Strict Space Research Articles

Development of the bus joint for the ITER Central Solenoid

The terminations of the Central Solenoid (CS) modules are connected to the bus extensions by joints located outside the CS in the gap between the CS and torodial field (TF) assemblies. These joints have very strict space limitations. Low resistance is a common requirement for all ITER joints. In addition, the CS bus joints will experience and must be designed to withstand significant variation in the magnetic field of several tenths of a Tesla per second during initiation of plasma. The joint resistance is specified to be less than 4nΩ.The joints also have to be soldered in the field and designed with the possibility to be installed and dismantled in order to allow cold testing in the cold test facility. We have developed coaxial joints that meet these requirements and have demonstrated the feasibility to fabricate and assemble them in the vertical configuration. We introduced a coupling cylinder with superconducting strands soldered to the surface of the cable that can be installed in the ITER assembly hall and at the cold test facility. This cylinder serves as a transition area between the CS module and the bus extension.We made two racetrack samples and tested four bus joints in our Joint Test Apparatus. Resistance of the bus joints was measured by a decay method and by a microvoltmeter; the value of the current was measured by the Hall probes. This measurement method was verified in the previous tests. The resistance of the joints varied insignificantly from 1.5 to 2nΩ.One of the challenges associated with a soldered joint is the inability to use corrosive chemicals that are difficult to clean. This paper describes our development work on cable preparation, chrome removal, compaction, soldering, and final assembly and presents the test results.

Response to Guest Editorial (“Veterinary Pathology Under the Microscope: Planning for the Future”)

Several interesting and important issues were raised in a recent editorial published in Veterinary Pathology regarding possible future directions and emphases of the ACVP/ECVP/JCVP’s official publication. One of the principal reasons for publishing Veterinary Pathology, as outlined in that editorial, is its indispensible role in disseminating scientific information that is relevant to the field of veterinary pathology and to practicing veterinary pathologists, veterinary pathologists in training, and nonpathologists alike. I applaud the establishment of a Strategic Planning Task Force that will produce a plan designed to ensure the continued success of the journal in what promises to be a challenging future in the world of scientific publications. The wide range of interests and needs of ACVP/ECVP/ JCVP members makes this a daunting task and one that will have a large impact on the future of our specialty. Perhaps the primary consideration is that as the official publication of the ACVP/ECVP/JCVP, Veterinary Pathology affects the image and prestige of our profession/specialty. Fairly or not, the inordinately weak impact factor of the journal probably does not influence perceptions of our specialty in a positive way. At the very least, on the basis of personal experiences with coauthors, I can attest that a weak impact factor does not encourage submission of some potentially important papers to Veterinary Pathology. In this regard, the large improvement in the journal’s impact factor in the past year reflects well on the concerted efforts of the journal editors to improve the quality of papers accepted for publication. As the editors continue this effort and if ACVP/ECVP/JCVP members will increase their support of the journal by submitting more of their best work for publication, it is very likely that a ‘‘virtuous cycle’’ can be established in which researchers are incentivized to submit their probable ‘‘high impact’’ papers to a journal having a higher impact factor. One of the challenges facing the Strategic Planning Task Force will be to figure out how to publish a journal with global importance that still provides real value to its supporting members. I believe that it is possible to reconcile the seemingly conflicting requirements to provide useful information for ACVP/ECVP/JCVP members having a wide range of professional interests and job requirements while simultaneously raising the profile of veterinary pathology and veterinary pathologists in the global biomedical research community. I believe that this is an achievable goal, but some changes will be necessary. The strategic plan must continue to recognize and address the especially critical role that the journal plays in the training and continuing education of veterinary pathologists. Veterinary Pathology is one of the few existing venues in which detailed descriptive reports that focus on the pathology and/or pathogenesis of disease in animals can be published. Although veterinary pathologists often make valuable contributions to studies published in many different top-tier journals, the pathology itself is often shortchanged in those reports. The strict space constraints in many journals too often result in severely condensed pathology descriptions, generally accompanied by postage stamp–sized images that function more as colorful decorations felt necessary for a ‘‘real science’’ paper. In contrast, because Veterinary Pathology is published by organizations and editors that understand and appreciate the value of pathology, papers can include detailed morphologic descriptions of lesions, as well as high-quality images large enough to actually convey useful information. Following are some specific suggestions to consider in mapping a strategy to increase the impact factor of Veterinary Pathology, without negating the distinct services it provides to our profession.

