Strict Laws Research Articles

Workplace violence in the healthcare setting and its psychological impact on healthcare workers

ABSTRACT Background: Workplace violence (WPV) among healthcare workers (HCWs) poses a significant burden globally. Various studies have estimated the prevalence and characteristics of WPV, but few have assessed the impact in terms of the mental health of HCWs in the aftermath. Aim: To study the prevalence of WPV and its psychological impact on HCWs. In addition, we aimed to suggest strategies that can be implemented to prevent the overpowering burden of WPV. Materials and Methods: We used a standardized questionnaire developed by the International Labor Office to assess WPV, General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) to assess psychological distress, and a self-reported sleep quality scoring. Results: The study included 268 participants among which 43.7% reported having experienced WPV in the last 12 months, with 42.5% reporting verbal violence and 3.4% reporting physical violence incidents. Working in emergency services showed a significant association with experiencing verbal violence. There is also an underreporting of incidents of WPV. Among the psychological parameters, distress is significantly higher for both verbal and physical violence, and participants who faced physical violence had significantly lower sleep quality. Prevention strategies including adequate patient counseling, better communication, improved security, and stricter laws can be implemented to reduce violence. Conclusion: WPV in healthcare is very common in India with not only high prevalence rates but also a significant psychological burden. There is a need to develop better laws and implement policies to ensure a safe and healthy workplace for HCWs.

دور نظام مكافحة الجرائم المعلوماتية في المملكة العربية السعودية في تنظيم أخلاقيات الإعلام الرقمي

The research aimed to identify the role of the cybercrime combating system in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the level of regulation of digital media ethics, and to reveal the relationship between the role of the cybercrime combating system and the regulation of digital media ethics in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The research community consisted of media professionals and activists working on digital media platforms in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The research sample included (94). The researcher used the analytical approach as a study method and used it as a study tool. The research reached a number of results, the most important of which were: The general average for the first axis: the cybercrime combating system came with a (high) response degree, and the general average for the second axis: regulating digital media ethics came with a (medium) response degree, and there is a positive correlation with statistical significance between the role of the cybercrime combating system and regulating digital media ethics in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The research recommended many recommendations, the most important of which were: establishing strict legislation and laws to combat cybercrime, and clearly declaring digital media ethics.

How Renewable Energy, Environmental Policy Stringency, Trade Diversification Index, Impact Environmental Sustainability in G‐7 Nations

ABSTRACTEcological sustainability requires an understanding of the importance of natural resources (NAT), trade diversification (TRD), and the environment. We can develop methods to reduce the damaging environmental effects in developed and developing economies while promoting sustainable economic models. Therefore, this work analyzes the impact of TRD, NAT, renewable energy (RE), environmental stringent policy (EPS), and GDP on the load capacity factor (LCF) of G‐7 countries. For this purpose, the annual data of 1995–2022 is analyzed. The results of Method of Moments Quantile Regression (MMQR) show that NAT, RE, and TRD index are enhancing environmental quality, whereas EPS and GDP are harmful for the environment. MMQR is used to get coefficient values. On the other hand, TRD, the use of RE, and strict environmental laws lower the bad consequences of industrialization in the G‐7 countries. Evidently, whereas the influence of EPS is waning on the quantiles of LCF, the impact of TRD is rising. To verify the impacts of EPS on LCF, this work performs wavelet analysis on country specific data, and it is validated that EPS is arming the environmental quality. Policymakers should also impose strict measures gradually, giving firms time to adjust. This shift can be facilitated by offering green technology financial support and subsidies. The work offers practical solutions for maintaining the G‐7 region's environmental quality.

