Stroke Diesel Engine Research Articles

Thermal and emission analysis of waste plastic and microalgae biodiesel as a potential power source for diesel engines: A sustainable approach.

The future of diesel engines is greatly influenced by ongoing research on alternative fuels. Renewable fuels have been researched and adopted by several nations to encourage the production and use of biodiesel. This study examines the energy conversion of waste plastic biodiesel and Spirulina microalgae biodiesel at a 20% blending ratio to analyze the behavior of a one-cylinder, 4-stroke diesel engine running at 1500rpm with a compression ratio of 17.5. The authors evaluated, analyzed, and compared the engine's combustion, performance, and emission at an incremental engine load of 25% from 25 to 100%. The findings demonstrated that the biodiesel fuel samples generated somewhat poorer efficiency but reduced emissions from the engine. At 100% load, the percentage differences between the diesel and blended fuel samplesranged from 2.4 to 7.3% for BTE, 2.9 to 16.5% for BSFC, and 1.0 to 4.62% for BSEC; however, the PM, SO2, and CO2 emissions were reduced by 1.6-28.8% except for NOx emissions, which are increased by up to 9.4%. Pure diesel exhibits the best performance characteristics; however, pure biodiesel exhibits the best emission characteristics. The 20% blended fuels showed promising results, as they exhibited comparable or slightly improved BTE values compared to their respective pure biodiesel fuels. The findings indicate that Spirulina microalgae biodiesel and waste plastic biodiesel have the potential to be utilized as substitute fuels for diesel engines; however, for the greatest performance and lowest emissions, their blending ratios and engine operating conditions must be optimized.

Enhancing diesel engine performance and emissions control with reduced Graphene oxide and Non-Edible biodiesel blends

The growing concern about environmental degradation and the depletion of fossil fuel supplies has prompted experts to investigate alternate and sustainable transportation energy sources. In these circumstances, biodiesel made from renewable feedstock has emerged as a viable environmentally friendly alternative to conventional diesel. This study thoroughly examines the performance and emission characteristics of a 4-stroke diesel engine running on biodiesel blends, including reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanomaterial. The non-edible biodiesel from the Jatropha curcas plant is utilized, and it is blended in various ratios with conventional diesel, ethanol, and nanomaterial rGO to improve performance and emissions parameters. Torque increased by up to 17 % in rGO DJE02GO25 at 3500 rpm, while Brake Power decreased by 6.3 % in rGO DJE01GO25 at 2600 rpm. Brake Thermal Efficiency decreased by 12.5 % in rGO Blend 1 at 2600 rpm, and Brake-specific fuel consumption decreased by 16.5 % in rGO DJE02GO25 at 3500 rpm. CO2 emissions decreased up to 19.71 % in rGO Blend 10 at 2600 rpm. HC emissions decreased to 94 % in rGO blend 8 at 3500 rpm. Finally, NOx emissions decreased up to 84.78 % in rGO Blend 1 at 2900 rpm. The current study reveals that after adding rGO nanomaterial in biodiesel, there is a significant decrease in NOx and HC emissions.

Combustion characteristics of crude tyre blends fuel in compression ignition engine

With the rise of automobile vehicles, the number of scrap tyres has been increasing rapidly. Proper management of waste tyre is challenging work for any country. Tyre oil possesses a greater potential of using as a substitute for conventional diesel. The investigation was made on the effects of blends of waste tyre fuel on combustion characteristics such as cylinder pressure (CP), net heat release rate (NHR), cumulative heat release (CHR), ignition delay (IGD), exhaust gas temperature (EGT), and % heat equivalent to brake power (HBP). It was found that crude tyre fuel has a low cetane index which affects the combustion characteristics. The two sample of test fuel were prepared by adding 5% crude tyre fuel to 95% diesel fuel (5BTF) and 10% crude tyre fuel to 90% diesel fuel (10BTF) by volume and their performance and emission characteristics were studied in a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine. For 10BTF, peak CP was reduced by 6.69%, IGD increased by 10.85%, NHR increased by 19.33% and there was a small difference in EGT with diesel. The opacity value of the blends of tyre fuel was found within the emission standard of Nepal. It is concluded that a blend of crude tyre pyrolysis oil up to 5% by volume with diesel shows similar combustion characteristics as that of diesel.