Studies for the detector control system of the ATLAS pixel at the HL-LHC

In the context of the LHC upgrade to the HL-LHC the inner detector of the ATLAS experiment will be replaced completely. As part of this redesign there will also be a new pixel detector. This new pixel detector requires a control system which meets the strict space requirements for electronics in the ATLAS experiment. To accomplish this goal we propose a DCS (Detector Control System) network with the smallest form factor currently available. This network consists of a DCS chip located in close proximity to the interaction point and a DCS controller located in the outer regions of the ATLAS detector. These two types of chips form a star shaped network with several DCS chips being controlled by one DCS controller. Both chips are manufactured in deep sub-micron technology. We present prototypes with emphasis on studies concerning single event upsets.

Measurements of the Time Structure of Hadronic Showers in a Scintillator-Tungsten HCAL

Abstract For calorimeter applications requiring precise time stamping, the time structure of hadronic showers in the detector is a crucial issue. This applies in particular to detector concepts for CLIC, where a hadronic calorimeter with tungsten absorbers is being considered to achieve a high level of shower containment while satisfying strict space constraints. The high hadronic background from γγ→ hadrons processes at 3 TeV in combination with the 2 GHz bunch crossing frequency at CLIC requires good time stamping in the detectors. To provide first measurements of the time structure in a highly granular scintillator-tungsten calorimeter, T3B, a dedicated timing experiment, was installed behind the last layer of the CALICE WHCAL prototype, a 30 layer tungsten scintillator calorimeter. T3B consists of 15 small scintillator cells with embedded silicon photomultipliers, read out with fast digitizers over a time window of 2.4 μs, and provides detailed measurements of the time structure of the signal. The offine data reconstruction performs an automatic gain calibration using noise events recorded between physics triggers and allows the determination of the arrival time of each photon at the photon sensor. The T3B setup, its calibration and data reconstruction, as well as first results of the time structure of the calorimeter response for 10 GeV pions recorded at the CERN PS confronted with Geant4 simulations using different physics lists are discussed.

Nearly dentability and approximative compactness and continuity of metric projector in Banach spaces

In this paper, authors de ne nearly dentability of Banach space. Authors prove that X is approxi- matively compact if and only if (1) X is nearly dentable space, and (2) X is nearly strict convex space. By the method of geometry of Banach spaces, authors also prove that if X is nearly dentable space, then for any closed convex subset C , metric projector PC is upper semicontinuous. Finally, authors give important application of nearly dentability in generalized inverse theory.

An Integrated Dual-Band PIFA for DVB-T and WiMAX Applications

A compact dual-band planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) working in the DVB-T (470-862 MHz) and WiMAX (3300-3800 MHz) frequency bands is presented. The antenna is designed to be integrated in a monitor-equipped device, like a television (TV) set, and meets strict space requirements. The final design fits a volume of 225 × 31× 20 mm3 (L×W ×H). It is composed of a series of branches, properly dimensioned and separated to generate the required resonances. A prototype has been realized with a 0.4-mm-thick aluminum foil, properly cut and folded. Results are shown in terms of reflection coefficient, radiation patterns, and gain. The antenna shows a reflection coefficient less then -6 and -10 dB, and a gain between 2.7 and 4.8 dBi and approximately equal to 3.7 dBi, in the DVB-T and WiMAX bands, respectively.

Second Time Around: A Response

First, I am grateful to PS for putting together this illuminating symposium. Second, given the strict space limitation set aside for my response, please see My Brother's Keeper: A Memoir and a Message for all that I would love to say here.

