Frequency Of Strikes Research Articles

Analysis of Lightning Strike Effects on Crude Oil Storage Tank Protection System at PT. Pertamina Balongan Indramayu

Main Gathering Station (MGS) Balongan Pertamina EP Asset 3 OGT is an industry engaged in the oil and gas sector by always paying attention to QHSE (Quality, Health, Safety and Environment) aspects. This industry is a national vital object categorized as a zone 1 and zone 2 hazardous area. There is a source of danger that has the potential to cause damage to equipment and people. The electrical installation used is a lightning protection system with reference to the NFPA 780-2017 standard concerning the Standard for the Installation of Lightning Protection Systems. The rolling sphere method is used to calculate the need for a lightning protection system. To calculate the need for a grounding electrode, a rod electrode grounding system is used. Construction MGS Balongan (Hazardous Construction) has a value of direct lightning strike frequency (Nd) of 0.03 lightning strikes per year with an equivalent area of building lightning strikes (Ae) of 1082.95 m2. The value (Ng) of the intensity of lightning strikes to the ground is 27.6 lightning strikes per km2 per year, the protection level is level II with a radius of 30 meters and the earth resistance value is 0.344 Ω. The design value of this calculation is in accordance with PUIL 2011 standards, namely it must be below 5Ω for the overall value of earth resistance.

Repressing worker dissent: lethal violence against strikers in the early American labor movement

ABSTRACT Despite U.S. labor-management history having long been recognized as the most violent and bloody of any Western industrialized nation, unanimity has failed to materialize regarding its impact on concomitant labor protests, organizations, and politics. We examine the impact of striker fatalities on the strength and trajectory of the early American labor movement against the null hypothesis that such bloodshed is largely random and/or inconsequential by building recently constructed measures of fatal strike violence into time-series regression models of strike frequency, union membership, and membership within the Socialist Party of America. The results suggest that killing strikers, labor organizers, and strike sympathizers had deleterious consequences for labor: dampening strike activity through the long-term cumulative history of picket-line deaths – particularly strikes for union recognition; and hampering union and Socialist Party organizational growth. Thus, repressive elite violence appears to have contributed, in part, to propelling the American labor movement along what has traditionally been characterized as an ‘exceptional’ path of weakening labor’s potential power during its formative decades.

Methodical principles of classes of health - developing orientation

On the basis of generalizing theoretical and methodical postulates of healthing and analysis of the results of their introduction to practice it is necessary to note the main methodical principles of the lessons of healthing exercises.
 
 The graduality of increasing an intensity and duration of loads.
 The variety of applied means.
 The constancy of the lessons.
 Dosing on relative values the quantity of physical loads.
 Dosing on the frequency of cardial strikes.
 Dosing at accordance with energy expenses.
 Dosing on the number of the repetitions of physical exercises.
 
 The necessity at the lessons of physical exercises of healthing direction is conditioned with a state of functional systems and psychophysical preparation as well as understanding demand of their improvement.
 These factors themselves conditions an appearance of a human to healthing physical culture. It is necessary the systematical application of special means and physical exercises of various nature and direction even when a state of an organism is optimal; it gives possibility to sustain such optimal state and to apply a state at professional and applied or sport activities creating a base for achievement higher level of functional possibilities.
 Nowadays, new trends in health-improving physical culture have appeared, which give a health-improving effect. These include health aerobics and its varieties: step, slide, dance aerobics (net jam, hip-hop), cycling, aerobics with a load shaping, fitness, stretching. The choice of one or another method of physical exercises with a health focus is the relationship with the real circumstances, opportunities, requirements, sometimes a matter of individual taste and interest.
 Exercise activates and improves metabolism, improves the activity of the central nervous system, ensures the adaptation of the cardiovascular, respiratory and other systems to the conditions of muscular activity, accelerates the entry and functioning of the circulatory and respiratory systems, and reduces the length of functional recovery after shifts caused by exercise. In addition to the health effect, exercise has a training effect on the human body (increase mental and physical performance), increase the level of physical qualities, affect the formation and further improvement of vital motor skills (swimming, skiing, etc.). The health, therapeutic and training effects of exercise on the body become more effective if they are properly combined with hardening in the form of water treatments, sun and air baths, as well as massage.
 Thus, regular use of exercise and hardening factors improves the vitality of the body, the general state of the immune system, the functions of the autonomic systems, performance and prevents premature aging.