Strategies to Improve Entertainment Tax Compliance

This study discusses strategies for improving entertainment tax compliance at UPT Region VI Bapenda Medan City, which is an important part of the Regional Original Income (PAD). This study identifies the low level of entertainment tax compliance in Indonesia, which only reached 62% nationally and 55% in Medan City in 2022. Factors influencing non-compliance include weak supervision, low taxpayer awareness, and the complexity of tax mechanisms. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, this study explores the impact of non-compliance and proposes a compliance model-based strategy that includes four levels: (1) "willing to do the right thing", (2) "try to, but don't" t always succeed", (3) "don't want to comply", and (4) "have decided not to comply". The proposed strategy includes improving services, education, and strict law enforcement. The results of the study indicate that a comprehensive approach that combines persuasive, educational, and repressive elements can create a fairer and more transparent tax system, as well as encouraging taxpayers' awareness of the importance of their contribution to regional development.

A review of state of "Abortion in Sri Lanka" in contemporary discussions

Safe abortion is a controversial discourse in contemporary society. In many countries, including Sri Lanka, induced abortions are considered criminal acts. Due to these strict laws, individuals often resort to unsafe methods for abortions, posing significant life risks. Various organizations including governmental, non-governmental, international and grassroot entities advocate for the liberalization of these stringent abortion laws to ensure safe access while stressing the importance of women’s bodily autonomy. Despite the critical nature of this issue, there are only a few studies in Sri Lanka focusing on safe abortions and abortion laws. These existing studies primarily examine the community’s perspective and are based on social and cultural determinants. However, they do not sufficiently address the role and the impact made by the abortion-related laws in Sri Lanka, which creates a significant research gap. This study intends to bridge the identified research gap in the context of safe abortion legislation in Sri Lanka. This review synthesizes previously conducted studies on abortion at both global and national levels. The main objective of this review is to explore the role of the law related to safe abortion in Sri Lanka, when accessing safe abortion, employing a feminist legal theory framework.

Preserving the Past, Embracing the Future: Co-Design Strategies for Achieving Harmony Between Heritage Sites and Accessibility Needs

Canada’s heritage sites, while fewer in number compared to Europe, face significant challenges in accessibility due to strict preservation laws. Many were built before social inclusion became a priority, making them difficult to navigate for individuals with disabilities. For example, cobbled streets with uneven surfaces or significant level differences create obstacles for wheelchair users and others with mobility challenges. This qualitative action research aimed to develop guidelines for shared street designs and innovative solutions that balance heritage preservation with inclusive accessibility. The study involved go along interviews with 21 participants with disabilities in Quebec City’s Petit-Champlain and Place-Royale areas, as well as the Old-Seminary. Insights from these interviews informed a co-design methodology involving three sessions with participants with disabilities, family caregivers, and experts in accessibility and heritage. The co-design sessions generated practical solutions such as lift platforms, accessible signage, and guided handrails, addressing both outdoor and indoor accessibility barriers. For indoor spaces, solutions included integrating acoustic panels and foldable seating, while outdoor recommendations emphasized autonomous access solutions like non-slip coatings and accessible elevators for winter conditions. It was concluded that achieving a balance between preservation and accessibility requires collaboration among architects, designers, heritage experts, and individuals with disabilities. This research highlights the importance of co-design as a method to ensure heritage sites remain culturally significant and universally accessible.

The U.S TikTok Case – Will A Unified Federal Data Protection Laws and Apt Stewardship from TikTok resolve the issues?

By means of literature research and comparative research, this paper seeks to look at governments emphasis on data protection, and the tough laws formulated to protectits citizens and how social media platforms are playing their stewardship rolein ensuring data owners (users) are protected. The paper explores how seriously governments take data protection and the strict laws they have in place to protect their citizens, as well as the guardianship role social media platforms play in ensuring data owners (users) are protected. At the same time, this article also discusses the alternative of TikTok proposed by the United States to deal with concerns about the security of citizens' data. This paper seeks to look at alternatives to the US proposal of the ownership of TikTok due to fear of data security of its citizens. It is a fine case to study personal data protection policies and what social media platform providers are doing to ensure they meet the growing tough data protection laws of governments around the world. B In this article, our data stewards will be the social media platforms and the owners will be users of those platforms and governments of those individuals. It is particularly important to know about these two because of the growing concerns about data security and privacy; and the risk it poses to individuals and organizations; and nations. Countries are coming out with tougher laws and social media platforms have already paid billions in fines because these two items were not professionally managed. Meta, TikTok and X (formerly Twitter) have been fined over $3 billion for General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) violations in 2023 1 .