Reply to “Concerns about Recently Identified Widespread Antisense Transcription in Escherichia coli”

In our recent article, “Widespread Antisense Transcription in Escherichia coli” (1), we describe the identification of ~1,000 antisense RNAs (aRNAs) in the model bacterium Escherichia coli. This finding is significant because it suggests that aRNAs represent a major class of regulators in bacteria. Slonczewski expressed concerns regarding (i) the documentation of methods used, (ii) possible contamination of the cDNA library, (iii) insufficient controls, and (iv) failure to consider alternative interpretations of the data (4). Due to strict space limitations for Observations, we provided only the most relevant aspects of the methods used. A detailed description of the library construction is included at the end of this letter. Library construction involved ligation of an RNA linker, reverse transcription, and two rounds of nested PCR. This method effectively eliminates the possibility …

Theories of Memory: Developing a Canon

Editing anthologies is daunting and frequently thankless task. Hie editors are faced with strict space limitations and tremendous amount of material for potential inclusion; the work is like having to create representative puddle out of boundless sea. When the anthology represents both the history of an idea and new theoretical focus, as Theories of Memory: A Reader does, the difficulty is compounded by the relative novelty of the endeavor. Michael Rossington and Anne Whitehead, the editors of the anthology, present the book as a compre hensive survey of theories of from the classical period to the present day (13), giving themselves the task, in just over three hundred pages, of identifying and representing the canonical works on in the Western tradition, and outlining the cutting edge of studies today. Theories of Memory is published as consequence of and in response to what the editors call the of the last decades of the twentieth century. In the 1980s and 1990s, new interdisciplinary scholarly in began to have significant impact on literary studies. The boom of the eighties and nineties has, in the new century, begun to see signs of institutionalization and canonization. In addition to the many books and articles published on the subject of memory, large number of university classes at the undergraduate and graduate levels have taken as their focus. Many academic programs and institutes now offer studies as concentration. In fact, this anthology is prefaced with trace of its pedagogic origin, as the editors note its emergence from the MA in Literary Studies: Writing, Memory, Culture, taught in the School of English Literature, Language and Linguistics at Newcastle University. The editors offer number of explanations for this surge of interest (5) in memory: an emergent re-engagement with theories of in the fields of holocaust studies, post colonialism and poststructuralism; technological developments that have led to sophisticated engagement with and theorization of virtual memory (5); new archival access to the suppressed histories of the Cold-War era in the former Soviet Union and the United States; the debates around false syndrome in the early 1990s; and Truth and Reconciliation commissions founded in South Africa,

Sliding-window top-k queries on uncertain streams

Query processing on uncertain data streams has attracted a lot of attentions lately, due to the imprecise nature in the data generated from a variety of streaming applications, such as readings from a sensor network. However, all of the existing works on uncertain data streams study unbounded streams. This paper takes the first step towards the important and challenging problem of answering sliding-window queries on uncertain data streams, with a focus on arguably one of the most important types of queries---top- k queries. The challenge of answering sliding-window top- k queries on uncertain data streams stems from the strict space and time requirements of processing both arriving and expiring tuples in high-speed streams, combined with the difficulty of coping with the exponential blowup in the number of possible worlds induced by the uncertain data model. In this paper, we design a unified framework for processing sliding-window top- k queries on uncertain streams. We show that all the existing top- k definitions in the literature can be plugged into our framework, resulting in several succinct synopses that use space much smaller than the window size, while are also highly efficient in terms of processing time. In addition to the theoretical space and time bounds that we prove for these synopses, we also present a thorough experimental report to verify their practical efficiency on both synthetic and real data.

Optimizing Time and Power Allocation for Cooperation Diversity in a Decode-and-Forward Three-Node Relay Channel

Providing space diversity at mobile devices such as handsets, personal digital assistants (PDA), etc is costly and problematic, due to their strict space limitation. Recent studies, however, have revealed that extraordinary diversity gain, which results in the remarkable benefits of an increased achievable transmission code-rate and a reduced information outage probability, can be obtained from a relay node in the proximity, which forwards the decoded information from the source node to the intended destination node via a diversity path. While previous works had shown the impressive gains from simple fixed-relaying schemes over non-relaying, this paper takes an information-theoretic viewpoint to study the optimal decode-and-forward (DF) single-hop relay strategy for maximizing the mutual information between the source and destination nodes exploiting the instantaneous channel state information at the nodes (CSIN), and for minimizing the outage probability if only the statistical channel information is known at the nodes (SCIN). In particular, our aim is to optimize the time and power distribution between the direct transmission and relaying phases, for a cooperative three-node relay fading channel.

