Strict Limits Research Articles

Parvalbumin-Positive Interneurons Regulate Cortical Sensory Plasticity in Adulthood and Development Through Shared Mechanisms.

Parvalbumin-positive neurons are the largest class of GABAergic, inhibitory neurons in the central nervous system. In the cortex, these fast-spiking cells provide feedforward and feedback synaptic inhibition onto a diverse set of cell types, including pyramidal cells, other inhibitory interneurons, and themselves. Cortical inhibitory networks broadly, and cortical parvalbumin-expressing interneurons (cPVins) specifically, are crucial for regulating sensory plasticity during both development and adulthood. Here we review the functional properties of cPVins that enable plasticity in the cortex of adult mammals and the influence of cPVins on sensory activity at four spatiotemporal scales. First, cPVins regulate developmental critical periods and adult plasticity through molecular and structural interactions with the extracellular matrix. Second, they activate in precise sequence following feedforward excitation to enforce strict temporal limits in response to the presentation of sensory stimuli. Third, they implement gain control to normalize sensory inputs and compress the dynamic range of output. Fourth, they synchronize broad network activity patterns in response to behavioral events and state changes. Much of the evidence for the contribution of cPVins to plasticity comes from classic models that rely on sensory deprivation methods to probe experience-dependent changes in the brain. We support investigating naturally occurring, adaptive cortical plasticity to study cPVin circuits in an ethologically relevant framework, and discuss recent insights from our work on maternal experience-induced auditory cortical plasticity.

Search for the Birefringence of Gravitational Waves with the Third Observing Run of Advanced LIGO-Virgo

Gravitational waves would attain birefringence during their propagation from distant sources to the Earth, when the charge, parity, and time reversal (CPT) symmetry is broken. If it was sizeable enough, such birefringence could be measured by the Advanced LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA detector network. In this work, we place constraints on the birefringence of gravitational waves with the third observing run of this network, i.e., two catalogs GWTC-2 and GWTC-3. For the dispersion relation ω 2 = k 2 ± 2ζ k 3, our analysis shows the up-to-date strictest limit on the CPT-violating parameter, i.e., , at 68% confidence level. This limit is stricter by ∼5 times when compared to the existing one (∼2× 10−16 m) and stands for the first ∼10 GeV-scale test of the CPT symmetry in gravitational waves. The results of the Bayes factor strongly disfavor the birefringence scenario of gravitational waves.

Does Governmental Policy Shape Migration Decisions? The Case of China’s Hukou System

Does governmental policy shape potential migrants’ destination choices? Chinese cities use the household registration ( hukou) system to adjust the barriers to gaining local status and access to public services and social welfare benefits. We draw on a nationally representative survey of migrants and an original survey experiment to test the effect of hukou-related barriers and benefits on the relative appeal of different destination cities. We find that strict limits on acquiring local hukou status do not deter migrants. However, local hukou status is important because it confers access to public services and social welfare benefits. Cities where migrants can gain access to such services and benefits without changing their hukou status are more appealing. These findings demonstrate that hukou policy has real impacts on migration patterns and on access to public services and social welfare benefits for millions of Chinese.

The Donor of the Black Hole X-Ray Binary MAXI J1820+070

We estimate the parameters of the donor of the accreting black hole binary MAXI J1820+070. The measured values of the binary period, rotational and radial velocities, and constraints on the orbital inclination imply the donor is a subgiant with the mass of and the radius of . We reanalyze the previously obtained optical spectrum from the Gran Telescopio Canarias and found it yields a strict lower limit on the effective temperature of T > 4200 K. We compile optical and infrared fluxes observed during the quiescence of this system. From the minima r- and i-band fluxes found in Pan-STARSS1 Data Release 2 prediscovery imaging and for a distance of D ≈ 3 kpc, reddening of E(B – V) = 0.23, and R 2 ≈ 1.11R ⊙, we find T ≲ 4230 K, very close to the above lower limit. For a larger distance, the temperature can be higher, up to about 4500 K (corresponding to a K5 spectral type, preferred by previous studies) at D = 3.5 kpc, allowed by the Gaia parallax. We perform evolutionary calculations for the binary system and compare them to the observational constraints. Our model fitting the above temperature and radius constraints at D ≈ 3 kpc has a mass of 0.4M ⊙, T ≈ 4200 K, and solar metallicity. Two alternative models require D ≳ 3.3–3.4 kpc at 0.4M ⊙, T ≈ 4500 K and half-solar metallicity, and 0.5M ⊙, T ≈ 4300 K, and solar metallicity. These models yield mass-transfer rates of ∼10−10 M ⊙ yr−1, compatible with those based on the estimated accreted mass of ≈2 × 1025 g and the time between the 2018 discovery and the 1934 historical outburst.

