Dual String Research Articles

Inclusion of statistical matter in the nonrelativistic limit of NS-NS supergravity

We combine techniques from kinetic theory and string dualities to couple statistical matter to a nonrelativistic supergravity background, enabling the theory to be formulated in a T-duality invariant form. Similarly to the relativistic case, we explicitly demonstrate that, in the nonrelativistic limit, the many-strings system necessitates a viscous fluid description for describing the statistical matter. This is achieved coupling a generalized energy-momentum tensor in the framework of double field theory, which it is covariant under T-duality transformations. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

What if string theory has a de Sitter excited state?

We propose precise effective field theory criteria to obtain a four-dimensional de Sitter space within M-theory. To this effect, starting with the state space described by the action of metric perturbations, fluxes etc over the supersymmetric Minkowski vacuum in eleven-dimensions, we discuss the most general low energy effective action in terms of the eleven-dimensional fields including non-perturbative and non-local terms. Given this, our criteria to obtain a valid four-dimensional de Sitter solution at far IR involve satisfying the Schwinger-Dyson equations of the associated path integral, as well as obeying positivity constraints on the dual IIA string coupling and its time derivative. For excited states, the Schwinger-Dyson equations imply an effective emergent potential different from the original potential. We show that while vacuum solutions and arbitrary coherent states fail to satisfy these criteria, a specific class of excited states called the Glauber-Sudarshan states obey them. Using the resurgent structure of observables computed using the path integral over the Glauber-Sudarshan states, four-dimensional de Sitter in the flat slicing can be constructed using a Glauber-Sudarshan state in M-theory.Among other novel results, we discuss the smallness of the positive cosmological constant, including the curious case where the cosmological constant is very slowly varying with time. We also discuss the resolution of identity with the Glauber-Sudarshan states, generation and the convergence properties of the non-perturbative and the non-local effects, the problems with the static patch and other related topics. We analyze briefly the issues related to the compatibility of the Wilsonian effective action with Borel resummations and discuss how they influence the effective field theory description in a four-dimensional de Sitter space.

(Pseudo-)Synthetic BRST quantisation of the bosonic string and the higher quantum origin of dualities

In this article I am arguing in favour of the hypothesis that the origin of gauge and string dualities in general can be found in a higher-categorical interpretation of basic quantum mechanics. It is interesting to observe that the Galilei group has a non-trivial cohomology, while the Lorentz/Poincare group has trivial cohomology. When we constructed quantum mechanics, we noticed the non-trivial cohomology structure of the Galilei group and hence, we required for a proper quantisation procedure that would be compatible with the symmetry group of our theory, to go to a central extension of the Galilei group universal covering by co-cycle. This would be the Bargmann group. However, Nature didn’t choose this path. Instead in nature, the Galilei group is not realised, while the Lorentz group is. The fact that the Galilei group has topological obstructions leads to a central charge, the mass, and a superselection rule, required to implement the Galilei symmetry, that forbids transitions between states of different mass. The topological structure of the Lorentz group however lacks such an obstruction, and hence allows for transitions between states of different mass. The connectivity structure of the Lorentz group as opposed to that of the Galilei group can be interpreted in the sense of an ER=EPR duality for the topological space associated to group cohomology. In string theory we started with the Witt algebra, and due to similar quantisation issues, we employed the central extension by co-cycle to obtain the Virasoro algebra. This is a unique extension for orientation preserving diffeomorphisms on a circle, but there is no reason to believe that, at the high energy domain in physics where this would apply, we do not have a totally different structure altogether and the degrees of freedom present there would require something vastly more general and global.

Baryon junction and string interactions

We study junctions between confining strings. We show that the effective theory of such junctions is very predictive, with only one new parameter, the junction’s mass, controlling the first couple of terms in the expansion in the system size. By open-closed string duality, these considerations about the baryon junction map to interaction vertices of closed strings. Therefore, we calculate the interaction vertices of closed strings in theories such as Yang-Mills theory. We find some surprising selection rules for string interactions in 3+1 dimensions. Requiring perturbative stability and that the string coupling is weak, we suggest constraints on the junction’s mass. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Shedding black hole light on the emergent string conjecture

Asymptotically massless towers of species are ubiquitous in the string landscape when infinite-distance limits are approached. Due to the remarkable properties of string dualities, they always comprise Kaluza-Klein states or higher-spin excitations of weakly coupled, asymptotically tensionless critical strings. The connection between towers of light species and small black holes warrants seeking a bottom-up rationale for this dichotomoy, dubbed emergent string conjecture. In this paper we move a first step in this direction, exploring bottom-up constraints on towers of light species motivated purely from the consistency of the corresponding thermodynamic picture for small black holes. These constraints shed light on the allowed towers in quantum gravity, and, upon combining them with unitarity and causality constraints from perturbative graviton scattering, they provide evidence for the emergent string scenario with no reference to a specific ultraviolet completion.