<i>Possible and probable languages: A generative perspective on linguistic typology</i> (review)

Reviewed by: Possible and probable languages: A generative perspective on linguistic typology Marco Nicolis Frederick J. Newmeyer. 2005. Possible and probable languages: A generative perspective on linguistic typology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pp. x + 278. US $45.00 (softcover). The stated goal of the book is “reorienting generative grammarians in a direction that is better able to capture the distinction between the possible and the probable in language” (p. 27). To achieve this, the author does not present new research results of his own, but offers a detailed critique of the dominant functionalist and formalist approaches to typological generalizations and parametric correlations. In a nutshell, Newmeyer argues that both “formalist approaches”, in particular the Principles and Parameters model (Chapter 3) and “functionalist approaches” (Chapter 5), spectacularly fail when it comes to accounting for typological generalizations. Their nonabsolute, stochastic nature leads the author to propose that their explanation does not lie in the realm of grammatical theory (p. 104), but rather in a theory of performance, such as the one put forward in Hawkins (2004). Newmeyer’s Universal Grammar is thus far lighter that what is assumed in most generativist studies: “UG tells us what a possible human language is, but not what a probable language is” (p. 104). This catchy sentence essentially amounts to discarding parametric theory as part of the generative enterprise. This is precisely the goal of Chapter 3 of the present book, as we will see below. Chapter 2 offers a very interesting, highly accessible and well-documented historical overview of mainly the GB and MP models, as well as Kayne’s Antisymmetry. Several views of what constitutes a “parameter” are clearly presented (e.g., Baker’s macroparameters and Kayne’s microparameters) and examples of several parameters are given (pp. 42ff.), including Rizzi’s Subjacency Parameter, the Null Subject Parameter, and the Head Directionality Parameter. The author concludes: “the commitment of generativists to account for cross-linguistic variation was greatly facilitated by the introduction of the Government-Binding theory in the early 1980s and its conception that principles are parametrized” (p. 72). Despite that conclusion, Newmeyer, at the outset of Chapter 3, sketches out the components of his own conception of linguistic theory as follows (taken from p. 73): (1) Notice that (1b) refers to the kind of language specific rules characterizing the EST model. By Newmeyer’s own admission, the Principles and Parameters model had “greatly facilitated” the emergence of accounts of cross-linguistic variation, so it is hardly obvious why something along the lines of (1b) benefits a theory aiming at characterizing typological generalizations and crosslinguistic variation. Perhaps aware of the problem, the author defines these language-specific rules quite cryptically, as follows: “Essentially, they are parameter-settings ‘detached’ from the parameters themselves (which are hypothesized not to exist)” (p. 74). Furthermore, Newmeyer’s arguments against Parametric Theory appear questionable and have been harshly criticized within the generativist community (see Holmberg and Roberts (2005) for a detailed and thorough critique of Newmeyer’s arguments). Given the strict space limits of this review, I will limit myself to pointing out a couple of inadequacies in Newmeyer’s account of Parametric Theory. First, the author explicitly assumes that parameters have a “putatively rich deductive structure” (p. 45). This has never been the standard idea in the field (with the possible exception of Baker (2001)). Rizzi (2004) argues in fact that “Parameters have virtually no internal structure, certainly no inherent deductive structure: they are simple binary choice points as elementary and easy to fix as possible. The deductive structure has to do with the interaction of parameters with the rest of the structure of UG, the system of principles, not with their inner constitution” (p. 333). Second, due partly to this conception of parameters, Newmeyer considers Gilligan’s (1987) survey on null subject phenomena in one hundred languages as damning for theories of pro-drop such as Rizzi’s (1982), so much so that the conclusion of the discussion is that “the Null Subject Parameter is no more” (p. 92). Such conclusion is far too pessimistic. While the author correctly observes that “five language types are attested whose existence neither theory [i.e., Rizzi’s and Safir’s...

The perforated panel resonator with flexible tube bundle

This paper deals with a new type of resonant absorber, i.e., the perforated panel resonator with flexible tube bundle. The acoustical properties of the new sound-absorbing structure are measured and analyzed. From the measurement results and theoretical analysis, the following conclusions can be made. (1) The incorporation of the tube bundle into the resonator absorber is helpful to improve its low-frequency sound absorption. Because the artificial prolongation of air column length inside a hole neck will increase acoustic mass, resonance frequency can be shifted to a lower frequency correspondingly. (2) Compared with traditional perforated panel absorber, the acoustic resistance of the sound-absorbing structure can be increased considerably due to the incorporation of the flexible tube bundle into the resonator absorber, so that higher sound absorption coefficients can be expected. (3) By reasonably utilizing the tube and cavity coupling resonances, the frequency bandwidth of sound absorption of the perforated panel resonator with flexible tube bundle can be expected to broaden. The perforated panel resonator with flexible tube bundle may be used in some cases with strict space limitations and with expectations of increasing the sound absorption at lower frequencies.

