Filter Paper Strips Research Articles

An “off−on” NIR fluorescence probe for visualization of H2S in food spoilage, living cells and zebrafish

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a significant substance, could cause food safety problems and damage to organisms. Consequently, it is critical to develop an effective fluorescence sensing strategy that can measure H2S in both food samples and biological systems with superior selectivity and sensitivity. Herein, a simple H2S-activatable near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence probe (FC-HS) based on a coumarin–benzopyrylium scaffold and bearing a 2,4-dinitrophenyl moiety was built and structurally characterized, exhibiting a remarkable NIR fluorescence response for H2S at 660 nm with a low limit of detection (LOD = 35.7 nM) despite the presence of other possible interference species. Meanwhile, the FC-HS mounted on the filter paper strips, was capable of successfully detecting H2S gas produced by food spoilage. Moreover, FC-HS could also monitor H2S in living cells and zebrafish with excellent biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity.

Novel synthesis of sensor for selective detection of Fe+3 ions under various solvents

Naked-eye colored chemo dosimeter based on vanilline based conjugated sensor was synthesized and characterized. The main point of this paper is that the solvent also affects on selectivity of metals. Vanilline based conjugate sensor exhibited high selectivity and sensitivity for detection of Ferric ions (Fe+3) in all (both polar and nonpolar) solvents according to absorbance which can be observed by naked eye. The selectivity was more prominent in nonpolar or less polar solvent due to solubility factor of ions and sensor but not for polar. The detection of limit of the synthesized probes was shown up to 0.84 ppm. The dielectric constant of solvents affected on the complex formation of ligand with transition metal ions. A filter paper strip system was used for rapid monitoring of detection by color variation.

All-solid-state paper-based potentiometric combined sensor modified with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and molecularly imprinted polymer for monitoring losartan drug in pharmaceuticals and biological samples

A cost-effective, highly selective and sensitive paper-based potentiometric combined sensor for losartan potassium drug (LOS) is fabricated, characterized and used for the drug monitoring. The sensor consists of 2 strips of filter paper (20 × 5 mm each) as platform, each imprinted with 4 mm diameter circular spot of carbon. One carbon spot is covered by a reduced graphene oxide (rGO) for use as a substrate for the recognition sensor and the other without rGO is used for the reference electrode. LOS molecularly imprinted drug polymer (MIP) is applied onto the graphene oxide containing strip to act as a drug recognition sensing material and a solid-state polyvinyl butyral (PVB) is applied onto the second carbon spot to act as a reference electrode. Performance characteristics of the combined sensor are examined with chronopotentiometry (CP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Increase effect of rGO on the interfacial double-layer capacitance of the sensing membrane and consequently on the potential stability is confirmed. The developed combined sensor (strip cell) displays a Nernstian slope of −58.2 ± 0.3 mV/decade (R2 = 0.9994) over the linear range 8.5 × 10−7 - 6.9 × 10−2 M with a detection limit of 2.7 ± 0.3 × 10−7 M. The sensor shows remarkable selectivity toward various related compounds especially those commonly used by the COVID-19 patients such as paracetamol, ascorbic acid and dextromethorphan. The assay method is validated and proved to be satisfactory for direct potentiometric determination of LOS-K in some pharmaceutical formulations and in spiked human urine samples. An average recovery of 96.3 ± 0.3–98.7 ± 0.6% of the nominal or spiked concentration and a mean relative standard deviation of ±0.6% are obtained. The use of an indicating and a reference electrodes combined into a single flexible disposable paper platform enables applications to a minimum sample volume due to the close proximity of the responsive membrane and the liquid junction. The efficiency of the proposed sensor in complex urine matrix suggests its application in hospitals for rapid diagnosis of overdose patients and for quality control/quality assurance tests in pharmaceutical industry.