Where Are You From?

In the middle of the African diaspora, identities relativise, and the notion of belonging takes another tone. What was concrete in these terms in the home country becomes abstract in the foreign land; however, caution! Either stereotypes or history of fact holds. The question “Where are you from?” translates in the home country in terms of ethnic differences takes the form of country belonging when asked in a foreign land. It embraces the idea of recognition, belonging and remembrance. Out of a banal and unconscious habitus, the land becomes the most robust expression of identity, which Merga Yonas Bula (2023) resumed in terms of “nationality-based collective identity” and “ethnonational-based collective identity”, which, of course, can either be any of these or both; out of which burnt the need of identity recognition and acceptance. Social media platforms have become the drum of identity construction and transmission, simultaneously expressing fragmentation and participation. They have strengthened identity bonds for the African diaspora and have been used as advocacy platforms for social justice and as a safe space for discussing issues perceived as controversial. As Berna (2020) notes, social media provides an “immediacy of connection” across geographic and political borders. These social media bolster the visibility of the African community by bringing together both the diaspora and the nationals through diaspora advocacy pledges, change narratives, identity construction through African diaspora cultural events, and spotlighting their contributions in Germany. These platforms have created new public spheres, opportunities for social groupings and avenues for organising protests for the African communities in Germany. Yet, a major barrier appears to be coming to terms with the overall effects of these digital interactions. In contrast to the United States, where demographic breakdowns specific to social media usage are routinely collected, Germany’s strict data protection laws and lack of political will to collect disaggregated demographic information impose significant barriers to measuring and understanding diaspora social media engagement. This data gap hampers research efforts and limits the development of targeted policies for enhancing digital inclusion and representation of diaspora communities.

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DEATH PENALTY AGAINST NARCOTICS TRAFFICKERS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF CRIMINAL LAW IN INDONESIA AND THAILAND

Drug trafficking is a global threat that damages social order and public health, including in Indonesia and Thailand. The enforcement of criminal procedural law is the main instrument in combating drug traffickers, but it often clashes with human rights principles. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the application of the death penalty against drug traffickers in both countries from a criminal law perspective. This research uses a qualitative method with a comparative approach, analyzing legal regulations, enforcement policies, and their impact on human rights in Indonesia and Thailand. The results show that although both countries have strict laws to deal with drug traffickers, their implementation faces serious challenges, such as violations of legal procedures, torture practices, and the imposition of the death penalty that triggered international criticism. In Indonesia, despite legal reform efforts, implementation of human rights remains weak, while Thailand adopts a repressive approach that often ignores the principles of justice. In conclusion, the effectiveness of criminal procedure law enforcement against drug traffickers in both countries still needs to be improved to align with human rights principles. This research recommends human rights-based legal reform and strengthening oversight mechanisms in the criminal justice process.

Legal Reform and Strengthening of The Financial Services Authority (OJK): Protecting Investors From Insider Trading in Indonesia

This study aims to analyze and critique the legal protections for investors against insider trading practices in Indonesia’s capital market, while highlighting the importance of strengthening the Financial Services Authority (OJK) in ensuring legal justice for investors. Utilizing a normative juridical method, this study employs various approaches, including the statute approach and the conceptual approach. The findings of this study reveal that the regulation of protection against insider trading in Indonesia's capital market remains inadequate due to legal gaps in the Capital Market Law, which has not comprehensively addressed issues, particularly regarding secondary tippees. Thus, a revision of the Capital Market Law is necessary to address these legal gaps by adopting the theory of abuse and regulating secondary tippees. Consistent and strict law enforcement must be enhanced. Furthermore, strengthening the capacity of the OJK is essential, including the use of technologies such as big data analysis and artificial intelligence to detect transaction anomalies more effectively. In addition to strengthening the internal capabilities of the institution, cooperation with other parties, such as law enforcement agencies and international bodies, is also crucial