The Green Energy Effect on an HCCI Engine from Used Cooking Oil-based Biodiesel from Malaysia

Emissions from internal combustion engines (ICEs) significantly impact the environment, leading continents worldwide to work towards reducing them. The industry is increasingly leaning towards electric powertrains. However, power plants still utilize ICEs as generators, contributing to global pollution. Consequently, ICE emissions are garnering international attention. Alternatives like the Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engine and biodiesel fuels are being explored. HCCI engines have not been extensively tested with Used Cooking Oil (UCO) biodiesel. This study investigates the performance and emissions of HCCI engines using UCO-based biodiesel. This study tested an air-cooled, single-cylinder, 4-stroke diesel engine operating at 3600 rpm with a displacement of 0.219 liters. The HCCI mode was activated during preheating and run at 2700 rpm under varying biodiesel blend percentages and intake temperatures. In HCCI mode, brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) increased, peaking at a 90°C intake temperature. Diesel fuel in-cylinder pressure reached a maximum of 81 bars at 90°C, decreasing to 79 bars at 70°C. The HCCI mode resulted in lower NOx, CO, and UHC emissions. Higher biodiesel blend ratios further reduced CO emissions. Raising the intake air temperature to 90°C lowered NOx emissions by 96.66%, from 150 ppm to 5 ppm. Using green energy sources as fuel in HCCI engines significantly reduced emissions in this study, suggesting their potential as a future fuel for advanced engines.

Effect of addition of biodiesel having Karanja oil on exhaust emissions and performance in a diesel engine with hydrogen as a secondary fuel

With a specific end goal to take care of the worldwide demand for energy, broad research is done to create alternative and cost-effective fuel. The fundamental goal of this examination is to investigate the performance, emissions and vibration characteristics of a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine, working in dual fuel mode with biodiesel of Karanja oil ((BKO) as a renewable fuel and hydrogen (H2) as gaseous fuel on low (2%), intermediate between medium-high (53%) and high (69%) load conditions. Biodiesel of Karanja oil as 20% biodiesel and 80% diesel known as BKO20, while 30% biodiesel and 70% diesel known as BKO30. With 25% introduction of gaseous fuel (H2) and biodiesel (10%–40%) along with diesel showed an increase in brake thermal efficiency (BTE), 85.23%, 10.62% and 19.4% respectively as compared to parent diesel fuel operation. As far as emission is concerned, oxides of nitrogen (NOx) decreased on higher load conditions with a variation of biodiesel (10%–50%) in comparison to low load condition. However, the formation of monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and un-burnt hydrocarbon (HC) decreases along with BKO50 using 25% hydrogen fuel substitution at high (69%) load conditions.

Hydrogen enriched LNG fuel for maritime applications – A life cycle study

This study evaluates the engine performance and life-cycle emissions of hydrogen enriched LNG as a pragmatic solution to more rapidly introducing hydrogen as marine fuel, while waiting for pure hydrogen fuel infrastructure to be built. Engine experiments in a 4-stroke marine diesel engine operating with a spark-ignited pre-chamber ignition system were conducted, and a wide range of engine exhaust emissions measurements including CH4, N2O, H2, and particulate matter (black carbon emission evaluation) were recorded at varying engine loads. The fuel compositions ranged from pure LNG operation to pure hydrogen operation and also included pure conventional diesel fuel oil for comparison. The research methodology integrates engine tests with a full well-to-wake life-cycle assessment (LCA). The impact of using 39.6% hydrogen by energy fraction in natural gas reduced GHG emission by 37.8% on a life-cycle basis at 50% engine load, which could mean a significant reduction of GHG emissions.

Environmental emission characteristics of diesel engine performance using biodiesel by cotton and pumpkin seed

<p>The hunt for alternative fuels that may be utilized in place of conventional fuels is intensifying quickly since the availability of fossil fuels is dwindling daily. In this work, biodiesel derived from pumpkin and cotton seed oils is presented for use as diesel engine fuel. Related to diesel, the calorific value of this precise biodiesel is low. In a 4-stroke diesel engine, four mixes (B0, B25, B50, B75 and B100) of biodiesel were evaluated. The engine's emissions and combustion results were contrasted with the diesels. When all blended fuels are related to diesel fuel, the test repercussions illustrate a small increase in the thermal efficiency of the brakes and a decrease in the consumption of fuel specifically for the brake. Emissions of Carbon monoxide and the usage of biodiesel subsequent in a reduction in hydrocarbon emissions and an upsurge in carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions. The experiment's results showed that biodiesel, which is derived from these seed oils, maybe a useful diesel replacement for compression ignition engines.</p>