Taste perception in children with different caries activity

PurposeThe aim of the study was to investigate whether caries-active and caries-free children differ in terms of their taste perception for sweet, sour, salty and bitter.MethodsThe study group consisted of 100 children aged 5–10 years: 50 caries-free children and 50 children with at least four untreated carious lesions. Taste perception was analysed using two test systems. First, filter paper strips impregnated with four taste qualities (sweet, sour, salty, and bitter) at four defined intensities were used (“taste strips”). Then a tasting spray in suprathreshold concentration of the respective taste was applied. The children were asked to name the perceived taste. The parents answered a questionnaire about the children’s dietary habits.ResultsThe children with high caries activity scored lower on average on the taste strips than the caries-free participants. For the taste sprays, the perception of the taste quality “bitter” was significantly worse in the children with caries than in caries-free children (Mann–Whitney U test p < 0.05).ConclusionThe results of this study suggest that taste preferences in children are associated with increased susceptibility to tooth decay.

CELLULOSOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF SOILS OF THE ODESA CITY

Problem Statement and Purpose. Cellulose cleavage is of great importance in the carbon cycle, as it contains more than 50% of all organic carbon in the biosphere. This is a fairly stable organic compound that is destroyed only by very strong oxidants. Under natural conditions, the destruction of cellulose is carried out by various microorganisms that produce cellulase enzymes. The activation of cellulose decomposition is influenced by temperature, pH level, soil aeration, biological properties of vegetation, etc. Being very resistant to physicochemical factors, cellulose is easily decomposed by microorganisms with the release of carbon, which in the form of various compounds is involved in creating soil fertility. Cellulose is broken down by aerobic microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) and anaerobic mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria. The peculiarity of cellulose-destroying microorganisms is their high demand for nitrogen sources. Soil-destroying soil microorganisms are the most important suppliers of organic matter to various groups of microorganisms (including nitrogen-fixing) in the common food chain. Since the activity of cellulose-destroying microorganisms also depends on the presence of available phosphorus and other elements in the soil, the degree of decomposition of fiber can be considered to reflect the direction of microbiological processes in general. Cellulolytic activity indicates the intensity of biological processes in the soil. The more intensively the cellulose decomposes, the faster the biological cycle of elements takes place and the fuller the plants are provided with nutrients. Therefore, cellulose activity is used as one of the indicators of biological activity of the soil environment. Data &amp;Methods. The author, in the study of cellulosolytic activity of soils in the city of Odessa, used the method of applications (laying in the soil strips of filter paper or linen cloth fixed on the glass). Applications were laid vertically in the upper 15-cm layer of soil of 5 pieces on the site. A month later, they were dug up, carefully washed from the soil and decay products, dried and weighed again. Cellulolytic activity was determined by weight loss of exposed tissue. Results. As a result of research on the study of cellulolytic activity of soils in the city of Odessa, it was found that cellulolytic activity is an important indicator of the intensity of destructive processes in the soil. The intensity of cellulose decomposition in the soil is determined by the combined action of several factors: weather conditions, the nature of vegetation, the amount of organic matter entering the soil, soil type, its physical properties, chemical composition. In an urban environment, the intensity of cellulosolytic processes is also regulated by the nature and degree of anthropogenic impact on soil, atmosphere and vegetation. The intensity of cellulose destruction in the city soils is estimated to be very weak, weak and medium. The cellulolytic processes in the soils of the city of Odessa in 2021 were stimulated by abundant precipitation (r = 1,000). The decrease in CA in some parts of the city may be due to minimal anthropogenic impact on the soil cover.

Linking leptin in GCF with tooth movement among Indians.

It is of interest to evaluate the association of orthodontic tooth movement with concentration of leptin in Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF).Thirty orthodontic patients of both genders with equal sample size were included for the present study. Concentration of leptin was assessed at baseline (T0), 1 hr after application of force (T1), 24 hours later (T2), 7 days after application of force (T3), and 1 month after application of orthodontic force (T4). Using strips of filter paper, GCF was collected from the gingival sulcus on distal aspect of the right maxillary canine. Distalized tooth movement was evaluated by measuring the difference on dental casts, at baseline and one month after force application. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction and Pearson's correlation test were used to analyze the data. Average concentration of leptin in GCF raises from baseline (T0) to 1 hours after application of force (T1), then increased to peak after 24 hours (T2), and declined to a minimum value after 7 days (T3) and again raises after 1 month (T4), closer to the base line value (T0), and this was statistically significant (P < 0.05). There was significant association of the overall average concentration of leptin to degree of tooth movement (correlation coefficient = 0.625). There was a biphasic change in GCF leptin concentration during one cycle of orthodontic force application, thus, a significant association between rates of tooth movement with GCF leptin concentration is noted.