Analisis Akibat Hukum Terhadap Kelalaian Pilot Dalam Menjaga Keselamatan Penerbangan (Kasus Pesawat Batik Air Tahun 2024)

Flight safety is a cornerstone of the aviation industry, heavily reliant on the professionalism and vigilance of pilots. This study examines the legal consequences of pilot negligence in maintaining flight safety, focusing on a case involving a fatigued Batik Air pilot. Employing a normative juridical approach, this research analyzes relevant legal frameworks, including Indonesia’s Law No. 1 of 2009 on Aviation, Civil Aviation Safety Regulations (CASR), International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Annex 13, and related legal instruments. The findings reveal that negligence resulting from fatigue constitutes a severe violation of safety standards, breaching the duty of care expected in aviation operations. Such negligence may attract various legal repercussions, ranging from administrative sanctions, such as license revocation, to criminal charges as stipulated under Artt. 411 and 412 of Law No. 1 of 2009. Additionally, airlines may face civil liabilities for compensating passengers for damages incurred. The study also highlights the legal obligation of airlines to ensure the physical and mental fitness of pilots through stringent monitoring of work schedules and regular health evaluations. This paper concludes that strict law enforcement and the establishment of a robust safety culture within the aviation industry are essential to mitigating risks associated with human factors, particularly pilot negligence.

Bargibant’s pygmy seahorse Hippocampus bargibanti in Taiwan Bank: hidden biodiversity of Taiwan Strait

During a scientific expedition in the Taiwan Bank in the southern Taiwan Strait in 2021, five pygmy seahorses, measuring between 18.1 mm and 28.3 mm in standard length, were inadvertently collected along with Muricella sea fans. Morphometric measurements of these pygmy seahorse specimens coincided with the previous data on H. bargibanti, but they had a proportionally greater head depth and snout length. Genetically, DNA marker analysis of partial mitochondrial COI sequences confirmed that our specimens belonged to the same lineage as H. bargibanti, with a p-distance of 0.54% among populations. This discovery enhances our knowledge of the limited biodiversity in the Taiwan Bank, which includes a complex geomorphology of both reef banks and sandy substrates, and highlights the importance of strict laws prohibiting fishing with inadequate gear, invasive or illegal fishing, and sand dredging to protect unexplored coral reef biodiversity in the area.

Dampak dan Regulasi Fintech terhadap Inklusi Keuangan di Indonesia

The financial technology (fintech) industry in Indonesia has grown rapidly in recent years, having a significant impact on financial inclusion in the country. Fintech provides easier and faster access to financial services, especially for segments of society previously marginalized by the traditional banking system. Fintech services such as digital payments, online loans, and technology-based investments have expanded financial reach to communities in remote areas, MSMEs, and individuals with limited access to conventional banking services. However, with the rapid growth of fintech, challenges arise related to regulation and consumer protection. Inadequate regulation can lead to security risks, legal uncertainty, and potential abuse in digital financial services. Therefore, the Indonesian government has implemented various policies to regulate and supervise the fintech industry, such as the establishment of the Financial Services Authority (OJK) and Bank Indonesia (BI) as the main supervisors. This study aims to analyze the impact of fintech developments on financial inclusion in Indonesia and evaluate the effectiveness of existing regulations in protecting consumers and encouraging the growth of the fintech sector. The results of this research show that although fintech has the potential to significantly increase financial inclusion, more comprehensive regulations and strict law enforcement are needed to ensure that the benefits of fintech can be felt evenly and safely by all levels of society.

Mandatory Data Breach Disclosure and Insider Trading

ABSTRACTWe examine whether mandatory data breach disclosure affects insider‐selling behavior and find that selling profits are greater after states require firms to disclose data breaches. The effect is more pronounced for firms with weaker corporate governance, higher cybersecurity risk, and without prior investment in material cyber protection programs. However, insiders profit less when they operate in states with stricter laws and face higher litigation risks. The evidence is consistent with managers personally hedging risks in the capital market when mandatory disclosure laws designed to protect customers are weakly enforced. Laws designed to improve transparency in the product markets may have the unintended effect of reducing the integrity of financial markets. However, insider sales also facilitate the incorporation of bad news in stock prices, making idiosyncratic crashes less likely.

