now emerging as novel markers in assessing the prognosis of many neoplasms. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of noncellular stromal componen

Stromal Cd10 expression as a potential novel prognostic factor in invasive breast carcinoma

Stromal Cd10 expression as a potential novel prognostic factor in invasive breast carcinoma

Critical appraisal of stromal CD10 staining in fibroepithelial lesions of breast with a special emphasis on expression patterns and correlation with WHO grading.

Fibroepithelial lesions of the breast are classified into fibroadenoma and phyllodes tumor (PT). Although WHO has established a well-defined grading system for PT, dilemma of discriminating borderline from malignant PT still exists. Stromal CD10 is a known poor prognostic factor in invasive breast cancer, its expression in fibroepithelial lesions of the breast is not well-documented. Till date, only one study has correlated the CD10 staining score with tumor grade in PT. To evaluate whether the differences in expression patterns of CD10 and staining intensity correlate with the degree of malignancy in fibroepithelial tumors of the breast. This is a retrospective study in which stromal CD10 expression was studied in 75 cases of fibroepithelial lesions of the breast using immunohistochemistry. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square test. There was a statistically significant trend of increasing stromal expression of CD10 with increasing degree of malignancy (P = 0.001). CD10 staining pattern and its scoring can assist the pathologist to accurately grade the PT of the breast for adequate treatment and can also be used as a target for the development of novel therapies.

Diagnostic value of CD10 and Bcl2 expression in distinguishing cutaneous basal cell carcinoma from squamous cell carcinoma and seborrheic keratosis

The distinction between cutaneous basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and seborrheic keratosis (SK), which are common entities in clinical practice, can be difficult clinically and histologically. CD10 and Bcl2 antigens are important factors in tumor growth, survival and spread. The aim of the present study is to define the frequency of CD10 and Bcl2 expression in such cutaneous tumors and its relation to the clinicopathological characteristics as well as their possible diagnostic utility. CD10 and Bcl2 immunohistochemistry was performed on 30 BCC, 20 SCC and 15 SK. 93.3% of SK cases and 53.3% of BCC cases showed significant expression of CD10 in tumor cells when compared either with each other or with SCC cases (100% negative). Stromal CD10 expression was positive in 50% of BCC cases and 75% of SCC cases. Stromal CD10 expression was significantly higher in high risk BCC and BCC with infiltrating deep margins; furthermore, it showed a significant positive correlation with grade of SCC. A significant inverse correlation between CD10 expression in stromal and tumor cells of BCC was present. Bcl2 was significantly expressed in 93.3% of SK cases and 80% of BCC cases when compared with SCC cases (100% negative). It was found that for distinguishing BCC from SK, only CD10 expression in tumor cells provided a high diagnostic value with positive likelihood ratio (PLR) was 7.00. In addition, CD10 and Bcl2 expression in tumor cells could give convincing diagnostic value to distinguish SCC from SK (PLR=15.00 for each marker). Moreover, for differentiating BCC from SCC, only Bcl2 in the tumor cells could provide a high diagnostic value (PLR=5.5). In conclusion, CD10 and Bcl2 can help in differentiating cutaneous BCC from SK and SCC. The overexpression of CD10 in the stromal cells of SCC and some variants of BCC suggests the invasive properties of such tumors.

Study of Ki67 and CD10 expression as predictive factors of recurrence of ameloblastoma

IntroductionAmeloblastoma is a rare, benign, purely epithelial odontogenic tumour, characterized by a high potential for local invasion and recurrence. ObjectiveTo study the epidemiological and histological characteristics of ameloblastoma. To study Ki67 and CD10 immunostaining in ameloblastoma and to investigate a possible correlation between these two markers and recurrence of this tumour. MethodsAn immunohistochemical study using Ki67 and CD10 monoclonal antibodies was performed on 37 paraffin blocks obtained from the Charles-Nicolle hospital pathology department in Tunis over a 9-year period (2004–2012). Statistical analysis was performed with Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 15.1. ResultsThis series of 37 cases comprised 21 males and 16 females (sex ratio: 1.3) with a mean age of 39 years (range: 7 to 70 years), corresponding to 36 cases of intraosseous ameloblastoma and one case of gingival ameloblastoma. Thirty-two cases were polycystic and 5 cases were unicystic. Eighteen cases of local recurrence were observed. No correlation was demonstrated between recurrence and the various clinical and histological parameters and treatment modalities. However, a significant correlation was demonstrated between recurrence and Ki67 and CD10 expression (P=0.000 and 0.002, respectively). ConclusionThe Ki67 proliferation index and stromal CD10 expression can be considered to be predictive factors of ameloblastoma recurrence.

