Strict Law Enforcement Research Articles

Effectiveness of Environmental Law Implementation: Compliance and Enforcement

Environmental permits or approvals as part of environmental law enforcement have a strategic role as instruments for preventing environmental pollution and damage. To determine the effectiveness of environmental law enforcement, it is necessary to measure the extent to which legal regulations are complied with or not complied with. This study aims to determine the level of compliance of business actors/activities in environmental management and monitoring based on environmental permit/approval commitments. The research method used is descriptive quantitative research; with type of research is empirical juridical. The research location is focused on the Kebumen Regency, Central Java. The number of samples in this study were 34 business actors from various sectors and were taken using the Herry King Nomogram with an error rate of 10%. Determination of the level of obedience using the scoring of each indicator. There are 17 indicators measured and modified from the Regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry Number 1 of 2021. The study results show the level of obedience of business actors or activities in the Kebumen Regency is dominated by the non-compliant and disobedient category with a percentage of 62% or 21 business actors/activities. The business/activity sectors in the disobedient and disobedient categories include trade, industry, mining, energy, health service facilities and tourism facilities. Business actors in the obedient category own 38% or 13 business actors/activities. The business/activity sectors in the compliant category include health service facilities, industry and energy. The government can determine priority steps in environmental monitoring based on the level of compliance of business actors. Monitoring efforts can then be followed up with strict and sustainable enforcement of environmental law.

Studying the effect of built environment on traffic safety with random parameter and generalized ordered logit models

This work tried to better understand the factors behind severe and fatal injuries in pedestrian and vehicle accidents while giving a special attention to built environment parameters. Statistical models were applied on the traffic accident data reported by the traffic police in the emirate of Abu Dhabi over a period of 5 and a half years, between 2008 and 2013. A review of the literature on traffic accidents and injury levels showed that Random Parameter Logit models are well suited for pedestrian-vehicle accidents, while Generalized Ordered Logit models prove a good fit for vehicle-vehicle accidents. The models were completed using statistical analysis software STATA from Statacorp. The results of the modelling showed that overall pedestrians above 51 were at a higher risk of sustaining severe or fatal injuries, and that driver and pedestrian distraction was number one reason for pedestrian-vehicle accidents with around 64% of the total. Additionally, bad lighting condition was found to be directly correlated with higher injury levels among pedestrians. Meanwhile, it was observed that on motor ways accidents due to distracted driving were more probable than those in one-way streets, and pavements covered with sand had a negative impact on driver distraction. To better understand the driver behaviour among people in Kuwait, an online survey was conducted, and a total of 625 participants most of whom were females (399) completed it. The completed responses were inputted into SPSS, the statistical software from IBM, in order to look for correlations between the responses. The results showed that being a male and being a younger driver is strongly correlated with taking risks, violating traffic rules as well as driving aggressively. Therefore, to improve road safety in Kuwait, it is important to implement concepts similar to those found in the Abu Dhabi Urban Street Design Manual, followed by strict traffic law enforcement. In addition, conducting awareness campaigns at Universities and secondary school is needed to tackle the younger generation who will soon obtain their driving licenses.

THE IMPACT OF TRIPS AGREEMENT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAWS IN INDONESIA

The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of the TRIPs agreement on the development of intellectual property law in Indonesia. In the current era of globalization, the protection of intellectual property rights is related to global-scale trade at the international level. Protection of intellectual property rights becomes an important issue wherein the current era the development of technology, information and communication have developed very rapidly which gave rise to innovations. Therefore, it is necessary to study how the impact regarding the emergence of TRIPs and how the adjustments made by Indonesia so that the WTO/TRIPs Agreement is in accordance with the political dynamics of intellectual property law in Indonesia. This research is a doctrinal legal research based on secondary data. The materials used come from literature studies that focus on the study of intellectual property. Property rights become an important issue in the business world where business actors offering services or a product want to get guaranteed protection of intellectual property rights. One of the developments in intellectual property protection in Indonesia was affected by the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreement (TRIPs Agreement) which was found in the Uruguay Round agreement in the framework of GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade). Indonesia also agreed to the Uruguay round of GATT by adjusting intellectual property laws that have been regulated in TRIPs which marked the opening of provisions regarding TRIPs with in Indonesian legal system. Therefore it becomes Indonesia's obligation to harmonize and synergy exiscing the legal instruments and strict law enforcement in the protection of intellectual property in Indonesia.