The Number of Fungiform Papillae, Taste Sensitivity and Smell Functions of Children Aged 11-15.

Differences in the ability to identify and perceive tastes and smells might influence food consumption and, ultimately, chronic nutrition-related conditions such as overweightness and obesity. This study aimed to investigate the associations between taste sensitivity and odour function, anthropometry, and quantity of fungiform papillae in children at age 11–15. Taste strips (4 base tastes), U-Sniff sticks (12 selected smells), and a filter paper strip impregnated with 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) were used. The photographic method was used to estimate the number of fungiform papillae (FP) on the tongue. The results showed that the quantity of FP was not related to anthropometry or gender. The taste test total scores were higher for girls, for whom the median score was 14 (12.0–15.0), than for boys, for whom the median score was 12 (9.0–13.0). Of the children, 13.9% had some difficulty in identifying odours. The Mann–Whitney U test showed that children who were most sensitive to bitter taste had more FP (p = 0.0001). The median score for this group (score = 4) was 34.0 (27.0–37.0). For those who had some problems with correctly assessing all bitter taste strips (score = 0–3), the median score was 24.0 (20.0–31.0). Higher numbers of FP were also observed in tasters, that is, people sensitive to PROP, than in nontasters. Only some measures of the taste function correlated with each other, but not very significantly. We concluded that there are multiple perceptual phases of taste, with no single measure able to entirely represent the sense of taste.

AIEE-TICT quadrupolar push-pull quinoxaline derivatives displaying solvatochromism, acidofluorochromism and logic gate operation

A series of novel quadrupolar push-pull molecules based on quinoxaline moiety as an electron acceptor, biphenyl as a spacer and methoxy groups as electron donors was designed, synthesized and characterized. Their structural, photophysical, thermal, aggregation and acidofluorochromic properties were investigated. Photophysical studies showed that the introduction of an electron withdrawing group onto the quinoxaline moiety caused red shifts in absorption and emission maxima due to enhanced ICT. A positive solvatochromic behavior with large bathochromic shifts, up to 106 nm, was observed in the emission wavelength upon increasing solvent polarity from toluene to DMSO. All compounds displayed TICT-AIEE characteristics in DMSO-Water. Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies of QM2, QM4-QM6 revealed highly twisted structures and the absence of π-π stacking interactions. A visual color change from colorless to yellow accompanied by fluorescence quenching was observed in the molecules upon treatment of DCM solution with TFA and the changes were reversed upon addition of TEA. Reversible acidofluorochromism was also observed in the solid state. Filter paper strips coated with QM1 and QM4 were fabricated for detecting TFA. An IMPLICATION molecular logic gate operation can be performed on these molecules using acid and base as chemical inputs.

TAS1R3 and TAS2R38 Polymorphisms Affect Sweet Taste Perception: An Observational Study on Healthy and Obese Subjects.

Background: The inter-individual differences in taste perception find a possible rationale in genetic variations. We verified whether the presence of four different single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes encoding for bitter (TAS2R38; 145G > C; 785T > C) and sweet (TAS1R3; −1572C > T; −1266C > T) taste receptors influenced the recognition of the basic tastes. Furthermore, we tested if the allelic distribution of such SNPs varied according to BMI and whether the associations between SNPs and taste recognition were influenced by the presence of overweight/obesity. Methods: DNA of 85 overweight/obese patients and 57 normal weight volunteers was used to investigate the SNPs. For the taste test, filter paper strips were applied. Each of the basic tastes (sweet, sour, salty, bitter) plus pure rapeseed oil, and water were tested. Results: Individuals carrying the AV/AV diplotype of the TAS2R38 gene (A49P G/G and V262 T/T) were less sensitive to sweet taste recognition. These alterations remained significant after adjustment for gender and BMI. Moreover, a significant decrease in overall taste recognition associated with BMI and age was found. There was no significant difference in allelic distribution for the investigated polymorphisms between normal and overweight/obese patients. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that overall taste recognition depends on age and BMI. In the total population, the inter-individual ability to identify the sweet taste at different concentrations was related to the presence of at least one genetic variant for the bitter receptor gene but not to the BMI.