Investigation of Thundercloud Features in Different Regions

A comparison of thundercloud characteristics in different regions of the world was conducted. The clouds studied developed in India, China and in two regions of Russia. Several field projects were discussed. Cloud characteristics were measured by weather radars, the SEVERI instrument installed on board of the Meteosat satellite, and lightning detection systems. The statistical characteristics of the clouds were tabulated from radar scans and correlated with lightning observations. Thunderclouds in India differ significantly from those observed in other regions. The relationships among lightning strike frequency, supercooled cloud volume, and precipitation intensity were analyzed. In most cases, high correlation was observed between lightning strike frequency and supercooled volume.

Energy harvesting from a floor structure based on multiple piezoelectric transducer beams

In this paper, an energy harvesting floor based on piezoelectric transducers is studied. A structure with multiple layers of piezoelectric beams is designed. Different striking frequencies are studied. Fourier transform is applied to analyze the frequency characteristic of the output voltage. Experiments are explored to find out the optimal external load resistance for maximum output power. The experimental results show that, with three piezoelectric transducers in a beam array, and a stroke of 4 mm at the striking frequency of 1.263 Hz, the maximum output power is 733.5 µW.

Comparing the frequency of reported wildlife strikes by region in the United States

Wildlife strikes are a threat to the safety of flight and a financial burden to aircraft operators. Although wildlife strikes are an unavoidable hazard in aviation, they can be mitigated through various methods, including airport wildlife management plans, deterring animal inhabitance around airports, and a national reporting system to bring awareness to the issue. This ex-post-facto research determined the difference in frequency of wildlife strikes at non-military class B airports in the contiguous United States by geographical region. Regions were defined as follows: (1) the Pacific coast, (2) the western mountainous areas and Texas, (3) the Midwest, (4) the Southeast, and (5) the Northeast. A total of 27,036 reports ranging from 1/1/2015 to 12/31/2019 were collected from the publicly available Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) database. The data analysis of regions showed that Region 2 had the greatest frequency of wildlife strikes, while Region 1 had the least frequency of strikes. Moreover, a between-subjects ANOVA suggested that there was a significant difference in the frequency of strikes between regions in the contiguous US. The airports in Region 1 underwent significantly fewer wildlife strikes than those in Regions 2, 3, and 4. Region 2 also had a significantly greater frequency of strikes than Region 5.

Social networking mood recognition algorithm for conflict detection and management of Indian educational institutions

Conflict detection and management is a much-needed strategy in educational institutions nowadays. The frequency of clashes, protests, strikes and agitations is rising at an alarming level, particularly with the extensive usage of information and communication technology. This unprecedented issue has cobblestone the research problem and the objective of this study. In order to ensure detection of conflicts using a modified Naive Bayes algorithm that would assess the sentiments and mood recognition from the tweets of the stakeholders with respect to trends leading to clashes, protests, strikes and agitations existing within the educational environment. Consequently, continuous monitoring and surveillance of the social networking platform have been made to understand the mood recognition and assessment from real-time tweets published on Twitter that would be streamed through Twitter Application Program Interface over the user-given text that would serve as an input for developing early conflict detection strategies. Moreover, Stanford parser has been used to extract keywords that would subsequently be deployed over the tweets for the mood detection module to evaluate the keywords using the preprocessed dictionary. Here, the mood detection module extracts various mood states from the given chorus that supplements the current prevailing sentiments of the stakeholders in academic institutions. This extraction would result in devising strategic formulation and implementation of remedial measures for resolving the unrest in an environment. This would culminate in a healthy educational environment that would ultimately result in overall growth, development, harmony and prosperity of the institutions.

Spatial and temporal characteristics of tropical cyclone strikes in the northeastern Pacific Basin between San Diego, California and Las Peñitas, Nicaragua

AbstractThis study analyses 52 (1966–2017) years of northeastern Pacific (NEP) tropical cyclones (TCs) and uses track data from the National Hurricane Center's HURDAT2 and a TC size model to determine TC strikes at 54 locations along the Pacific Coast of North America between San Diego, California, and Las Peñitas, Nicaragua. An average TC strike model is used whereby tropical storms, hurricanes, and major hurricane strikes are determined for each location. These data are used to construct time series and calculate TC return periods for each location. Results indicate varying patterns of strike frequency across the region, with hot spots along the southwestern coast of Mexico (centred on Manzanillo, Colima), on the southern tip of Baja California Sur, and on Isla Socorro, part of the Revillagigedo Island chain. These regions had TC return periods of 2 years or less while locations in Sonora, Central America, San Diego, and northern Baja California had return periods of 52 years or greater. In addition, results indicate varying patterns of activity in the region. For example, locations in Baja California Sur are shown to have been struck more frequently in recent years, while locations across the Gulf of California in northwestern Mexico have been struck less frequently. Understanding coastal risk in the NEP will be relevant to coastal planners, local governments, tourism agencies, and investors in this region.