Radical Acceptance of Reality: Putting DBT®-A Skill Groups Online During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Study.

IntroductionEmotion dysregulation is a common challenge pertaining to numerous psychiatric disorders in adolescence and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Adolescents (DBT®-A) has been shown to be an effective treatment, especially in the reduction of self-harm and suicidality. Measures in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic set strict limits on physical contacts with patients. In order to continuously provide evidence-based specialized care to patients suffering from emotion dysregulation, we offered two online DBT®-A skill groups in a video-group-call format.ObjectiveWe aimed at assessing our online DBT®-A skills groups, collect according up- and downsides, and form a basis for advancement of this form of treatment provision. Also, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients was assessed.MethodsA physical DBT®-A skill group was switched to a video-group-call format and a second group was initiated de novo online. After five sessions, patients engaged in structured group discussions to reflect experiences. Discussion content was analyzed via Inductive Category Formation within the Framework of Qualitative Content Analysis.ResultsPatients unanimously found the COVID-19 pandemic challenging, but also reported differentially on its impact. Downsides were balanced by subjective “gains” in time and a perceived reduction in stress. Technical problems of the online format were discussed, but did not limit the positive experience of still receiving treatment. Patients of both online DBT®-A skill groups valued the offer, felt connected, and reported benefits from the treatment. The transition group additionally discussed changes in structure and content of the group sessions after the switch to online meetings and reflected differential functions of the group.DiscussionAlthough the sample size is small, and conclusions are drawn from Inductive Qualitative Content Analysis, the presented results are of interest. In our investigation, video-group-calls were both safe and beneficial for patients. This alternative to physical meetings is not only interesting for further waves of the current pandemic but also for service provision in remote areas with limited access to specialized care. Further research is needed to challenge and refine our results and to explore extensions to “basic” video-group-calls, such as “break-out sessions,” blended therapy, or real-time supervision within an online session.

“Spiritual Capacities” in Psychological Research: Confronting the Appearances

Researching phenomena associated with religion or spirituality faces a triple conundrum not easily resolved: What counts as religion or spirituality, are they independent or derivative phenomena, and can they be empirically determined at all? Appropriately, therefore, a recent special issue of the journal Psychology of Religion and Spirituality asks: What is its object of study? We argue that this cannot be resolved merely by considering diverse religious or spiritual phenomena. It requires a turn instead to what grounds religious and spiritual experience. Illustrating this claim from field research on “spiritual capacities and religious assets for health” in the face of interpersonal violence in two local communities, we argue that a set of supersensible, non-material, and therefore “spiritual” but nonetheless real human capacities that we must assume human beings possess, ground the sensible, empirical phenomena or “appearances” we call religion or spirituality. The notion of supersensible spiritual capacities, by definition incapable of empirical proof or disproof, places strict limits on phenomenal claims about religion or spirituality, particularly ontological ones. Although studying the phenomena or appearances remains important, paying attention to spiritual capacities enables us better to grasp the contingent nature of such phenomena while grounding them in that innate and general disposition of the human being—which we tentatively define as the C-factor.

How Strong Sustainability Became Safety

The core commitment of strong sustainability, SS, is that nature really is different: there are strict limits to the substitutability of natural and other kinds of capital. Initially, the threat to sustainability was perceived as human greed and impatience, and the goal of SS to address resource scarcity was to sustain resource stocks, the flow of environmental services, and/or the harvest for human benefit. For landscapes and ecosystems, the SS goal was preservation, often in a gestalt framing: preserved or not. Two developments beginning around the mid-20th century—increasing awareness of the variability of natural systems, and the revolutionary changes in thinking motivated by the study of complex dynamic systems, CDS—re-oriented SS toward Safety, i.e., minimizing exposure to risk defined as threat of harm. Around 2010, the sustainability agenda for CDS shifted from identifying early warning indicators enabling timely interventions to forestall adverse regime change to promoting resilience by expanding scale and encouraging patchwork patterns of systems in various stages of their adaptive cycles. Nevertheless, the need for natural resources to substitute for depleted exhaustibles suggests a continuing role for commercial agriculture, plantation forestry, and managed fisheries. I conclude with a paradox still to be resolved: the need for continued and increased production from renewable resources to replace depleted exhaustibles suggests SS-motivated management practices that seem obsolete from a CDS perspective.