Utility of Ki-67, CD10, CD34, p53, CD117, and Mast Cell Content in the Differential Diagnosis of Cellular Fibroadenomas and in the Classification of Phyllodes Tumors of the Breast

Adequate management of phyllodes tumors of the breast (PTB) remains a challenge because of the difficulty in correctly establishing preoperative diagnosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of Ki-67, CD10, CD34, p53, CD117, and of the number of mast cells in the differential diagnosis of benign PTB and cellular fibroadenomas (CFs) as well as in the grading of PTB. Fifty-one primary PTB and 14 CFs were examined by immunohistochemistry.When evaluating CD117 expression, higher epithelial expression was present in CF as well as an increased number of mast cells in benign PTB. Stromal expression of Ki-67, CD10, CD34, and p53 were relevant to PTB grading, of which the first 3 showed significance in the distinction of benign and borderline PTB, as well as between benign and malignant PTB. P53 was relevant only for the discrimination between benign and malign PTB. None of the markers showed significance in distinguishing between borderline and malign PTB.

CD10-a new prognostic stromal marker in breast carcinoma, its utility, limitations and role in breast cancer pathogenesis.

Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality in Indian women. Although breast cancer is an epithelial malignancy, stroma plays a key role in its development and pathogenesis. Stromal markers are now emerging as novel markers in assessing the prognosis of invasive breast cancer and have not been studied extensively till date. The aim of the present study is to study the stromal expression of CD10 in breast carcinoma, find its relationship with other prognostic markers and study the role stroma plays in breast cancer pathogenesis. A total of 70 cases of breast cancer were included in the study. Representative sections were taken and hematoxylin and eosin staining was done. Immunohistochemistry was performed with ER, PR, Her2neu and CD10. Stromal expression of CD10 (>10% stromal positivity was considered positive) in invasive breast carcinoma was noted and was statistically analyzed with different known prognostic markers of breast carcinoma. Stromal expression of CD10 was found to be significantly associated with increasing tumor grade (P = 0.04), increasing mitotic rate (P = 0.33), worsening prognosis (P = 0.01), ER negativity (P = 0.0001), Her2neu positivity (P = 0.19) and with molecular subtypes (CD10 positivity with the HER2 type, and CD10 negativity with Luminal type). No correlation was found between CD10 overexpression and PR, age, menopausal status, tumor size, lymph node positivity and tumor stage. This study gives substantial proof to the various models/research papers explaining the role of stroma/CD10 in breast cancer pathogenesis. Keeping the role stroma plays in predicting prognosis and tumor response, CD10 should be included as a routine pre-chemotherapy marker in breast carcinoma. Further studies should be performed to see the role stroma plays in hormonal expression and the usefulness of CD10 to predict treatment failure in breast carcinomas receiving neoadjuvant therapy.

Distribution of CD10-positive epithelial and mesenchymal cells in human mid-term fetuses: a comparison with CD34 expression

CD10, a marker of immature B lymphocytes, is expressed in the developing epithelium of mammary glands, hair follicles, and renal tubules of human fetuses. To assess mesenchymal and stromal expression of CD10, we performed immunohistochemical assays in whole body sections from eight fetuses of gestational ages 15-20 weeks. In addition to expression in urinary tract and intestinal epithelium, CD10 was strongly expressed at both gestational ages in fibrous tissues surrounding the airways from the larynx to lung alveoli, in the periosteum and ossification center, and in the glans of external genitalia. CD10 was not expressed, however, in other cavernous tissues. These findings suggest that mesenchymal, in addition to epithelial cells at specific sites, are likely to express CD10. The glomeruli, alveoli, and glans are all end products of budding or outgrowth processes in the epithelium or skin. However, in contrast to the CD34 marker of stromal stem cells, CD10 was not expressed in vascular progenitor cells and in differentiated vascular endothelium. The alternating pattern of CD10 and CD34 expression suggests that these factors play different roles in cellular differentiation and proliferation of the kidneys, airway and external genitalia.

Comparision of Immunohistochemical Expression of CD10 in Odontogenic Cysts.

Expression of CD10 has been documented in various tumors like nasopharyngeal carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, odontogenic tumors. To evaluate and compare CD10 expression in odontogenic cysts like radicular cyst, dentigerous cyst and odontogenic keratocyst (OKC). Total 60 cases were included in the study, comprising 20 cases each of radicular, dentigerous and odontogenic keratocyst. Each case was evaluated and compared for immunohistochemical expression of CD10. RESULTS obtained were statistically analysed using ANOVA test followed by post hoc test Tukey-Kramer Multiple Comparisons Test for continuous variable and Chi-square test for discrete variable. More number of cases showing sub-epithelial stromal CD10 expression were found in OKC among the cysts. CD10 expression was more in OKC compared to radicular and dentigerous cysts.