Pantropical geography of lightning-caused disturbance and its implications for tropical forests.

Lightning is a major agent of disturbance, but its ecological effects in the tropics are unquantified. Here we used ground and satellite sensors to quantify the geography of lightning strikes in terrestrial tropical ecosystems, and to evaluate whether spatial variation in lightning frequency is associated with variation in tropical forest structure and dynamics. Between 2013 and 2018, tropical terrestrial ecosystems received an average of 100.4 million lightning strikes per year, and the frequency of strikes was spatially autocorrelated at local-to-continental scales. Lightning strikes were more frequent in forests, savannas, and urban areas than in grasslands, shrublands, and croplands. Higher lightning frequency was positively associated with woody biomass turnover and negatively associated with aboveground biomass and the density of large trees (trees/ha) in forests across Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Extrapolating from the only tropical forest study that comprehensively assessed tree damage and mortality from lightning strikes, we estimate that lightning directly damages c. 832 million trees in tropical forests annually, of which c. 194 million die. The similarly high lightning frequency in tropical savannas suggests that lightning also influences savanna tree mortality rates and ecosystem processes. These patterns indicate that lightning-caused disturbance plays a major and largely unappreciated role in pantropical ecosystem dynamics and global carbon cycling.

Simulation of cloud-to-ground lightning strikes to structures based on an improved stochastic lightning model

An improved stochastic method for computer simulation of lightning leaders is developed based on the results from optical observation data. The development and attachment process of downward negative cloud-to-ground lightning in the near-ground area is simulated. The distribution of lightning strike points influenced by tall structures is statistically analyzed. The results show that when downward negative leaders initiate at 1500 m height over a structure, the relative strike frequency for the structure increases at a decreasing rate as the structure height increases. The strike frequency for a 600 m tall structure is approximately 3.6 times that for a 100 m tall structure. Additionally, the structure may attract some lightning to hit itself and shift nearby ground strike points toward the structure. For taller structures, the deviation effect is more apparent. It is stipulated in this study that if the ground strike density in the vicinity of the structure is no more than 5% of the average density, then the structure has a sufficient protective effect on this area. The data indicate that there is a positive correlation between the protection distance and the height of the structure. The protection distances of structures of 100–600 m in height are 200 m, 280 m, 350 m, 400 m, 450 m, and 480 m approximatively, which show a declining rate of increase.

Predicting the Mixing Time of Soft Elastic Reactors: Physical Models and Empirical Correlations

The aim of this study was to experimentally determine the mixing times of viscous fluids placed in a soft container where they were mixed by the vibrations of the tank wall. In parallel, mechanistic models were established to link the inlet parameters of the crank/slider device responsible for the tank wall vibrations to the mixing times. The mechanistic models are based on dimensional analysis. Either momentum change (change in instantaneous velocity with which the slider comes in contact with the soft elastic reactor) or impulse (force transmitted by the piston) is introduced as an intermediate parameter in the relevant list of physical quantities in order to take the intensity of mechanical solicitation induced by the beater into account. These two intermediate parameters were theoretically computed on the basis of knowledge about the geometrical parameters and the rotational speed of the crank/slider device. The experimental results showed that the mixing time strongly depends on momentum change (or impulse) induced by the beater and its striking frequency. Empirical correlations are proposed, and good agreements between experimental and predicted values were obtained as the standard deviation is lower than 20% for the whole data set.

‘Prolonger une image ou une danse’: Denis’s and Breillat’s nightclubs

ABSTRACT Claire Denis’s and Catherine Breillat’s films pass through nightclubs with striking frequency. Though their work emerges with the rise of clubbing in the 1970s and 80s, their liminal clubs bear a skewed relation to the representation of geographically rooted subcultures. A place rather of transient fantasy, they allow marginal bodies into the light and those usually in focus to move differently, if only for a moment. This article thus asks how we might understand the queerness of the space in films with little room for overt queer politics. Drawing on queer theoretical turns to the potentiality of ephemera, I show how club aesthetics reflect differently on broader issues of antecedence and immediacy in film-phenomenology. Unlike the enduring, up-close explorations of the French cinema of sensation more broadly, the club’s stroboscopic aesthetic offers fleeting images emerging and receding swiftly beyond perception. Finding not identifiable queer representation or its absolute, ‘fluid’ dissolution as is often risked in clubbing discourse and some ‘postmodern’ interpretations of queer theory, I suggest that Denis’s and Breillat’s clubs foster attentiveness to different, impermanent and indeterminate kinds of evidence. This makes room for a body and its history without foreclosing the promise of others.