Performance, evaluation and gas emission of diesel and distilled biodiesel blends in IC engine

The greenhouse gas emissions caused by burning fossil fuels are a global issue. Nowadays, biodiesel has been shown to be a good alternative to substitute totally or partially diesel to minimize GHG emissions formed during the combustion of diesel fuel in engines. This research investigates the usability of distilled biodiesel–diesel blends in a diesel engine. The distilled biodiesel was produced from soybean and coconut oil, and each fraction’s composition was characterized by gas chromatography–mass spectrometer. The soybean biodiesel light fraction was shown to be rich in compounds with up to 17 carbons, while the coconut biodiesel light fraction contained compounds with up to 13 carbons. All blends evaluated were within the density range of commercial diesel (0.82 to 0.85 g.cm−3). The consumption and emissions experiments were performed on a 1-cylinder, 4-stroke diesel engine at various loads to evaluate the influence of distilled biodiesel from soybean and coconut oil. For all blends, adding distilled biodiesel, both from soybean and coconut oil, increased the brake thermal efficiency up to 56.08% and reduced the specific fuel consumption up to 18.33% compared to diesel fuel. In addition, all distilled biodiesel–diesel blends reduced carbon monoxide emissions by up to 30%.

Enhancement of combustion, performance and emission characteristics of diesel engines fuelled with jatropha-karanja biodiesel using EGM and TGME as additive

The oxygenated additives can improve the physical properties of biodiesel blends to achieve enhanced characteristics of a diesel engine. The present work has investigated ethylene glycol monoacetate (EGM) and tri-ethylene glycol mono-methyl ether (TGME) as potential additives for the jatropha-karanja dual blended biodiesel for improved characteristics of diesel engines. The experiments have been conducted with a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine operating at constant speed of 1500 rpm. The performance, emission and combustion parameters of the engine were investigated with pure diesel, jatropha-karanja dual blended biodiesel having 20 % of methyl ester and the biodiesel added with 2, 4, and 6 % of both the additives respectively. The doping of additives improved the brake thermal efficiency by 4.1 and 4.7 % with brake specific fuel consumption dropped by 0.18 and 0.2 kg/kWh. The additives reduced the hydrocarbon emission by 29.8 % and carbon monoxide by 40 % with a slight increase in NOx emission by 5.2 %. The cylinder pressure attained value near to pure diesel while the heat release rate increased by 12.6 % indicating proper fuel combustion inside the engine cylinder. Thus, the oxygenated additives can suitably be adopted as performance improvers in biodiesel fuels for automotive engines.

Experimental investigation on the effect of diesel-ethanol blends for a constant-speed diesel engine

ABSTRACT Keeping the need for energy security and the world’s transition to a thriving low-carbon economy in mind, the research, on the feasibility of diesel ethanol blends, has gained momentum. The present work is related to comparing the performance and emission characteristics of pure diesel [D100] with 4 diesel-ethanol blends [D90E10, D85E15, D80E20 and D75E25]. The single-cylinder 4-stroke un-modified diesel engine running at constant 1500 rpm was used for experimentation which ran at different loads. Experimental results showed that with the addition of ethanol in blends, the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and exhaust gas temperature (EGT) reduced while brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) increased. The addition of ethanol shortened the combustion duration. Hence, D75E25 showed a rapid rise in combustion pressure and heat release rate (HRR). As the concentration of ethanol increases in blends, the oxide of nitrogen (NOx) is reduced and carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon (HC) are increased. Thus, D75E5 was good blend producing less NOx with the penalty of fuel consumption on an unmodified diesel engine. In the long run, the effect of blends on the engine should be checked to make ethanol a feasible fuel for diesel engines. Abbreviations: CA: Crank Angle; ATDC: After Top Dead Centre; BMEP: Brake Mean Effective Pressure; BSFC: Brake Specific Fuel Consumption; BTE: Brake Thermal Efficiency; BTDC: Before Top Dead Centre; CO: Carbon Monoxide; COV: Coefficient of Variation; D100: 100% Diesel + 0% Ethanol, Pure petroleum diesel; D90E10: 90% Diesel + 10% Ethanol; D85E15: 85% Diesel + 15% Ethanol; D80E20: 80% Diesel + 20% Ethanol; D75E25: 75% Diesel + 25% Ethanol; HC: Hydrocarbon; IMEP: Indicated Mean Effective Pressure; LHV: Lower Heating Value; NOx: Nitric Oxide.