Synthesis of acceptor-donor-acceptor based phenothiazine-5-oxide aldehydes displaying large Stokes shift- “on-off-on” acidofluorochromic switch and molecular logic gate operation

A series of A-D-A type of push pull molecules based on phenothiazine-5-oxide appended with the p-formylphenyl group at 3- and 7-positions was synthesized in moderate to good yields. Single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies of two A-D-A molecules revealed intermolecular D-A interactions in the molecular packing. A positive solvatochromism was observed with large Stokes shifts. These fluorescent solids showed “on–off-on” response toward TFA (trifluoroacetic acid) vapors, which was reversed in the presence of TEA (triethylamine) vapors. A similar response was also observed in solution. NMR and DFT studies were conducted to explore the interactions between phenothiazine-5-oxide dialdehydes and TFA. Filter paper strips for TFA sensing were also fabricated. These compounds are found to exhibit IMPLICATION logic gate operation with TFA and TEA as the inputs.

ESIPT and PET-based easy-to-synthesize unsymmetrical ligand in the reversible fluorimetric sensing of Al3+ and relay sensing of inorganic and biological phosphates

We have developed an unsymmetrical Schiff-base ligand H3L which selectively senses Al3+ over all other metal ions in ethanol–water mixture (1:1). There is dramatic increase in the intensity of fluorescence on addition of Al3+ to the solution of ligand in EtOH/H2O mixture. NMR studies, HRMS results and fluorescence experiments have been conducted to confirm the binding mode of different metals with H3L. The detection limit for aluminum ion is 72.6 × 10−9 M. The L-Al3+ complex has been subsequently used to detect inorganic and organic phosphates. An “On-Off-On” relay recognition of Al3+ ion and different phosphate and pyrophosphate ions, ATP and ADP has been achieved. The probe has shown good reversibility behavior based on which truth table and logic gate was designed. Lifetime and quantum yield values have been measured in an effort to investigate the sensing ability of the ligand. Cost effective real-time detection of Al3+ has been demonstrated by filter paper strips.

Fluorescence "Turn-Off" and Colorimetric Sensor for Fe2+, Fe3+, and Cu2+ Ions Based on a 2,5,7-Triarylimidazopyridine Scaffold.

Two cyanoimidazopyridine-based sensors (SS1 and SS2) were explored for the colorimetric and fluorometric detection of Fe2+, Fe3+, and Cu2+ ions in the semi-aqueous medium. The “turn-off” fluorescence response of both sensors to these ions was due to the restriction in internal charge transfer. Job’s plot and semi-empirical calculations revealed that SS1 and SS2 complexed with Cu2+ ions in a 1:1 ratio and Fe2+/3+ ions in a 2:1 ratio, respectively. The sensors were found to have high binding constant (Ka) values and low detection limit values. FMO analysis using the semi-empirical quantum mechanics method revealed the decrease in energy gap after complexation with metal ions. Sensor-coated filter paper strips were prepared and analyzed, where the color changes in the strips could be utilized for the real-time detection of Fe2+, Fe3+, and Cu2+ ions.

"Modified Schirmer Test" as an Objective Measurement for Vaginal Dryness: A Prospective Cohort Study.

None of the currently available parameters allow for a direct and objective measurement of vaginal moisture. We used a calibrated filter paper strip as a measurement tool for the quantification of vaginal fluid, in a similar manner as the ophthalmic “Schirmer test” (used for eye moisture measurement). The study aimed to evaluate the validity of this new, objective tool, to measure vaginal moisture. We compared vaginal moisture measurements using the “modified Schirmer test” in symptomatic women with genitourinary syndrome of menopause to those of women without vaginal dryness. The mean “modified Schirmer test” measurement in the control group was 21.7 mm compared to 3.3 mm in the study group, yielding a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). Strong correlations were found between “modified Schirmer test” measurements and pH (correlation coefficient −0.714), Vaginal Health Index [VHI (0.775)], and Visual Analogue Score (VAS) of dryness during intercourse (−0.821). Our findings suggest that the “modified Schirmer test” can be used as an objective measurement for the assessment of vaginal fluid level. This test may also prove useful for evaluation of non-hormonal treatments aimed to treat vaginal dryness.