Nondipole effects in tunneling ionization by intense laser pulses

The limit of decreasing laser frequency cannot be considered independently from nondipole effects due to the increase in the laser-induced continuum electron speed in this limit. Therefore, in this work, tunneling ionization in the adiabatic limit is considered for an effective field that includes effects beyond the electric-dipole term to first order in $1/c$, with $c$ being the speed of light. The nondipole term describes the interaction resulting from the electric dipole-induced velocity of the electron and the magnetic-field component of the laser. The impact of this term on the ionization rate, tunnel exit point, momentum at the tunnel exit, and electron dynamics is discussed. In the appropriate limit, the results of a nondipole strong-field approximation approach and those of the strict adiabatic limit, where time and field strength are parameters, are discussed. The nondipole strong-field approximation approach is used to identify nonadiabatic modifications of the initial conditions. The results open up an avenue to include nondipole effects in the initial tunneling ionization step in semiclassical models of strong-field and attosecond physics.

An exact algorithm for the unrestricted container relocation problem with new lower bounds and dominance rules

The container relocation problem, also known as the block(s) relocation problem, is one of the most studied optimization problems in container terminals. The problem aims at minimizing the total number of relocations for retrieving containers from a storage yard according to a specific order. The purpose of this study is to develop an efficient iterative deepening branch-and-bound algorithm for exactly solving one of the most practical variants of the problem, namely the unrestricted container relocation problem with duplicate priorities, which has received less attention in the literature. To improve the search efficiency of the proposed algorithm, we design two new lower bounds that can be computed quickly to incorporate them into the branch-and-bound algorithm. We also present a set of mutually consistent dominance rules to reduce the search space while avoiding over-pruning. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated by extensive computational experiments on three commonly used benchmark datasets. The results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the state-of-the-art exact algorithm for the unrestricted container relocation problem with distinct priorities, although our algorithm is applicable to a more general variant of the problem. Moreover, it can still provide competitive results for small- and medium-sized instances under a strict time limit of one second in comparison to existing metaheuristic approaches.

Sparse Coding-Enabled Low-Fluence Multi-Parametric Photoacoustic Microscopy.

Uniquely capable of simultaneous imaging of the hemoglobin concentration, blood oxygenation, and flow speed at the microvascular level in vivo, multi-parametric photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) has shown considerable impact in biomedicine. However, the multi-parametric PAM acquisition requires dense sampling and thus a high laser pulse repetition rate (up to MHz), which sets a strict limit on the applicable pulse energy due to safety considerations. A similar limitation is shared by high-speed PAM, which also uses lasers with high pulse repetition rates. To achieve high quantitative accuracy besides good structural visualization at low levels of laser fluence in PAM, we have developed a new, sparse coding-based two-step denoising technique. In the setting of intravital brain imaging, we demonstrated that this unsupervised learning approach enabled the reduction of the laser fluence in PAM by 5 times without compromise of the image quality (structural similarity index measure or SSIM: >0.92) and the quantitative accuracy (errors: <4.9%). Offering a significant relaxation in the requirement of PAM on laser fluence while maintaining the quality of structural imaging and accuracy of quantitative measurements, this sparse coding-based approach is expected to facilitate the application and clinical translation of multi-parametric PAM and high-speed PAM, which have a tight photon budget due to either safety considerations or laser source limitations.