Hydrochemical Characteristics And Heavy Metal Concentrations In Groundwater Around Active Solid Wastes Dumpsites In Rumueme And Elijiji Communities In Rivers State, Nigeria

Levels of Physicochemical and Heavy Metal properties of groundwater and soil samples in parts of Obio/Akpor LGA, Rivers State, were assessed in this study. Heavy Metals were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, The results for groundwater showed maximum mean levels of Lead (0.209±0.281 mg/L), Chromium (1.904±1.542 mg/L) and Nickel (0.185±0.119 mg/L).. Chromium and Lead levels were above standard limits (0.05 mg/L and 0.02 mg/L respectively) in most stations. Plot of the Piper diagram revealed that the groundwater had sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride and mixed water types across the sample stations, while the Durov diagram suggested that ion dissolution and mixing/uncommon dissolution processes governed the groundwater types. The study recommends that regular monitoring of activities around dump sites should be done routinely and strict environmental laws governing waste disposal be enacted and enforced

CUSTOMARY LEGAL PROTECTION FOR THE CANCELLATION OF NGADET CEREMONY FOR DAYAK KENYAH COUPLE

This study explores the Ngadet ceremony, a traditional wedding practice of the Dayak Kenyah community in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, symbolizing the union of two families through sacred customary rituals. Governed by strict customary laws, Ngadet incorporates symbolic elements such as tajau (jars), baing (traditional beads), lekok (traditional rings), uleng udeng (headgear), gongs, iron chains, seraung (traditional hats), and pat uwai (woven mats), each carrying deep cultural significance. The study adopts a socio-legal approach, focusing on the social and legal dimensions of Ngadet, including its stages, requirements, and the legal protections afforded to parties affected by its cancellation. Primary data were obtained through a direct interview conducted via WhatsApp with Mr. Yakub Ngau, the Customary Head of the Dayak Kenyah community in Makmur Jaya Village as a key informant. He provided accurate and detailed insights into the Ngadet tradition and the sanctions imposed in cases of cancellations. The findings reveal the Ngadet ceremony of the Dayak Kenyah Lepo’ Jalan tribe comprises three stages: pre-Ngadet (Mateb), involving preparations and offerings, the ceremony with symbolic rituals like processions, dances, and sacred items, and post-Ngadet, where the couple prepares for a church wedding to validate the marriage. Customary law imposes strict sanctions, including a Rp5,000,000 fine for cancellations, protecting women and reinforcing commitment through discussions, notifications, and mediation. In conclusion, the Ngadet ceremony, embodies unity, cultural heritage, and ancestral values. Governed by strict customary laws, it reinforces commitment and protects individuals through sanctions, ensuring the preservation of tradition.

LEGAL PROTECTION OF OWNERSHIP OF PROPERTY RIGHTS CERTIFICATES IN FORESTRY CULTIVATION AREAS

The background of this study examines the overlapping authority in determining forest areas and its implications for the legal protection of ownership of Land Ownership Certificates (SHM). This study found that overlapping authority occurred due to the absence of confirmation of forest area boundaries and systematic spatial planning, thus triggering conflict between communities that own SHM and forestry policies. The state has an obligation to protect community rights, including land rights as evidenced by SHM. The purpose of the study is to answer two things, first, to find out clarity about the factors that cause overlapping in determining forest areas in the Forestry Law, by analyzing the problems that arise from existing provisions. Second, the study looks at the form of legal protection provided by the state to the community in dealing with the problem of overlapping determination of forest areas in Kutai Kartanegara Regency. The type of this research is sociological legal research or Sociolegal studies. The research was conducted in the East Kalimantan Province, (East Kalimantan Province Environmental and Forestry Service, and the East Kalimantan Province Agrarian Spatial Planning Office/National Land Agency). The focus of this research was conducted in Sepati Village, Anggana District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency. This research will use selected respondents (purposive sampling) within the Kutai Kartanegara Regency in the area around the forestry cultivation area, namely Village Heads and Community Leaders. Specifically for respondents, researchers will conduct an interview process (deep-interview) including the use of snow-ball techniques with respondents who have a structured information network. The results of this study conclude that resolving overlapping authorities requires a comprehensive approach involving all related parties. The steps taken are comprehensive spatial planning, land dispute resolution, confirmation of forest area boundaries, strict law enforcement, strengthening institutions and non-litigation resolution.