Immunohistochemical study of stromal CD10 expression in mammary duct carcinoma

Immunohistochemical study of stromal CD10 expression in mammary duct carcinoma

Prognostic impact of CD10 expression in clinical outcome of invasive breast carcinoma

Early diagnosis and treatment for breast cancers has greatly improved in recent years, however, subset of this disease with early recurrence have remained to be unpredictable. Several studies has addressed that strong CD10 expression in tumor stroma is associated with poor survival rate of breast cancers, but no correlation between CD10 expression and disease-free survival has been elucidated yet. For these reasons, this study with modified immunohistochemical (IHC) staining evaluated the expression of CD10 in invasive breast carcinomas (IBCs) and analyzed correlations between CD10 expression on tumor cells, stromal cells and myeloid-like cells with clinicopathological parameters and recurrence status. IHC staining method was performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections of 73 cases of primary IBCs, with record of pathological characteristics of subjects followed up from 1998 to 2007. Stromal CD10 expression was observed in 39/73 cases (53.4 %) with strong expression in 41.0 %. Three cases stained positive for myeloid-like cells and five for carcinomatous cells, of which 6 cases had recurrence and/or regional LN status. Stromal CD10 expression was significantly higher in the unfavorable group (69.6 %; 16/23 cases) compared with the favorable group (32.1 %; 9/28 cases) (p = 0.048). The levels of CD10 expression showed significant difference among clinical outcomes (recurrence or non-recurrence), independent of regional LN status (p = 0.034), histology type (p = 0.044), ER status (p = 0.042), PgR status (p = 0.039), Her2 status (p = 0.038) and Ki67 index (p = 0.036) (partial Pearson correlations). Cox proportional-hazards regression showed that risk factors for disease-free survival were stromal CD10 expression [CD10±, CD10+ versus CD10++; p = 0.003; HR 2.824 (1.427-5.591)]; regional LN status [N0, N1, N2, versus N3; p = 0.004; HR 2.107 (1.262-3.517)] and PgR status [negative versus positive, p = 0.006, HR 0.172 (0.049-0.596)]. CD10 expression on stroma with or without other positive tumor cells and/or myeloid-like cells may function as a powerful prognostic factor for IBC disease-free survival rates, predicting of potential recurrence. It can be determined by a simple modified IHC staining method, which is independent of other prognostic morphologic markers and biomarkers in IBC.

Effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on stromal CD10 antigens in breast cancer - A preliminary study

CD10 is a zinc-dependent peptidase (metalloproteinase). Stromal CD10 expression in breast cancer correlates with poor prognosis, oestrogen receptor negativity and higher grade. CD10 may be a potential target of new cancer therapies as it is involved in cleavage of doxorubicin. To evaluate the effect of neo-adjuvant anthracycline-based chemotherapy on status of stromal CD10 antigens in breast cancer. Patients with invasive breast cancer scheduled for anthracycline-based neo-adjuvant chemotherapy were included in the study. Tumor stromal CD10 expression was estimated before and after 3 cycles of chemotherapy, and change in its status was correlated with clinical response to chemotherapy. 16 out of the 29 patients had strong CD10 expression; in these 16 patients, 14 (87.5%) were hormone receptor negative, and 14 (87.5%) had HER-2/neu overexpression. Stromal CD10 expression remained same in 13 out of 29 cases (44.83%) after chemotherapy. There was a change in CD10 expression in the remaining 16 cases (55.17%); in 13 cases (44.83%) it decreased from its pre-chemotherapy status, while its expression increased in 3 cases (10.34%). In cases of complete and partial clinical response, there was no increase in CD10 expression. Where CD10 expression had increased after chemotherapy, there was either a minor response or no response to chemotherapy. In 13 cases where CD10 expression had decreased, 12 cases had a clinical response to chemotherapy. Strong CD10 expression correlates with hormone receptor negativity and HER-2/neu overexpression. Stromal CD10 expression in breast cancer is not static and changes with neo-adjuvant anthracycline-based chemotherapy. A stable or decrease in CD10 expression correlates with complete or partial clinical response, while an increase in CD10 expression appears to correlate with poor clinical response. A larger series is required to determine the clinical significance of these changes. As stromal CD10 expression and its change with chemotherapy may have a prognostic significance, they should be documented in breast cancer patients before and after chemotherapy.