Open-closed string duality, branes, and topological recursion

We consider matrix models exhibiting open-closed string duality in two-dimensional string theories with various amounts of supersymmetry. In particular, a relationship between matrix models in the β = 2 Wigner-Dyson class and models in the (1 + 2Γ, 2) Altland-Zirnbauer class relates the perturbative solutions of the two systems’ string equations. Point-like operator insertions in the closed string theory are mapped to the topological expansion of the free energy in the open string theory. We compute correlation functions of macroscopic loop operators and FZZT branes in a general topological gravity background. The relationship between the topological recursion of moduli space volumes and branes is discussed by analyzing the Virasoro conditions in the matrix models.

Topology change and non-geometry at infinite distance

The distance conjecture diagnoses viable low-energy effective realisations of consistent theories of quantum gravity by examining their breakdown at infinite distance in their parameter space. At the same time, infinite distance points in parameter space are naturally intertwined with string dualities. We explore the implications of the distance conjecture when T-duality is applied to curved compact manifolds and in presence of (non-)geometric fluxes. We provide evidence of how divergent potentials signal pathological infinite distance points in the scalar field space where towers of light states cannot be sustained by the curved background. This leads us to suggest an extension to the current statement of the Swampland distance conjecture in curved spaces or in presence of non-trivial fluxes supporting the background.

The ALE partition functions of M-strings

We compute the equivariant partition function of the six-dimensional M-string SCFTs on a background with the topology of a product of a two-dimensional torus and an ALE singularity. We determine the result by exploiting BPS strings probing the singularity, whose worldvolume theories we determine via a chain of string dualities. A distinguished feature we observe is that for this class of background the BPS strings’ worldsheet theories become relative field theories that are sensitive to finer discrete data generalizing to 6d the familiar choices of flat connections at infinity for instantons on ALE spaces. We test our proposal against a conjectural 6d N\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ \\mathcal{N} $$\\end{document} = (1, 0) generalization of the Nekrasov master formula, as well as against known results on ALE partition functions in four dimensions.

Hwang-Oguiso invariants and frozen singularities in special geometry

In Special Geometry there are two inequivalent notions of “Kodaira type” for a singular fiber: one associated with its local monodromy and one with its Hwang-Oguiso characteristic cycle. When the two Kodaira types are not equal the geometry is subtler and its deformation space gets smaller (“partially frozen” singularities). The paper analyzes the physical interpretation of the Hwang-Oguiso invariant in the context of 4d N\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ \\mathcal{N} $$\\end{document} = 2 QFT and describes the surprising phenomena which appear when it does not coincide with the monodromy type. The Hwang-Oguiso multiple fibers are in one-to-one correspondence with the partially frozen singularities in M-theory compactified on a local elliptic K3: a chain of string dualities relates the two geometric set-ups. Paying attention to a few subtleties, this correspondence explains in purely geometric terms how the “same” Kodaira elliptic fiber may have different deformations spaces. The geometric computation of the number of deformations agrees with the physical expectations. At the end we briefly outline the implications of the Hwang-Oguiso invariants for the classification program of 4d N\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ \\mathcal{N} $$\\end{document} = 2 SCFTs.