ECONOMIC STRAIN ADAPTATION POLICY TO SOLVE CRIMES DURING THE PANDEMIC IN INDONESIA

This article examines the relationship between the national economic strain and crimes in Indonesia during the COVID-19 pandemic. This research is legal-doctrinal writing with a conceptual approach and a case approach. The data collection technique was through a literature study which was analyzed descriptively-qualitatively. The research results show; First, there is a significant relationship between the economic crisis and the high crime rate during the pandemic. The condition illustrates the strain theory, where the strain that occurs in society due to the non-fulfillment of economic needs triggers some of them to commit crimes to achieve their economic goals finally. Second, the economic strain adaptation policy can solve the crimes due to economic strain. The adaptation is to implement preventive measures by strengthening coordination and supervision between institutions providing economic stability and repressive efforts through optimizing strict law enforcement against crime during the pandemic.

Analisis Yuridis Terhadap Pencurian Hasil Kebun Kelapa Sawit Rakyat Setelah Terbitnya Peraturan mahkamah Agung (Perma) No. 2. Tahun 2012

he rise of criminal acts of theft of oil palm plantations is mainly due to law enforcement that is not firm in the sense that it cannot have a deterrent effect on perpetrators of criminal acts. This is because many of the theft cases have a value of less than Rp. 2,500,000, so it is considered a minor crime. This causes people who have lost most of their livelihoods to feel frustrated, causing some people to lose their minds by taking vigilante actions. Based on this, the formulation of the problem in this study: 1) What are the legal rules regarding theft after the issuance of Perma No. 2 of 2012 in Indonesia. 2) How to steal people's oil palm plantations afterithe issuanceiof Perma No. 2 of 2012 in the Legal Area of Hinai Police, Langkat Regency. 3) How to prevent the loss of smallholder oil palm plantations due to theft of plantation produce which is categorized as a minor crime. The research method used is descriptive method, while the data analysis technique uses qualitative. The results of the study show that the legal regulations regarding light theft after the issuance of Perma Number 2 of 2012 in Indonesia are increasingly less strict. This is because the criminal threa in Article 364 of the Criminal Code, which is only 3 months old, means that suspects or defendants of minor crimes cannot be subject to detention, and the examination procedure used is a quick examination procedure. If referring to the provisions in the Criminal Code and Perma No. 2 of 2012 concerning the limits of adjustmen for minor crimes, then the act is categorized as a minor crime However, if the Plantation Law is used, the perpetrator of a crime will be subject to a threat of 4 years in prison. The police as law enforcer basically do not agree with the issuance of Perma No. 2 of 2012. Theft of people's oil palm plantations after the issuance of Perma No. 2 of 2012 in the Legal Territory of the Hinai Police, Langkat Regency, has long been a concern considering the losses caused to oil palm farmers. However, the handling of the perpetrators of the theft of people's garden products tends to be done by mediating, namely seeking so that the victims of theft can get proper compensation for the crops stolen by the perpetrators. The ways that can be done to prevent losses to oil palm plantation farmers due to the theft of their plantation products are: excluding the theft of people's plantation products from minor crimes by implementing the Plantation Law, carrying out strict law enforcement against gardeners who have been harmed by ninja, and urging the farming community to supervise their gardens more by collaborating among farming communities to narrow the space for thieves.

Resep Taiwan Hadapi Covid-19 Sebagai Formula Strategis Meraih Kepentingan Nasional

The handling of COVID-19 in Taiwan is considered the best treatment considering its geographical location and its very close interaction with the origin of the virus, Cina. The author uses a descriptive qualitative method, explaining the occurrence of Covid-19 from its epicenter and its closest area, Taiwan. The author wants to examine the approach taken by Taiwan to contain the number of Covid-19 exposures even though it is close to the initial source of this outbreak while it is under pressure from One China Policy. Taiwan's set of policies demonstrates the combination of democratic transparency and strict law enforcement in order to maintain state stability under national interests and mercantilist protectionism. There are three main steps that Taiwan has taken to deal with the outbreak that can serve as examples of effective policies; Early prevention, Big Data Maximization and Real Government Support.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI KEPATUHAN WAJIB PAJAK KENDARAAN BERMOTOR DI BEKASI