287P - Study of Stromal CD10 Overexpression in Invasive Braest Cancer and its Relationship With Clincophathologic Factors

ABSTRACT Background Carcinoma of the breast is the most common non-skin malignancy in women. Invasion and metastasis are considered as the major causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality. It has long been proposed that secreted proteinases, including the matrix metalloproteinases, play an important role in tumor progression and mediating extracellular matrix remodeling. More recently, it has been suggested that extracellular proteinases also regulate growth factors and cytokines that may contribute to tumor progression. CD10 is a 90-110kd cell surface zinc-dependent metalloprotease. Since CD10 is structurally similar to matrix metalloproteinase and stromelysin it may facilitates cancer cell invasion and/or metastasis. The aim of this study was to investigat the rate of CD10 expression in the stromal cells of invasive ductal carcinomas of breast immunohistochemically and clarify its corelation with other clinicopathological factors of the disease. Methods 100 patients with histopathologic diagnosis of IDC and 50 patients with fibroadenoma of breast (as the control group) were selected and 150 parafin blocks were obtained. The stained slides by IHC method for CD10 marker were examined separately by two pathologists and discrepancies were reviewed in a common session to get the final result. Results Stromal CD10 was detected in 28% of the IDC. No immunoreactivity was identified in the stromal cells of normal breast. Stromal CD10 expression in IDC was significantly correlated with tumor size (P Conclusion Stromal CD10 expression in IDC is closely correlated with invasion and metastasis and it may play an important role in the pathogenesis of IDC. Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is correlated with COX-2 expression but not with the presence of stromal macrophages or CD10-expressing cells

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an intricate process by which epithelial cells loose epithelial characteristics and acquire a mesenchymal-like phenotype. EMT and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) expression are related to tumor invasion and metastasis. The tumor microenvironment plays a major role in tumor progression and the induction of EMT. Here, we investigated the relationship between EMT and COX-2 expression as well as tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) and CD10-positive stromal cells during the development of cutaneous squamous neoplastic lesion. We performed immunohistochemical staining for vimentin, E-cadherin, β-catenin, COX-2, CD68, and CD10 in 41 cases of squamous cell cancers (SCC), 20 of Bowen's disease, 30 of actinic keratosis, and 30 samples of normal skin. SCC cells showed significantly increased vimentin expression and reduced expression of membranous E-cadherin and β-catenin compared with cells in precursor lesions and in normal skin. COX-2 expression was also markedly increased in SCC cells. E-cadherin expression was positively correlated with β-catenin expression and inversely correlated with COX-2 expression in SCC cells. The number of TAM and CD10-positive stromal cells increased from the normal skin to precursor lesions and SCC cells. The number of TAM and of CD10-positive stromal cells did not correlate with the expression of E-cadherin, β-catenin, COX-2, and vimentin in SCC cells. We suggest that cutaneous SCC cells show EMT, which appears to be correlated with COX-2 expression but not with stromal CD10 expression and TAM.

CD10 and E-Cad Expression in Urinary Bladder Urothelial and Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Identification of prognostic markers in bladder carcinoma comprises a major clinical issue and therapeutic target. CD10 and the adhesion molecule E-cadherin (E-cad) are expressed in a variety of normal tissues and their neoplasms. CD10 is able to degrade extracellular matrix and other proteins, including adhesion molecules. The roles of CD10 and E-cad and their relationship in the development and progression of bladder carcinoma are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of CD10 and E-cad in bladder carcinomas and relate the results to the established prognostic factors. This study included 144 patients with bladder carcinoma, including 72 with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC; 30 bilharzial and 42 nonbilharzial) and 72 with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC; 38 bilharzial and 34 nonbilharzial). Immunohistochemical analysis for both CD10 and E-cad were carried out on paraffin-fixed sections of neoplastic bladder tissues. CD10 tumor cells, CD10 stromal cells, and E-cad were expressed in 56%, 58%, and 51% of cancer bladder cases, respectively. There was a statistically significant correlation between percentage of tumor cells positively stained by CD10 and each of the tumor grade, clinical stage, and lymph node metastasis of both TCC and SCC. There was a significant statistical correlation between immunostaining by E-cad marker and each of the tumor grade, clinical stage, and lymph node metastasis of TCC, but no such association with SCC. The frequency of stromal expression of CD10 was higher in bilharzial-associated bladder carcinomas than in nonbilharzial ones, and these results were statistically significant. In conclusion, increased expression of CD10 in the tumor and stromal cells of both TCC and SCC and decreased expression of E-cad in the tumor cells of only TCC are strongly correlated with tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis in human bladder cancer.