Trace relations and open string vacua

We study to what extent, and in what form, the notion of gauge-string duality may persist at finite N. It is shown, in the half-BPS sector, that the states of D3 giant graviton branes in AdS5 × S5 are holographically dual to certain auxiliary ghosts that compensate for finite N trace relations in U(N) N\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ \\mathcal{N} $$\\end{document} = 4 super Yang-Mills. The complex formed from spaces of states of bulk D3 giants is observed to furnish a BRST-like resolution of the half-BPS Hilbert space of U(N) N\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ \\mathcal{N} $$\\end{document} = 4 SYM at finite N. We argue that the identification between the states of certain bulk D-branes and the auxiliary ghosts in the boundary holds rather generally at vanishing ’t Hooft coupling λ = 0. We propose that a complex, which furnishes a BRST-like resolution of the finite N Hilbert space of a boundary U(N) gauge theory at λ = 0, should be identified as the space of states of the dual string theory in the α′ → ∞ limit. The Lefschetz trace formula provides the holographic map in this regime, where bulk observables are computed by taking the alternating sum of the expectation values in an ensemble of states built on each open string vacuum. The giant graviton expansion is recovered and generalized in a limit of the resolution.

Quantum quenches in driven-dissipative quadratic fermionic systems with parity-time symmetry

We study the quench dynamics of noninteracting fermionic quantum many-body systems that are subjected to Markovian drive and dissipation and are described by a quadratic Liouvillian which has parity-time (PT) symmetry. In recent work, we have shown that such systems relax locally to a maximum entropy ensemble that we have dubbed the PT-symmetric generalized Gibbs ensemble (PTGGE), in analogy to the generalized Gibbs ensemble that describes the steady state of isolated integrable quantum many-body systems after a quench. Here, using driven-dissipative versions of the Su-Schrieffer-Heeger (SSH) model and the Kitaev chain as paradigmatic model systems, we corroborate and substantially expand upon our previous results. In particular, we confirm the validity of a dissipative quasiparticle picture at finite dissipation by demonstrating light cone spreading of correlations and the linear growth and saturation to the PTGGE prediction of the quasiparticle-pair contribution to the subsystem entropy in the PT-symmetric phase. Further, we introduce the concept of directional pumping phases, which is related to the non-Hermitian topology of the Liouvillian and based upon qualitatively different dynamics of the dual string order parameter and the subsystem fermion parity in the SSH model and the Kitaev chain, respectively: depending on the postquench parameters, there can be pumping of string order and fermion parity through both ends of a subsystem corresponding to a finite segment of the one-dimensional lattice, through only one end, or there can be no pumping at all. We show that transitions between dynamical pumping phases give rise to a new and independent type of dynamical critical behavior of the rates of directional pumping, which are determined by the soft modes of the PTGGE. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Research solutions and completion of unloading operations with Nitrogen lifting method in the oil production wells with dual string at Pearl oil field,

Rehabilitation for multistage production wells is relatively complicated, especially for wells because the design is not really suitable in the well development stage after a long time of prodution. The production wells at the Pearl rig are currently having problems recovering the permeability of the reservoir. For the purpose of increasing the exploitation flow of the well and restoring the output for wells with long service life, the process of calling the product flow after the end of well drilling and well repair campaigns is extremely difficult. Plays a key role in the exploitation of oil and gas wells. However, some current calling methods are not suitable, costly and have low efficiency due to a number of reasons such as technical errors when completing wells, as well as the initial time when investors had different methods. The application method is not suitable, causing the exploitation well to bring low efficiency. Therefore, the research team investigated the production modes and then proposed production recovery scenarios for the wells using liquid nitrogen combined with the existing techniques at the rig that are suitable for the circumstances in Vietnam. Mining rigs have a tight workspace design. In addition, the solution helps to reduce the cost as well as the complexity of the working process at the marine works, bringing both economic and technical efficiency to the restoration of degraded wells. About the catch, without using other stream calling methods.

Quantum chaos in 2D gravity

We present a quantitative and fully non-perturbative description of the ergodic phase of quantum chaos in the setting of two-dimensional gravity. To this end we describe the doubly non-perturbative completion of semiclassical 2D gravity in terms of its associated universe field theory. The guiding principle of our analysis is a flavor-matrix theory (fMT) description of the ergodic phase of holographic gravity, which exhibits \mathrm{U}(n|n)U(n|n) causal symmetry breaking and restoration. JT gravity and its 2D-gravity cousins alone do not realize an action principle with causal symmetry, however we demonstrate that their universe field theory, the Kodaira-Spencer (KS) theory of gravity, does. After directly deriving the fMT from brane-antibrane correlators in KS theory, we show that causal symmetry breaking and restoration can be understood geometrically in terms of different (topological) D-brane vacua. We interpret our results in terms of an open-closed string duality between holomorphic Chern-Simons theory and its closed-string equivalent, the KS theory of gravity. Emphasis will be put on relating these geometric principles to the characteristic spectral correlations of the quantum ergodic phase.