Is There a Relationship Between Strike Pattern and Injury During Running: A Review

<strong>Object:</strong> Recently people have shown an interest in running barefoot or with minimalist shoes, which result in forefoot strike (FFS) patterns that are different from running in normal shod with the rearfoot strike (RFS). To date, there is a dispute whether runners’ footfall pattern has an important impact on running injuries. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to investigate whether there is a relationship between different strike patterns and running injuries by reviewing the literature. <strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> A database retrieval and reference search were carried out with PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. In the final review, 10 papers were included by matching the inclusion criteria. <strong>Results:</strong> Barefoot running exhibited smaller impact forces, short stride length, higher strike frequency, and shorter contact times compared to the standard shod condition. The forefoot strike pattern showed an increase in the plantarflexed foot, more ankle compliance during impact, smaller loading at the knee and lowered vertical loading rate in the FFS pattern than RFS. <strong>Discussion:</strong> Although the running injury is driven by multi-factorial variables, our literature review did not show any scientific evidence to suggest that footfall patterns are directly related to running injury.

Structure and Function of ATP-Dependent Chromatin Remodeling Complexes in Human Cancer

Dr. Cigall Kadoch will discuss how recent exome-and genome-wide sequencing studies in human cancers have unmasked a striking frequency of mutations in the genes encoding subunits of the mammalian SWI/SNF (mSWI/SNF) family of ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes. Her laboratory uses biochemistry, structural biology, systems biology, and genomics-based approaches to define the mechanisms of chromatin and gene regulation carried out by the mSWI/SNF family of chromatin regulators. Specifically, they have studied rare, genetically well-defined pediatric cancers including synovial sarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, malignant rhabdoid tumor and others, all of which involve mSWI/SNF complex perturbations as critical drivers of their oncogenic programs. These studies have informed the diverse mechanisms underlying mSWI/SNF complex targeting and function in a wide array of cancers (including hematologic cancers) and developmental disorders and have provided new foundations for therapeutic development. Disclosures Kadoch: Foghorn Therapeutics: Consultancy, Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.

The Second Thermal Wonder of the World–A Storm Appears In Both Hemispheres- -Strong Snit Theory Proof–Global Warming--China Dust Problem

Debris streams of exploding stars produce hotspots on Earth’s surface. These hotspots have maximum energy near the time of initial impact with the surface of the Earth and this higher energy has been recorded by space satellites. The incoming stream of positive particles reacts with Earth’s magnetic field that produces a magnetic bottle. As the Earth revolves in its orbit, the Earth tilt causes the incoming streams velocity vector to move across the Earth’s vernal equinox so that where the stream touches the surface is in different hemispheres. The incoming new impact streams can merge causing more energy to be delivered to a particular area and produce extreme weather events like the warm Alaskan winters of 2017-18 and 2018-19. The figures presented of these phenomena are more direct proof of the SNIT theory. The data are available to determine exploding star strike frequency. It is possible to identify an exploding star by knowing its declination and using the time the storm switches hemisphere locations. China’s dust problem can be avoided.

Gaussian process regression modeling of wind turbines lightning incidence with LLS information

This paper presents a machine learning (ML) approach to wind turbine (WT) lightning incidence analysis in complex terrain, based on the information obtained from a lightning location system (LLS). A particular ML model of the WTs lightning incidence is developed, using Bayesian statistical learning and Gaussian process regression, and trained on the actual LLS data. The model is developed around a known proposition that the lightning strike frequency data are emanating from a Poisson stochastic process. It further makes use of an attractive radius concept of lightning attachment, employs a sophisticated analysis of the WT effective height—which leverages terrain elevation data—and introduces spatial autocorrelation of lightning strikes. It provides a probabilistic risk assessment of WT lightning damage, along with a statistical measures of the associated monetized financial losses. Proposed ML model benefits from the Bayesian ability to quantify uncertainty of model parameters, and employ hierarchical model structure that informs model parameters through the mutual higher-level hyperpriors. Proposed model enables both investors and insurance companies to asses risks associated with lightning incidence to WTs, considering historical LLS data and future wind farm installation locations.