Tax is one source of income for a country. The purpose of this research is to get empirical evidence about the effect of taxpayer awareness, moral obligations, quality of services, tax sanctions, tax understanding and knowledge and tax socialization on vehicle’s taxpayer compliance at Bekasi. The theory used in this research is Attribution Theory and Theory of Planned Behavior. The respondent's criteria used in this study are motor vehicle taxpayers who are registered at the Bekasi SAMSAT and self payments of vehicle’s tax. This research design uses a questionnaire as an instrument. Sampling in this study was conducted as many as 115 motor vehicle’s taxpayers who have passed the criteria. The sampling method used was convenience sampling.
 The results of the analysis and hypothesis testing showed that simultaneously or partially there are 3 variables that affect taxpayer compliance. 1. Taxpayer awareness, The effect of Taxpayer awareness on Taxpayer compliance because the higher the level of awareness of Taxpayers who have understood well how the benefits of paying taxes and the implementation of tax obligations are getting better. 2. Tax sanctions, the effect of tax sanctions is due to strict and consistent enforcement of tax laws in the country with respect to the sanctions given, it will be able to create high compliance because taxpayers have understood well what penalties or sanctions will be obtained if they do not pay their taxes. 3. Socialization of taxation is influential because the tax authorities often carry out tax socialization, taxpayers often see advertisements or explanations about taxation either through print media or the internet and understand the information provided by the tax authorities so that taxpayers increase information or understanding of taxation, so that socialization is carried out carried out by the tax authorities have been effective and on target.

Insights for speed management among Iranian drivers: a social marketing formative research study.

Road traffic crashes are among the leading causes of death and disability in the world, particularly in low and middle-income countries. This study aimed at to conduct a social marketing formative research to inform the development of a campaign to manage driving speed on the intercity roads of Iran. To carry out the social marketing formative research, a qualitative and quantitative study were conducted. Also, a literature review of the speed management strategies was carried out and an analysis of traffic accident data and speeding violations was performed in selected provinces during 2019 and 2020. Based on the findings of the qualitative study, perceived sense of lack of speed control, poor monitoring system, and law enforcement are the main reasons drivers exceed the speed limit. They mostly suggest using punitive levers and more stringent law enforcement practices for speed management. Literature reviews also confirm that to successfully develop an effective speed management plan a set of measures should be implemented together, including road safety engineering, raising awareness, social marketing strategies, and finally strict law enforcement. The overriding findings of the formative research revealed that to persuade Iranian drivers to respect the speed limit, the messages of the campaign should focus on strict law enforcement in the selected corridors. In the minds of the Iranian audience, strict law enforcement is of paramount importance for a speed management strategy to work; hence it should be taken into consideration when tailoring the campaign messages. From the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that to manage speed on intercity routes in Iran, a social marketing campaign is needed to encourage compliance with speed limits.

Child Marriage, Reproductive Outcomes, and Service Utilization among Young Afghan Women: Findings from a Nationally Representative Survey in Afghanistan.

This study explored the prevalence of child marriage and its association with reproductive outcomes and service utilization among young women in Afghanistan. We conducted a secondary analysis of data from the 2015 Afghanistan Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), focusing on women aged 20-24 years old based on the United Nations' recommendation on child marriage study. Multivariate logistic models examined the association between child marriage, reproductive outcomes, and service utilization. An estimated 52% of the Afghan women aged 20-24 married at ages less than 18 years. Poverty and illiteracy were associated with the higher likelihood of early marriage. There was a significant negative relationship between child marriage and history of rapid repeat childbirth, delivery by skilled personnel, and institutional delivery. In both adjusted and unadjusted models, women married at age ≤14 were more likely to experience terminated or unintended pregnancy, inadequate ANC, unmet need for family planning, and fistula; while, for those married at age 15-17 years, only terminated or unintended pregnancy remained significant. Strict international law enforcement and advocacy are needed in the current situation of Afghanistan to increase young women's education, promote their civil rights, and improve their autonomy and role in decision-making concerning their fertility preferences and reproductive health.