Impact of synthesizing surfactant-modified catalytic ceria nanoparticles on the performance and environmental behaviors of coconut oil/diesel-fueled CI engine: An optimization attempt

The present study deals with the characterization as well as synthesis of surfactant-modified catalytic ceria nanoparticles and their application as fuel additives in a 4-stroke diesel engine fueled by biodiesel obtained from coconut oil. The synthesis of coconut oil biodiesel is made possible by the transesterification process and its chemical tests such as Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and their physiochemical properties are carried out to verify and confirm its suitability as fuel. Cerium oxide (CeO2) is selected as a catalytic nanoparticle and is synthesized by the precipitation method. The characterization technique which includes Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolutions transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), FTIR, and zeta potential (ZP) analyses were used to examine the chemical and physical states of distinct nanoparticles. Nanoparticles are modified by a surfactant of oleic acid for the evaluation of dispersion stabilities as compared to their bare forms. It is found to be economical and has shown superior characteristics in stability and morphology. The engine emission characteristics and performance are performed in a DI-CI engine using different concentrations of CeO2 nanoparticles. The emissions are mitigated with the addition of nanoparticles and 35 ppm is the optimum level of dosing of the nanoparticles in terms of engine performance, and emission behaviors. A blend of 20% biodiesel with diesel is found to be optimal for the preparation of nano-fuel. For the load test the efficiency increased up to 5% and at higher loads, the hydrocarbon (HC) emissions decreased by 45%, and Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) emissions were reduced by 30%. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) models correctly fit the experimental data, producing R2 values that ranged from 91 to 94.5%, respectively.

Numerical model of variable valve timing distribution for a supercharged diesel engine

Recently, there's been a strong drive to improve performance of diesel engines while reducing their greenhouse gases emissions. Techniques like exhaust gas recirculation, turbocharging, and variable valve timing have become widespread. The last technique fine-tunes valve operation based on engine speed, which optimize efficiency and power output while saving fuel. This study zeroes in on a specific 4-cylinder, 4-stroke diesel engine of 1.56-liter, GT-Power software is employed to examine a supercharged version and implementing diverse valve lift techniques. The findings are revealing a substantial 30% increase in power output. At 1000 rpm, power rises from 15.1 kW for the standard engine to 19.72 kW for the modified version. For higher engine speeds, the improvements become even more pronounced, reaching a 66% boost compared to the standard configuration. Furthermore, the newly configured engine showcases an impressive 13% decrease in fuel-specific consumption at elevated engine speeds, contributing to enhanced technical performance and fuel efficiency. The numerical model developed in this study holds the potential to aid in the design of novel diesel engines equipped with variable valve timing systems. To lend further support to these findings, experimental validation is recommended.

Improving the combustion and emission performance of a diesel engine with TiO2 nanoparticle blended Mahua biodiesel at different injection pressures

Alternative fuels have sparked a lot of interest as oil deposits have decreased and environmental concerns have grown. Biodiesel is an alternative fuel that is being researched as a possible replacement for fossil fuels. A 4-stroke diesel engine's performance, combustion, and emission parameters were investigated in this work by changing the fuel injection pressure (180, 200, 220 and 240 bar) were studied using biodiesel obtained from Mahua oil at 20 % v/v blended with neat diesel (20% Mahua Biodiesel + 80 % Diesel) B20, then TiO2 nanoparticles added four concentrations are 25 ppm, 50 ppm, 75 ppm and 100 ppm. Performance characteristics such as BTE and BSFC of fuel samples were improved with TiO2 nanoparticles at higher injection pressure. Combustion characteristics were improved at lower injection pressure, B20T50 indicated near In-Cylinder pressure to diesel at 180 bar and B20T50 showed 5.3 % higher HRR compared to B20. TiO2 nanoparticles in the fuel blend gave positive results by decreasing emissions, CO and HC emissions were lower at small injection pressure. CO2 emissions were increased by 2.5 % and 4.4 % with B20T100 compared to diesel and B20. Maximum reduction of smoke opacity and NOx were observed at 240 bar FIP.