Lysophosphatidic Acid, a Disintegrin and Metalloprotease-17 and Heparin-Binding Epidermal Growth Factor–Like Growth Factor in Ovarian Cancer: The First Word, Not the Last

Cancer of the ovary is the leading cause of death for women with gynecologic malignancies. Over 90% of ovarian cancers derive from malignant transformation of the ovarian surface epithelium (OSE), from which cells disseminate into the peritoneal cavity, invade locally or spread via lymphatics,

Synapsis and DNA cleavage in phiC31 integrase-mediated site-specific recombination.

The Streptomyces phage phiC31 encodes an integrase belonging to the serine recombinase family of site-specific recombinases. The well studied serine recombinases, the resolvase/invertases, bring two recombination sites together in a synapse, and then catalyse a concerted four-strand staggered break in the DNA substrates whilst forming transient covalent attachments with the recessed 5' ends. Rotation of one pair of half sites by 180 degrees relative to the other pair occurs, to form the recombinant configuration followed by ligation of the DNA backbone. Here we address the nature of the recombination intermediates formed by phiC31 integrase when acting on its substrates attP and attB. We have identified intermediates containing integrase covalently attached to cleaved DNA substrates, attB or attP, by analysis of complexes in gels and after treatment of these complexes with proteinases. Using a catalytically inactive integrase mutant, S12A, the synaptic complexes containing integrase, attP and attB were identified. Furthermore, we have shown that attB mutants containing insertions or deletions are blocked in recombination at the stage of strand cleavage. Thus, there is a strict spacing requirement within attB, possibly for correct positioning of the catalytic serine relative to the scissile phosphate in the active site. Finally, using integrase S12A we confirmed the inability of attL and attR or other combinations of sites to form a stable synapse, indicating that the directionality of integrative recombination is determined at synapsis.

Sequence and Spacing of TATA Box Elements Are Critical for Accurate Initiation from the β-Phaseolin Promoter

The beta-phaseolin (phas) gene, which encodes one of the major seed storage proteins of P. vulgaris, is tightly regulated at the transcription level resulting in strict tissue-specific and spatial expression during embryonic development. The phas proximal promoter contains a complex arrangement of core promoter elements including three TATA boxes as well as several putative initiator elements. To delineate the respective contributions of the core promoter elements to transcription initiation we have performed site-directed mutagenesis of the phas promoter. In vivo expression studies were performed on transgenic Arabidopsis harboring phas promoter mutants driving expression of the beta-glucuronidase (gus) reporter gene. Quantitative assessment of GUS activity in seeds bearing the promoter mutants indicated that both sequence and spacing of the TATA elements influenced the efficiency of transcription. Substitution, insertion or deletion mutations had no effect on histochemical staining patterns indicating that strict spacing requirements are not essential for correct spatial expression of phas during embryogenesis. Further evaluation of the phas promoter by in vitro transcription analysis revealed the presence of multiple TATA-dependent transcription initiation start sites. The distance between TATA elements and transcription start sites was maintained in insertion and deletion mutants through the creation of novel initiation sites, indicating that positioning of the TATA elements rather than DNA sequence was the primary determinant of start site location. We conclude that, while dispensable for proper spatial distribution, the complex architecture of the phas promoter is required to ensure high levels of accurate phas transcription initiation in the developing embryo.

Programmed +1 frameshifting stimulated by complementarity between a downstream mRNA sequence and an error-correcting region of rRNA.

Like most retroviruses and retrotransposons, the retrotransposon Ty3 expresses its pol gene analog (POL3) as a translational fusion to the upstream gag analog (GAG3). The Gag3-Pol3 fusion occurs by frameshifting during translation of the mRNA that encodes the two separate but overlapping ORFs. We showed previously that the shift occurs by out-of-frame binding of a normal aminoacyl-tRNA in the ribosomal A site caused by an aberrant codonoanticodon interaction in the P site. This event is unlike all previously described programmed translational frameshifts because it does not require tRNA slippage between cognate or near-cognate codons in the mRNA. A sequence of 15 nt distal to the frameshift site stimulates frameshifting 7.5-fold. Here we show that the Ty3 stimulator acts as an unstructured region to stimulate frameshifting. Its function depends on strict spacing from the site of frameshifting. Finally, the stimulator increases frameshifting dependent on sense codon-induced pausing, but has no effect on frameshifting dependent on pauses induced by nonsense codons. Complementarity between the stimulator and a portion of the accuracy center of the ribosome, Helix 18, implies that the stimulator may directly disrupt error correction by the ribosome.