On Weber's Partiality to ‘Logic‘

Weber uses the term ‘logical’ with striking frequency: as a typical attribute of what is ‘rational’, but also in the definition of legal arrangements, where the ‘legally relevant components’ that characterise a legal institution are ordered in a ‘manner which is itself logically free from contradiction’. Logic or logically significant characteristics are all features of the theoretical and academic doctrine of law, which stands as a contrasting type to the artisanal-empirical doctrine of the law of practitioners (represented by Roman and English law respectively). In this way logic or what is logical is an important sign of the difference between these two fundamental types of legal doctrine. Above all, logic and the logical play an outstanding role in Weber's definition of a legal ‘system’ in the sense of ‘an assembly of all the legal propositions established by analysis in such a way that, taken all together, they form a system of rules that is itself logically free from contradiction and seamless in principle’. In this definition of ‘system’ Weber makes use of the postulates of so-called conceptual jurisprudence, something that did not exist in fact, but which originally signified a deliberate caricature (or criticism) of the science of the Pandects, of which Georg Friedrich Puchta (1798-1846) stood as the representative. He was selected because Rudolf von Jhering had Puchta mainly in mind when he framed the polemical idea of conceptual jurisprudence. Puchta was also singled out because he spoke, inter alia, of a ‘genealogy of concepts’, which encouraged the ascription of systemic qualities to his system of private law. Yet Weber omitted to test Puchta's ‘system’ according to his own ideal-typical criterion of a system that ‘logically free from contradiction’ and ‘seamless in principle’. This deficiency will be remedied here.

Structure and Function of Mammalian SWI/SNF Chromatin Remodeling Complexes in Human Disease

Recent exome‐ and genome‐wide sequencing studies in human cancer have unmasked a striking frequency of mutations in the genes encoding subunits of the mammalian SWI/SNF (mSWI/SNF) family of ATP‐dependent chromatin remodeling complexes. Our laboratory uses biochemistry, structural biology, systems biology, and functional genomics‐based approaches to define the mechanisms of chromatin and gene regulation carried out by the mSWI/SNF family of regulators. Using a collection of approaches, we recently defined the architecture and assembly pathway across three mSWI/SNF complex classes: canonical BAF, PBAF, and a newly‐defined complex, ncBAF, and defined the requirements of each subunit for complex formation and stability. In addition, we have studied rare, genetically well‐defined pediatric cancers including synovial sarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, malignant rhabdoid tumor and others, all of which involve BAF complex perturbations as critical drivers of their oncogenic programs. These studies have informed the diverse mechanisms underlying mSWI/SNF complex targeting and function and have provided new foundations for therapeutic development.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Long MMA fights technical-tactical analysis of mixed martial arts: implications for assessment and training

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to compare time-motion and technical-tactical behaviours of professional mixed martial arts (MMA) bouts with a focus on longer bouts that were finished during 3rd round vs. 10 4th round vs. 5th round, comparing rounds. We analysed 779 rounds (264 bouts – 3rd round n = 120; 4th round n = 92; ©and; 5th round n = 52) which were compared by rounds. Our main results showed that bouts with 5th showed higher percentage/round of lowintensity time than the 3rd round (79% vs. 75%) and the 4th rounds demonstrated higher percentage/round of low-intensity time effort 20 than other rounds (84% vs. 76%). Regarding striking actions, 1st round (39.5 ± 17.6) and 4th round (19.8 ± 12.5) showed lower frequency of strikes attempted than 2nd round (46.1 ± 21.9) and 3rd round (46.1 ± 27.0). This study demonstrated new parameters for long MMA bouts with 3, 4 and 5 ending-rounds and other rounds.

Patterns of bird nocturnal migration at Shenyang Taoxian International Airport, Northeast China

The high frequency of bird strikes at night during the migration season is a remarkable characteristic of bird strikes at airports. Understanding the nocturnal migration patterns of birds is important for improving the methods to prevent bird strikes at night. In this study, we combined the methods of mist-net capture and sound recording to examine the composition of bird species and the patterns of nocturnal migration at Taoxian Airport. We found that 56 species of birds (88.9% of the total) migrated at night and mainly migrated after midnight. There were obvious temporal dynamics and sequence in migration. The time of spring migration was more concentrated and the migration peaked in mid-May, with Coturnix japonica, Lanius cristatus, Emberiza fucata, Saxicola torquatus, Caprimulgus indicus and Phylloscopus inornatus as the dominant species. The migration pattern was more dispersed in autumn and the peak of migration was in late September to early October, and the main species were C. japonica, Turdus hortulorum, Anthus cervinus, Scolopax rusticola, Locustella lanceolata and Emberiza spodocephala. Based on the Bird Hazard Risk Assessment, there were mainly two species with high risk (C. japonica and L. cristatus) in spring migration and four species with high risk (C. japonica, Athene noctua, T. hortulorum and S. rusticola) in autumn migration. We proposed several strategies for the prevention of bird strike based on the composition of migratory birds, migration dynamics, migration rhythm and species risk level, which could serve as references for bird strike prevention at Taoxian Airport.