Performance Evaluation of a 3.5 kW Diesel Engine Fueled with Blended Biodiesel of Mustard Oil

In this investigation, methyl ester of Mustard oil was prepared by trans esterification using solid potassium hydro-oxide as catalyst and used in a 3.5kW single cylinder four stroke diesel engine. Tests were performed at different load conditions and the per-formance was analyzed for B5 to B30 blends of Mustard biodiesel and pure mineral diesel. It was concluded that the lower blends of biodiesel enhance the break thermal efficiency and reduce the fuel consumption. It is proved that the use of biodiesel (produced from Mustard oil) in compression ignition engine is a viable substitute to diesel.

Performance Evaluation of a 5 hp Diesel Engine Fueled with Blended Biodiesel of Benola Oil

In this communication, methyl ester of Benola oil was prepared by transesterification using solid potassium hydro-oxide as a catalyst and used in a 5 hp single cylinder four stroke diesel engine. Tests were performed at different load conditions and the performance was analyzed for B5 to B30 blends of Benola biodiesel and pure mineral diesel. It was concluded that the lower blends of biodiesel enhance the brake thermal efficiency and reduce fuel consumption. It was also noticed that it reduces carbon pollution but slightly increases the NOx.

Hybrid-electric power unit for an ultralight aircraft

High power-weight ratio, reliability and efficiency are the main design goals for the propulsion system of ultralight aircraft (mass up to 650 kg). For power outputs beyond 40 kW, 4-stroke multi-cylinder SI engines are the most widespread solution, while pure electric powertrains do not appear at the moment as a practical proposition. Four stroke diesel engines would also be very attractive, in particular for military applications, but their weight is significantly higher than their gasoline powered counterpart. The goal of the study presented in this article is to develop a hybrid-electric power unit for ultralights, running on heavy fuels (diesel, kerosene, jet fuels). Reference is made to Falco EVO, by Leonardo, originally equipped by the Rotax 912 ULS/S engine (peak power 73.5 kW, weight about 60 kg): the proposed power unit has the same cylinders layout, smaller overall dimensions and almost equivalent weight. The thermal engine is an innovative two-stroke unit, coupled in parallel to a permanent magnet electric motor. The design and optimization of the hybrid power unit has been supported by CAE tools, including CAD and CFD simulations.The results of the study show that the new hybrid system can save about 30% of fuel mass at the typical cruise conditions, and it can increase the peak power output up to 20%, compared to the reference Rotax engine. The reduction of fuel consumption can be translated into an equivalent increment of the operative range of the aircraft, or into an increase of payload (+30%, considering the Falco EVO aircraft). Finally, compared to the Rotax engine, the hybrid power unit exhibits significantly lower CO2 emissions (from -12% to -37%), thanks to the improvement of fuel efficiency.

Performance-Emission Analysis of a CI Engine Operating on D95 Diesel-n-Butanol Mixtures: An Experimental and Simulation Approach

Aims: This study aims to analyze the impact of diesel-n-butanol fuel blends on the performance and emissions of a 4-stroke diesel engine, with an emphasis on assessing the efficiency and emissions improvements of the D95 blend through experimentation and simulation procedures.
 Study Design: Performance evaluation was conducted in compliance with SAE J1349 test standards, using a Tec-Quipment TD110-115 4-stroke engine running at 1500 rpm. The GT-Power simulation toolkit was also employed to analyze different loads, using the D95 diesel-n-butanol blend and conventional diesel fuel.
 Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted over a span of 2 months at the Automotive Engineering Technology Workshop, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi, Nigeria.
 Methodology: The study followed the SAE J1349 test protocol, utilizing a D95 diesel-n-butanol blend and conventional diesel fuel. Engine setup, performance, and emissions were assessed through experimental procedures and GT-Power simulations. Despite its lower calorific value, the D95 blend exhibited performance comparable to that of diesel fuel.
 Results: The combined findings from both experimental and simulation analyses provided insights into the effects of n-butanol-diesel blends on engine attributes, combustion, and emissions. However, simulated torque and brake power consistently exceeded experimental values as the engine load increased. While the D95 blend exhibited brake power comparable to that of diesel fuel, it also improved performance efficiency, fuel economy, and reduced emissions. Therefore, it is expected to promote sustainability and environmentally friendly fuel choices in the transportation sector.
 Conclusion: The synergy of experimental and simulation results offers valuable insights into the effects of the diesel-n-butanol blend on engine performance, emissions, and fuel efficiency, while also improving the power output potential and providing sustainable fuel options.