THE SCIENTIFIC STYLE AS AN OBJECT OF LINGUISTIC RESEARCH IN ENGLISH

The Article explains in detail about genres and stylistic features of the scientific style of the English language. The key and theoretical foundations on the concept of scientific style of the English language are outlined as followed: • A detailed analysis of the features of the Scientific style. • The criteria on how the differences are carried out. The article analyzes the linguistic scientist and defines leading additional linguistic stylist factors of the scientific study. This proved the scientific styles is a complete language formation, it was historically formed, it has a socially conscious type of language with a united grammatical structure based of the principle of logic, contains meaningful messages, a single structural grammatical form, and represents the scientific sphere of the communication. In English (both orally and written), the scientific style characterizes the closeness, informative saturation, hidden emotional, connectivity, logic of construction, various types of lexical, grammatical, logical, stylistic connection and has a certain grammatical instruction. In addition to, the scientific style is inherent in the generalized-abstract nature of the presentation of: the materials, the semantic accuracy and objectivity that determines the choice of meanings for the registration of cognitive information. Which, in turn, are within strict conventional limits. This proves the need to pay special attention to the ways of expressing the scientific style of English, the development of scientific style, and takes into account a number of lexical and grammatical techniques aimed at adhering to the basic principles of scientific discourse.

Thermo-Electrical Behavior of Al2O3 and SiO2 Nanofluids in A Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) Cooling Channel

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) generates electricity through the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen. PEMFC is considered clean technology since the by-products of the reaction are only electricity, water, and heat. Thermal management of PEMFC can be further improved through the adoption of nanofluids as its cooling medium. Nanofluids are fluids that contain suspensions of nanoparticles in their base fluid. Nanofluids have better heat transfer performance as compared to their base fluid due to their significant thermal conductivity improvement. However, unlike any other heat transfer application, there is a strict limit on the electrical conductivity of the nanofluids due to their electrically active environment. Therefore, there is a possible current leakage to the coolant due to the nanofluids’ conductive behavior. In this study, heat transfer performance and current drop of 0.5% Al2O3 and 0.5% SiO2 water were investigated. The nanofluids were forced to flow in a charged channel subjected to a heater pad of 60°C to 70°C to mimic the operating condition of a PEMFC. The performance of each nanofluid was observed and compared to distilled water. The channel temperature was reduced by 43.3 % and 42.7 % by Al2O3 and SiO2 nanofluids, respectively, compared to base fluids at Re 700. In terms of current drop, SiO2 nanofluids have the highest current drop with 2.33 % from the initial current value. It was further justified with the increment in electrical conductivity value of the fluids after the experiment, thus justifying the current leakage hypothesis.

Recycling Past and Present and the New Innovation Challenge for Materials at End-of-Life

Recycling is critical for the drive towards a circular economy and sustainable materials. More than ever, consumers, industries, governments, and academics are looking at end-of-life materials processing with the simultaneous goals of reducing emissions and energy consumption from primary materials production, encouraging sustainable practices, and securing the supply chains of key materials. However, attention on recycling practices and markets has been inconsistent over the years and critical market trends were largely unnoticed up until three years ago. Consequently, when China instituted its import ban on over 20 classes of recycled materials that failed to meet its strict low contamination limit in 2018, widespread and immediate global repercussions were felt throughout the recycling industry, particularly in the United States (U.S.). To understand the magnitude of this most recent market disruption to the U.S. recycling industry, it is instructive to trace recycling’s origins and evolution to identify where the recycling model has succeeded and where there exist opportunities for improvement. In this vein, this assessment gives a brief overview of the historical development of recycling in the U.S., the state of the industry today, and a discussion of specific materials classes where recycling has achieved varying degrees of success. By providing this context, this assessment aims to generate a discussion based on a systems-wide approach and provide examples of intervention strategies that help move communities toward more sustainable materials management.

Impact of Molecule Concentration, Diffusion Rates and Surface Passivation on Single-Molecule Fluorescence Studies in Solution.

For single-molecule studies in solution, very small concentrations of dye-labelled molecules are employed in order to achieve single-molecule sensitivity. In typical studies with confocal microscopes, often concentrations in the pico-molar regime are required. For various applications that make use of single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) or two-color coincidence detection (TCCD), the molecule concentration must be set explicitly to targeted values and furthermore needs to be stable over a period of several hours. As a consequence, specific demands must be imposed on the surface passivation of the cover slides during the measurements. The aim of having only one molecule in the detection volume at the time is not only affected by the absolute molecule concentration, but also by the rate of diffusion. Therefore, we discuss approaches to control and to measure absolute molecule concentrations. Furthermore, we introduce an approach to calculate the probability of chance coincidence events and demonstrate that measurements with challenging smFRET samples require a strict limit of maximal sample concentrations in order to produce meaningful results.