Two Schiff-base fluorescent-colorimetric probes based on naphthaldehyde and aminobenzoic acid for selective detection of Al3+, Fe3+ and Cu2+ ions

Two Schiff base fluorescent-colorimetric probes, 4-(1-naphthalene-methylene amino) benzoic acid (La) and 3-hydroxyl-4-(1-naphthalene-methylene amino) benzoic acid (Lb), were designed, synthesized and characterized by infrared spectra (IR), mass spectra, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR). Both La and Lb can be used as fluorescent probes to detect Al3+ ions in DMF/H2O (v/v, 1:1). The detection limits were 5.4 × 10−8 M (La) and 3.3 × 10−8 M (Lb), respectively. Job's plot, mass spectra and 1H NMR titration were measured to study the bonding ratios and bonding modes. The recognition mechanisms were discussed. Furthermore, La can be used to detect Fe3+ ions and Lb can be used to detect Cu2+ and Fe3+ions through naked-eyes. The filter paper strip experiments and the ion detection in real water samples were also studied. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation was used to explain the difference of coordination ability between the two probes.

Microbiota in Gingival Crevicular Fluid Before and After Mechanical Debridement With Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy in Peri-Implantitis.

ObjectivesThis study aims to compare the microbiota of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) before and after mechanical debridement (MD) with antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) and determine the core efficient microbiota in peri-implantitis after treatment.MethodsWe recruited 9 patients (14 implants) treated with MD+aPDT for peri-implantitis at our center from February 1, 2018, to February 1, 2019. GCF was collected using filter paper strip before and after the treatment. The bacterial 16S rRNA was amplified and sequenced using an Illumina MiSeq platform to characterize the GCF. Bioinformatics and statistical analyses were performed using QIIME2 and R.ResultsA total of 4,110,861 high-quality sequences were obtained from GCF samples. Based on the reference database, 1,120 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were finally harvested. Principal coordinates analysis indicated significant differences in the bacterial community structure between the 180 days after-treatment group and pre-treatment group. Difference analysis and least discriminant analysis showed that the differences were mainly reflected in non-dominant bacteria between these two groups. The non-dominant genera with significantly different distribution between the 180 days after-treatment group and the pre-treatment group included Lactobacillus, Pedobacter, Bulleidia, Centipeda, Desulfovibrio, Ochrobactrum, Staphylococcus, Microbacterium, Brevundimonas, Desulfobulbus, and Parvimonas. Moreover, a total of 29 predictive functional categories at KEGG level 2 were identified. The significant difference pathways at KEGG level 2 between after-treatment and pre-treatment were concentrated in infectious disease-related pathways.ConclusionsPatients with peri-implantitis have significant changes in the low-abundance bacteria of the GCF before and after MD+aPDT. MD+aPDT may change the composition of GCF microbiota by increasing the abundance of cluster 1 (beneficial) and decreasing that of cluster 4 (harmful), which may decrease metabolic response to infection and thus improve peri-implantitis.

Real time sensor for Fe3+, Al3+, Cu2+ & PPi through quadruple mechanistic pathways using a novel dipodal quinoline-based molecular probe

A quinoline-based small molecular probe, H2L was designed, synthesized and characterized by different spectroscopic methods. It was utilized as a multi-responsive probe for the detection of Fe3+, Al3+, Cu2+ and PPi. It showed very selective instant turn-on fluorimetric response towards Fe3+and Al3+ with a detection limit in nanomolar range. Solutions of H2L containing Fe3+ or Al3+ could sequentially sense PPi by a turn-off mechanism. Also, H2L could determine the presence of Cu2+ very selectively among a series of other metal ions by a sharp change in colour. Detection of Cu2+ through colorimetry was further investigated by systematic UV–Vis studies and the potential of H2L to act as a potential colorimetric sensor for Cu2+ was suitably established. Filter-paper strip experiments were conducted to demonstrate the practical utility of the proposed sensor. Potential applications of H2L as a sensor for pH in the acidic range has also been explored.