Influence of N-Butanol-Diesel Fuel Blends on the Performance Characteristics of a Four Stroke, Compression Ignition Engine

Aims: This study investigates the impact of blending n-butanol with diesel fuel on the performance of a single-cylinder, 4-stroke diesel engine under varying engine loads.
 Study design: The performance assessment followed SAE J1349 on a Tec-Quipment TD110-115 4-stroke engine at 1500 rpm with varying loads and fuel samples.
 Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted for 2 months the at Automotive Engineering Technology Workshop, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi Nigeria.
 Methodology: The SAE J1349 test protocol was followed, using diesel fuel (D95) and different blended fuel samples (D90, D85, D80, D75, and D70). While diesel fuel generated higher brake power due to its higher calorific value, the D95 blend demonstrated comparable performance to diesel fuel across all parameters.
 Results: The brake power of the D95 blend initially decreased by 69.7% and then increased as the load increased to 2500g and 3000g, indicating improved combustion due to oxygenation. The D95 blend exhibited lower fuel consumption compared to diesel fuel, although blends with higher n-butanol percentages showed increased brake-specific fuel consumption due to lower calorific values, densities, and viscosities. Under maximum load, the D95 blend exhibited higher exhaust gas temperature and heat loss, reflecting the increased fuel quantity required for additional power. Lower heat losses at lower loads were attributed to factors such as lower calorific values, n-butanol's heat of vaporization, temperature differentials between the exhaust and ambient conditions, and engine size.
 Conclusion: The engine load has diverse effects on parameters across different fuel samples. D95 exhibits similar performance to diesel, yet discrepancies arise, especially with higher n-butanol content at lower loads.

Quantitative analysis of heat transfer characteristics and advantages in opposed-piston 2-stroke diesel engines

Opposed-piston 2-stroke diesel engines (OP2S) have lower combustion chamber surface-area-to-volume ratio, resulting in lower transfer loss but also excessive surface temperature. Investigation of combustion parameters on heat transfer, which provide a chance in improving combustion efficiency and solving surface overheating issue in OP2S at the same time, is yet to be undertaken. In this paper CFD simulation by CONVERGE software has been carried out to study heat transfer advantages in OP2S. Effect of initial swirl ratio and injection phase on combustion efficiency and heat transfer of combustion chamber surface area is investigated. Results show that OP2S has obtained peak combustion efficiency of 0.97, which is 0.02 higher than that of conventional diesel engine (4S). Also, combustion efficiency loss due to undesirable swirl ratio is only 20 % of 4S. Lowest heat transfer ratio achieved by OP2S is 0.045 of fuel energy, which is 34 % lower than that of 4s. However, heat transfer ratio of cylinder wall in OP2S is at least twice of that in 4S, and increase significantly with swirl. Unable to utilize squish, OP2S would suffer from at most 0.1 lower combustion efficiency compared to 4S when injection is retarded to TDC. Heat transfer ratio in OP2S is less sensitive to variation of injection phase, and stays at least 0.01 lower than 4S for all injection phase studied. In conclusion, OP2S achieved higher combustion efficiency while significantly cutting heat transfer loss compared to 4S at optimized swirl ratio and injection phase, proving its potential as a high-efficiency power source. Thermal load issue on cylinder wall in OP2S can be fixed by lowering swirl ratio. Reducing heat transfer loss in OP2S with delayed injection is undesirable, however, since combustion efficiency would suffer.

Performance, combustion and emissions characteristics of palm biodiesel blends in CI engines

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel with the same properties compared with diesel. Biodiesel is one of the renewable resources. After using cooked oil is thrown away and it affects the environment. So, with the help of waste cooked oil is used to produce biodiesel the process is going to be done by the Trans-esterification process the Biodiesel were prepared as B60 and B100. The experiment was carried out in a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine at various crank angles of 19, 23 and 27 for both B60 and B100. Biodiesel has a higher peak cylinder pressure than diesel fuel during retardation of crank angle. It was found that B100 blends have lower net heat release, rate of pressure rise and lower mass fraction due to inferior volatility and higher viscosity. B60 IT23 blend has a higher mechanical efficiency than diesel. The CO2 emissions of biodiesel (B60 IT23) are slightly less than diesel. Hence the replacement of Palm biodiesel blends in the place of diesel gives promising results; which is nearer to diesel.