Lightweight rowers' perspectives of living with Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S).

ObjectiveTo compete in lightweight rowing, strict limits are placed on the maximum body weight of each individual. As a result, lightweight rowers commonly restrict calorie intake despite high energy expenditure. This can result in Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S). The aim of this study is to investigate the physical and psychosocial impact of RED-S, from the perspective of lightweight rowers.DesignSemi-structured individual qualitative interviews.ParticipantsAdults living in the United Kingdom who are current or former lightweight rowing participants and experienced ≥1 symptom of RED-S.MethodAudio-recorded semi-structured individual telephone interviews were performed. Data was analysed using an inductive thematic approach, coding was iterative and data-driven, facilitated by NVivo software.ResultsTwelve current or former lightweight rowers (intermediate to international standard, 67% female, aged 19–32 years) participated. Participants restricted calories and increased energy expenditure to elicit weight-loss in order to meet weight requirements. This resulted in psychosocial implications (reduced social interaction, difficulty maintaining relationships, poor emotional regulation, low mood, poor concentration, disordered eating, guilt and anxiety around food, and a negative body image). Some psychosocial implications persisted after retirement from lightweight rowing. Participants described a range of physical implications, including disrupted sleep, decreased performance and recovery, bowel disruption, menstrual dysfunction, fatigue, musculoskeletal pain, injury and weakened immune systems.ConclusionsThis study describes short and long-term physical and psychosocial impacts of RED-S from the perspective of lightweight rowers. Findings highlight the importance of effective RED-S prevention and management strategies for lightweight rowers. These findings may be used to educate health-care professionals, coaches and athletes on the personal impacts and serious health consequences of RED-S.

An integrated environmental risk assessment framework for coal-fired power plants: A fuzzy logic approach.

This study quantifies the environmental risk of a coal-fired thermal power plant during operation by using environmental monitoring data, site surveys, and documented evidence. The following criteria are assessed: emissions (CO, SO2 , NOx , PM10 ), impact on aquatic ecosystem (fish protection at cooling water intake and cooling water discharge temperature), and waste management (fly ash and bottom ash). Fuzzy sets were defined for each criterion, taking environmental regulatory context as an expert judgment. A survey was conducted with multiple stakeholders to determine the relative importance of risk factors. The survey results showed that the most concerned risks are SO2 and NOx emissions. The proposed method estimates the risk of each environmental criterion separately and then accumulates them into an environmental risk index (ERI). Accordingly, we assessed the Catalagzi coal-fired power plant, which has been in operation on the Black Sea coast in northwestern Turkey. For this case study, the ERI resulted in a value of 0.78 (on a scale of 0-1), showing high environmental risk to the facility. Moreover, the applicability of the proposed framework was tested in several existing coal-fired power plants using simultaneous measurements. All studied coal-fired power plants in Turkey have unacceptable pollutants (PM10 , SO2 , and NOx ) concentration levels indicating high health risk potential. The application of the integrated environmental risk assessment framework showed that new environmental regulations are needed in Turkey to specify more strict emission limits and to monitor CO2 , fine particulate matter emissions, cooling water discharge, and fish protection at cooling water intake.

Effect Of Chemicals On The Formation Of Tar Balls From Overboard Water Discharges An Analysis Of Environmental View

The ratio of produced water to produced hydrocarbons increases over the lifetime of an oil well. It is common that oil well production fl uids in the old reservoirs are eventually composed of 90% or more of water and only 10% or less of hydrocarbons. After the initial separation of the bulk produced fl uids, the produced water still contains fi nely dispersed solids and hydrocarbons. It must either be re-injected underground or discharged to surface waters, such as oceans. Strict overboard discharge limits are set by the government regulation. The oil content of overboard water is limited by the Ministry of Environment to be less than 50 mg/L. Various chemicals have been developed as proprietary chemical separation aids to effect and accelerate the separation of oil, water, and solids from each other. These chemicals are commonly referred to as de-emulsifi ers and water clarifi ers. Other chemicals, for example corrosion inhibitors, have properties that are contradictory to de-emulsifi er and clarifi er. These non-separation aid chemicals will absolutely affect the fl uid (oil and water) separation. In the last couple of years, there were problems with the tar balls and chocolate mousse found in the coastal regions of Indonesia, such as at Pulau Seribu and Eastern Coast of Kalimantan. Although these tar balls do not frequently happen, these problems have given nuisance to the surrounding communities especially the fi shermen. This paper is intended to give an analysis of environmental view of the possible factors that might contribute to the formation of tar balls and chocolate mousse from the overboard water discharges from the old oil fi elds.