Freshwater–electricity co-generation in solar-driven water desalination: an effective approach toward the water–energy nexus

Conducting saltwater through filter paper strips to the evaporator surface of a solar steam generator produces sufficient electricity to run small electronic appliances continuously without any energy storage device.

Sucrose alleviates capsaicin-induced tongue burning: An in vivo study.

BackgroundSpicy foods are flavorful and stimulate salivation, which is beneficial for individuals with poor appetite. They are also ubiquitous in many regional cuisines, but the chemical compounds in such foods, especially capsaicin from chili peppers, can cause tissue inflammation and generate intolerable burning pain in the oral cavity. Material and MethodsTo identify a potential method to reduce capsaicin-induced burning pain without influencing food flavor, we tested the effects of mouth rinsing with various concentrations of sucrose. Inclusion criteria were good general and oral health, while exclusion criteria were poor baseline smell or taste, capsaicin allergy, and current orofacial pain complaints. To define an appropriate capsaicin dose, participants placed filter paper strips impregnated with 0.003%–0.3% capsaicin on the tip of the tongue and rated burning sensation by visual analog scale (VAS) score. ResultsA 0.1% capsaicin solution induced tongue burning in the midrange (VAS = 6.33 ± 0.52) and so was used for subsequent tests. We then examined the efficacy concentration of sucrose for reducing tongue burning by recording VAS scores at multiple time points following a 15-s oral rinse with various aqueous sucrose solutions (5%, 10%, and 20%), milk, or pure water (control) after 0.1% capsaicin application. Scores were compared at each time point by one-way ANOVA with post hoc Dunnett’s tests. A 15-s rinse with 20% sucrose significantly alleviated burning pain compared to water rinse at 45, 60, 120, and 180 s after capsaicin exposure. ConclusionsThus, periodic rinsing with 20% aqueous sucrose may help promote spicy food consumption among individuals with poor appetite. Key words:Capsaicin, sucrose, burning sensation.

Novel Y-shaped AIEE-TICT active π-extended quinoxalines-based donor–acceptor molecules displaying acidofluorochromism and temperature dependent emission

Seven novel donor–acceptor-donor type push–pull quadrupolar quinoxaline scaffolds exhibiting blue or green emission in solution were synthesised in good yields by Heck coupling reaction. The photophysical properties of these quinoxaline derivatives were tuned by introducing functional groups of varying electronic nature on the quinoxaline moiety. Mega Stokes shifts and large bathochromic shifts in emission wavelength were observed on moving from non-polar toluene to polar DMSO. A twisted structural conformation and donor–acceptor interactions along with herringbone arrangement were revealed by single crystal XRD studies. “on–off-on” fluorescence switching was observed upon increasing water fraction in DMSO-water mixture. A reversible switching in colour and emission properties upon treatment with TFA and TEA in both solution and solid state was also observed which was utilised for the fabrication of filter paper strips for the detection of volatile acids. These compounds also displayed linear dependence of emission maxima on temperature.

A reaction-based system for the colorimetric detection of glyphosate in real samples

Glyphosate is widely used herbicides and causes several diseases in humans. Therefore, the detection of glyphosate is curial and urgent. Studies on the detection of glyphosate in literature are often based on inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. In this study, we developed two simple colorimetric sensors, BP-Cl and CP-Cl, by linking 3-chloro-4-methylpyridine with 4-(dimethylamino)cinnamaldehyde or 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde in a one-step reaction. The colorimetric and optical sensing properties of these compounds were investigated by the naked-eye and UV–Vis spectrophotometer in ACN/HEPES buffer (5 mM pH 8.0, 1:1 v/v). The sensors displayed high sensitivity and selectivity for glyphosate by color changes, which ranged from colorless to yellow for BP-Cl and yellow to orange for CP-Cl. The detection limits of BP-Cl and CP-Cl by the naked-eye detection were found as 15 µM and 10 µM. On the other hand, the detection limits of BP-Cl and CP-Cl via UV–Vis measurements were calculated as 0.847 µM and 1.23 µM, respectively. Moreover, the sensors were able to monitor glyphosate in water samples using the naked-eye, UV–Vis spectroscopy, and filter paper strips.