Deep learning for K3 fibrations in heterotic/Type IIA string duality

The development of Large Language Models, such as the recently released GPT-4, has revolutionized the field of Machine Learning and opened new avenues for interdisciplinary research. Prompt Engineering, a methodology for designing effective input prompts to guide these AI models, will emerge as a powerful tool for accelerating research efforts. In this study, we leverage Prompt Engineering with GPT-4 to address the problem of predicting K3 Fibrations in Calabi-Yau manifolds embedded in toric varieties with a single weight system. Out of the 184,026 weights spaces previously discovered, 101,495 remained unclassified concerning the presence of a K3 projection, thereby providing an opportunity for machine learning to bridge this gap. By utilizing an ensemble of Deep Neural Networks, we are able to predict the existence of the K3 fibration. Furthermore, we assess the potential of these models to predict the spectrum of possible Hodge Numbers and other properties of reflexive polytopes. These results not only demonstrate the utility of AI in studying the heterotic/Type IIA string duality in F-Theory but also serve as a stepping stone for further machine learning integration into traditional scientific workflows.

A QP perspective on topology change in Poisson–Lie T-duality

We describe topological T-duality and Poisson–Lie T-duality in terms of QP (differential graded symplectic) manifolds and their canonical transformations. Duality is mediated by a QP-manifold on doubled non-abelian ‘correspondence’ space, from which we can perform mutually dual symplectic reductions, where certain canonical transformations play a vital role. In the presence of spectator coordinates, we show how the introduction of bibundle structure on correspondence space realises changes in the global fibration structure under Poisson–Lie duality. Our approach can be directly translated to the worldsheet to derive dual string current algebras. Finally, the canonical transformations appearing in our reduction procedure naturally suggest a Fourier–Mukai integral transformation for Poisson–Lie T-duality.

Non-planar corrections in orbifold/orientifold mathcal{N} = 2 superconformal theories from localization

We study non-planar corrections in two special mathcal{N} = 2 superconformal SU(N) gauge theories that are planar-equivalent to mathcal{N} = 4 SYM theory: two-nodes quiver model with equal couplings and mathcal{N} = 2 vector multiplet coupled to two hypermultiplets in rank-2 symmetric and antisymmetric representations. We focus on two observables in these theories that admit representation in terms of localization matrix model: free energy on 4-sphere and the expectation value of half-BPS circular Wilson loop. We extend the methods developed in arXiv:2207.11475 to derive a systematical expansion of non-planar corrections to these observables at strong ’t Hooft coupling constant λ. We show that the leading non- planar corrections are given by a power series in λ3/2/N2 with rational coefficients. Sending N and the coupling constant λ to infinity with λ3/2/N2 kept fixed corresponds to the familiar double scaling limit in matrix models. We find that in this limit the observables in the two models are related in a remarkably simple way: the free energies differ by the factor of 2, whereas the Wilson loop expectation values coincide. Surprisingly, these relations hold only at strong coupling, they are not valid in the weak coupling regime. We also discuss a dual string theory interpretation of the leading corrections to the free energy in the double scaling limit suggesting their relation to curvature corrections in type IIB string effective action.

Quantum Riemann-Hilbert problems for the resolved conifold

We study the quantum Riemann-Hilbert problems determined by the refined Donaldson-Thomas theory on the resolved conifold. Using the solutions to classical Riemann-Hilbert problems in [6] we give explicit solutions in terms of multiple sine functions with unequal parameters. The new feature of the solutions is that the valid region of the quantum parameter q12=exp⁡(πiτ) varies on the space of stability conditions and BPS t-plane. Comparing the solutions with the partition function of refined Chern-Simons theory and invoking large N string duality, we find that the solution contains the non-perturbative completion of the refined topological string on the resolved conifold. Therefore solving the quantum Riemann-Hilbert problems provides a possible non-perturbative definition for the Donaldson-Thomas theory.