IDEAL REGULATIONS OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AGAINST MEDICAL MALPRACTICE (MEDICAL PRACTICE) TRADITIONAL HEALTH WORKERS

Traditional health services in Indonesia play an important role in maintaining public health, but the increasing cases of malpractice in this practice can endanger patient safety. The main challenges are the lack of supervision and the lack of legality that exacerbate the potential for malpractice. Therefore, strict legal protection is needed to ensure that traditional medicine is safe, effective, and meets standards, as well as to protect patients and traditional health workers. This study uses a normative legal method with a legislative, conceptual, and case study approach. Data were collected through literature studies and analyzed descriptively to understand the legal protection for patients of traditional health services. This study proposes strengthening supervision of traditional health practices through the establishment of a Traditional Health Worker Supervisory Board and non-litigation dispute resolution mechanisms such as mediation or arbitration. In addition, strict law enforcement against malpractice through administrative, civil, and criminal law will increase the accountability of traditional health workers, improve the quality of services, and provide a sense of justice for patients. Thus, it is hoped that a balance will be created between preserving tradition and effective legal protection to create a safe and fair health system in Indonesia.

Epidemiology of quid usage and its possible association with the occurrence of oral mucosal lesions.

Chewing tobacco consumption has become a major public health issue in India. The incidence of oral cancer is increasing in India, especially among young adults. The objective of this study was to ascertain the prevalence of chewing tobacco consumption and its association with theoccurrence of oral mucosal lesions. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1,209 patients who reported to the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology at Vyas Dental College, Jodhpur. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on patients' personal information such as demographic details, tobacco use, and other adverse habits. A single calibrated investigator performed a clinical examination of lesions on the oral mucosa, and the diagnosis was further validated. The majority of the participants were men (81.8%) in the age range of 26-35 years. A habit of chewing a combination of tobacco and areca nut (48.2%) was more prevalent. More than 36% of the participants consumed tobacco in a processed form (90%), at least four times a day. It was observed was 25% of the participants were suffering from tobacco pouch keratosis. Chewing tobacco was significantly associated with the development of oral mucosal lesions, particularly among men and those belonging to lower socio-economic groups. Along with targeted public health interventions on tobacco cessation, it is essential to change the cultural norms associated with the habit of chewing tobacco and implement strict chewing tobacco control laws in the community and workplaces.

Penegakan Hukum terhadap Pelaku Tindak Pidana Persetubuhan yang Dilakukan oleh Anak

Law enforcement against perpetrators of sexual intercourse committed by children is a complex issue that requires a balance between aspects of justice, protection, and rehabilitation. Children as perpetrators of criminal acts are in a unique position because of their status as legally and psychologically immature individuals. This study aims to analyze the law enforcement process against children involved in sexual intercourse, including the application of sanctions that are in line with the principles of restorative justice and the protection of children's rights. The research method used is normative juridical with a legal approach and case studies. The results of the study show that the juvenile criminal justice system in Indonesia refers to Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System, which emphasizes a diversion approach and non-criminal efforts in resolving children's cases. However, there are obstacles in implementation due to limited resources, understanding of law enforcement, and social stigma attached to child perpetrators. This study recommends increasing training for law enforcement, strengthening psychological assistance mechanisms, and developing comprehensive rehabilitation programs. Thus, law enforcement against children who commit sexual intercourse crimes must consider the balance between strict law enforcement and the protection of children's rights, so that the goals of social reintegration and rehabilitation can be achieved optimally.