Discovery of non-equilibrium ionization plasma associated with the North Polar Spur and Loop I

ABSTRACT We investigated the detailed plasma condition of the North Polar Spur (NPS)/Loop I using archival Suzaku data. In previous research, collisional ionization equilibrium (CIE) have been assumed for X-ray plasma state, but we also assume non-equilibrium ionization (NEI) to check the plasma condition in more detail. We found that most of the plasma in the NPS/Loop I favors the state of NEI, and has the density-weighted ionization timescale of net ∼ 1011–12 s cm−3 and the electron number density ne ∼ a few × 10−3 cm−3. The plasma shock age, t, or the time elapsed after the shock front passed through the plasma, is estimated to be on the order of a few $\rm {Myr}$ for the NPS/Loop I, which puts a strict lower limit to the age of the whole NPS/Loop I structure. We found that NEI results in significantly higher temperature and lower emission measure than those currently derived under CIE assumption. The electron temperature under NEI is estimated to be as high as 0.5 keV toward the brightest X-ray NPS ridge at Δθ = −20○, which decreases to 0.3 keV at −10○, and again increases to ∼0.6 keV towards the outer edge of Loop I at Δθ ∼ 0○, about twice the currently estimated temperatures. Here, Δθ is the angular distance from the outer edge of Loop I. We discuss the implication of introducing NEI for the research in plasma states in astrophysical phenomena.

Tipologi Pandangan Ulama tentang Munasabah Al-Qur’an

The issue of munasabah al-Qur'an provokes debate among scholars. Among them there are those who accept their existence loosely, some are moderate, and some are strict. If these differences of opinion are summarized, they will produce a kind of map or typology of the views of scholars regarding the munasabah of the Qur'an. In general, the views of the scholars regarding munasabah can be mapped into three typologies, first, the type of mutasahhil, namely scholars who apply easy limits and conditions in determining the munasabah of the Qur'an. Second, the mutasaddid type, namely the ulama who set very strict limits and conditions for the munasabah of the Qur'an. According to them, the Qur'an was revealed in stages over a span of about twenty-three years, in a variety of events and occurrences. The issues and themes discussed were different, and addressed to heterogeneous communities and interlocutors. Thus, munāsabah can only be accepted if the connection occurs in the same matter where the beginning is related to the ending. Meanwhile, if it occurs because of different events, then it is included in a forced case. Third, the type of mutawassit, namely scholars who are moderate in viewing the munasabah of the Qur'an, are not too strict and not too loose. This type is the middle between the first type and the second type. Not forcing munasabah in parts that are considered vague as the second type, and also not denying the passages that are clearly related in terms of the first type.

Language of Violence in Social Media: A Linguistic Cognitive Study

Language is not a fixed structure, but a changeable group whose contents the violence. First, we do not choose our native language. Second, we do not choose the concepts prevailing in our culture. However, we have neither the capacity nor the choice to escape the power of language. This research presumes the existence of the phenomenon of language violence in dialogue with the other, in dialogue with oneself, as well as hidden violence in language. It also presumes that this phenomenon has cognitive dimensions through which violence structures are built into general concepts, which are feared to be physically realized in reality. What arises within the language may be processed within the language before it appears in reality. This study examines the cognitive dimensions of language violence and its recent manifestations of social networking by analyzing selected models of social media by taking advantage of cognitive linguistic data to figure out the cognitive images of language violence used by social media dialogists/interlocutors. In other words, it is an attempt to reveal how words and compositions are used as a weapon by which the speaker attacks the dialogist. This study does not abide by strict time limits but adheres to the study of the phenomenon in models of expressions currently used on social media. On the other hand, it discusses the roots of violence in models of expressions in the Arab heritage in the past. All these contexts are in peace, not war.