Dual models for p-form mimetic gravity and their connection to perfect fluids consisting of (p+1)-branes

We propose an approach that allows one to reformulate n-dimensional p-form mimetic gravity (including usual mimetic gravity as particular case p=0) as nonlinear (n−p−1)-form electrodynamics via electric-magnetic duality. The resulting dual Lagrangian density is just the square root of the ordinary quadratic Lagrangian density of (n−p−1)-form electrodynamics. By applying field transformation in the action, we show that for the arbitrary p this dual theory transforms into the (p+1)-brane fluid: the model of the stack of the parallel (p+1)-dimensional branes foliating physical spacetime. As the structure of the field transformations depends on p, the sets of solutions in these models are related differently. We prove, that for p=0 and p=n−2 dual mimetic models describe usual particle fluid with the potential flow and to the (n−1)-brane fluid respectively. For other values of p not all mimetic solutions behave like that, in general, so we restrict ourselves only to the case n=4, p=1. In this case, we show, that mimetic formulation is dual to the well-known Nielsen-Olesen theory of “dual strings” and discuss the criterion indicating whether its solutions behave like string fluid. The cosmological solutions for these models in are also discussed.

Flat equivariant gerbes: holonomies and dualities

We examine the role of global topological data associated to choices of holonomy for flat gauge fields in string compactification. Our study begins with perturbative string compactification on compact flat manifolds preserving 8 supercharges in 5 dimensions. By including non-trivial holonomy for Wilson lines in the heterotic string and for the B-field gerbe in the type II string we find worldsheet dualities that relate these backgrounds to other string compactifications. While our simple examples allow for explicit analysis, the concepts and some of the methods extend to a broader class of compactifications and have implications for string dualities, perturbative and otherwise.

Permanent Fiber-Optic DTS Evaluates Production Enhancement

_ This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper OTC 31654, “Production Enhancement Evaluation Through Permanent Fiber-Optic Distributed-Temperature-Sensing Interpretation for a Gas-Lifted Producer in Field B, Offshore Malaysia,” by Chang Siong Ting, Nur’ain Minggu, and Dahlila Kamat, Petronas, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2022 Offshore Technology Conference. Reproduced by permission. _ In the complete paper, the authors evaluate the effectiveness of production-enhancement activities for Well B Long-String (i.e., Well BL) using distributed-temperature-sensing (DTS) technology. Installation of permanent fiber-optic cable across the reservoir sections has enabled gas-lift monitoring, identification of well-integrity issues, and zonal inflow profiling from perforation contribution. The effectiveness of executed remedial jobs is described along with findings and interpretations of DTS results. Field and Well BL Background Field B is a mature brownfield 45 km offshore east Malaysia in a water depth of approximately 230 ft. The field’s structure has a gentle rollover anticline with a collapsed crest caused by growth faulting. The reservoirs were deposited in a coastal shallow marine environment with channels. The production wells completed in these reservoirs were completed with internal gravel packs. The typical completion types for wells in Field B are dual strings with sliding sleeve doors (SSD), intended for commingled production from the multilayered reservoirs. Most of the wells in Field B were installed with permanent downhole gauges (PDGs), and five wells were equipped with permanent DTS across the reservoir section. The well was completed in 2015 as a gas-lifted dual-string producer with a 3½-in. completion string for short string (BS) and 3½×2⅞-in. tubing crossover for long string (BL). The long string of Well B also produces from two zones, Zones 2 and 3, while the short string of Well B produces from only one zone, Zone 1. Each zone consists of sublayers. In addition, DTS fiber-optic cable was installed along the long string across the reservoir sections in Well BL, and the system enabled the operator to monitor continuously the wellbore temperature across all producing intervals. Each zone also was equipped with a zonal PDG (temperature and pressure) and SSDs. DTS System The double-ended DTS system was installed permanently across the multilayered reservoir in Well BL to measure the dynamic change of temperature in the near-wellbore region over time. Double-ended temperature measurement was used to correct for differential light losses (light-loss correction) that appear gradually over the lifetime of the fiber as its quality is degraded because of hydrogen darkening or exposure to high temperatures. This measure improves the quality and accuracy of the measurement signal backscattered to the surface receiver for processing. With double-ended DTS, small thermal changes over time in the well can be tracked. Temperature measurements are detected in 1.6-ft intervals along the length of the cable. This generates a profile of temperature effects along the production string by analyzing backscattered Raman wavelength light from a pulsed laser source. This DTS measurement allows continuous monitoring of production events as they happen.