The downstream promoter element DPE appears to be as widely used as the TATA box in Drosophila core promoters.

The downstream promoter element (DPE) functions cooperatively with the initiator (Inr) for the binding of TFIID in the transcription of core promoters in the absence of a TATA box. We examined the properties of sequences that can function as a DPE as well as the range of promoters that use the DPE as a core promoter element. By using an in vitro transcription assay, we identified 17 new DPE-dependent promoters and found that all possessed identical spacing between the Inr and DPE. Moreover, mutational analysis indicated that the insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide between the Inr and DPE causes a reduction in transcriptional activity and TFIID binding. To explore the range of sequences that can function as a DPE, we constructed and analyzed randomized promoter libraries. These experiments yielded the DPE functional range set, which represents sequences that contribute to or are compatible with DPE function. We then analyzed the DPE functional range set in conjunction with a Drosophila core promoter database that we compiled from 205 promoters with accurately mapped start sites. Somewhat surprisingly, the DPE sequence motif is as common as the TATA box in Drosophila promoters. There is, in addition, a striking adherence of Inr sequences to the Inr consensus in DPE-containing promoters relative to DPE-less promoters. Furthermore, statistical and biochemical analyses indicated that a G nucleotide between the Inr and DPE contributes to transcription from DPE-containing promoters. Thus, these data reveal that the DPE exhibits a strict spacing requirement yet some sequence flexibility and appears to be as widely used as the TATA box in Drosophila.

Functional Synergism of STAT6 with Either NF-κB or PU.1 to Mediate IL-4-Induced Activation of IgE Germline Gene Transcription

AbstractIg heavy chain class switching to IgE is directed by IL-4 and IL-13 by inducing transcription from the IgE germline promoter. A crucial transcription factor in this process is STAT6, which binds to a specific DNA element upon cytokine activation. In this paper it is shown that the B cell- and monocyte-specific factor PU.1 interacts with a closely spaced sequence in the human IgE germline promoter that overlaps with a previously described binding site for NFκB/rel. The authenticity of PU.1 was demonstrated by specific competition and supershifts in EMSA experiments. In addition, in vitro translated PU.1 could interact with an oligonucleotide derived from the IgE germline promoter containing the PU.1 binding site and migrated with the same mobility compared with the complex formed with nuclear extracts. Transient transfection experiments using IgE germline promoter reporter gene constructs demonstrated that mutations affecting DNA binding of PU.1 or NFκB/rel had no or little effect on IL-4 inducibility of these plasmids. However, point mutations that abolished binding of both factors abrogated cytokine inducibility. No strict spacing of the STAT6 and the composite PU.1/NF-κB elements is required for IL-4 induction. IL-4-induced STAT6 DNA binding was retained in PU.1−/NFκB/rel− double mutants. The data demonstrate that cooperation of STAT6 with at least PU.1 or NFκB/rel is necessary for IL-4-induced activation of IgE germline gene transcription.

Optimum balancing designs of the drag-link drive of mechanical presses for precision cutting

Proposing optimum designs by adding disk counterweights to reduce the shaking force and shaking moment of the drag-link drive of mechanical presses is the main subject of this study. The two-phase optimization technique is proposed for the multi-objective optimization. The effects of implementing the designs on the flywheel and brake of the machine are also evaluated. Regarding the two-phase optimization technique proposed, it starts with an initial estimate but generates a few feasible designs. It is found that the results obtained with the technique are usually better than those starting with the criterion value as the objective function. The optimum designs with or without the tangent constraints, which insure the contours of the added counterweights on the links with fixed pivots that are tangent to the pivot centers, are investigated. It is found that the results with the tangent constraints are more cost-effective. Subject to the very strict space constraints, the shaking effects can be reduced by almost a half, using the proposed design.