Multidrug resistant Salmonella species isolated from fufu grinding machines in Ghana

Multidrug resistant Salmonella infection has become one of the most dangerous health concerns in Sub-Saharan Africa. Most previous research shows that food and water are the sources of the human Salmonella infection in Ghana. This article examines Salmonella contamination of fufu, a thick paste prepared from pounded boiled tubers, traditionally prepared using pestle and mortar, a common food in West and Central Africa. The fufu grinding machine, a new technology for grinding fufu, is gaining root in many parts of Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in the urban areas where most people are inclined to use machines to minimize drudgery, leaving behind the traditional way which involves the use of a wooden mortar and pestle. To investigate the sources of these contaminations, 100 samples were collected from 50 randomly sampled fufu grinding machines in the Tamale Metropolis to examine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella species. Fufu samples (SA) and fufu wash-out samples (SB) were collected from each grinding machine as described in ISO 6579:2002 protocol for the detection of Salmonella in food. Of the total 100 samples, 27% were confirmed Salmonella positive, of which 16 were fufu samples while 11 were fufu wash-out samples. Forty-eight percent (48%) of the 50 machines were contaminated with Salmonella. Contamination of wooden machines (85.7%) was higher as compared with the metallic machines (41.9%). The resistance levels of the isolates to the various antibiotics used were as follows: gentamicin (7.1%), nitrofurantoin (18.5%), ciprofloxacin (22.2%), erythromycin (81.5%), ceftazidime (85.2%) and ceftriaxone (88.9%). More of the isolates were resistant to three or more antibiotics (81.5% multidrug resistance). From this research, it can be concluded that there is high prevalence of Salmonella isolated from fufu grinding machines in the Tamale metropolis. Measures must be taken by the regulatory authorities to ensure that fufu prepared in grinding machines is safer. Also, awareness creation on antibiotic resistance and strict enforcement of laws on self-prescriptions of drugs would help avert multidrug resistance. Key words: Fufu, fufu machine, Salmonella, antibiotic resistance, Tamale-Ghana

STRATEGI BADAN NARKOTIKA NASIONAL DALAM PENANGGULANGAN NARKOTIKA DI MASA PANDEMI COVID-19 DI INDONESIA

A survey in Indonesia shows that the range of 2018-2021 from before the COVID-19 pandemic to after the Covid-19 pandemic, narcotics cases increased significantly. The purpose of this study is to analyze the Strategy of the National Narcotics Agency in Preventing Narcotics During the Covid-19 Pandemic in Indonesia. This research uses qualitative and descriptive methods. Sources of data obtained through journals, twitter and websites. The data analysis technique uses Nvivo 12 plus analysis through chart features, twitter sociogram, website. The results showed that the BNN RI strategy in preventing narcotics during the COVID-19 pandemic was through three strategic steps, namely the Soft Power Approach (in the form of prevention activities, community empowerment, rehabilitation and post-rehabilitation so that people have self-defense and deterrence against narcotics abuse), Hard Power Approach (by focusing on strict and measurable law enforcement aspects in dealing with narcotics syndicates) and Smart Power Approach (using information technology in the digital era in efforts to combat narcotics). This strategy is used for sustainable development in the health, economic and social fields of Indonesian society in preventing narcotics crime.

Perceived domains that could improve helmet wearing behaviour in two-wheeler riders: a cross sectional study among internet users residing in Tamil Nadu

Background: Road traffic accidents are major cause of morbidity and mortality. Correct helmet use can reduce fatal injuries of head and neck and death. The purpose of the study is to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice towards helmet wearing and to assess the barriers and facilitators of helmet wearing practice among internet users.Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was carried out among Internet users who rode motorcycle between August 1, 2020 to October 1, 2020. A pretested semi-structured online questionnaire was used to collect data for the study. The collected data was entered into Microsoft Excel Version 2019 and was analysed using SPSS version 26.Results: 29.9% had poor knowledge regarding helmets followed by 64.5% with moderate knowledge. 5.6% had good knowledge. With regard to attitude, only 5.5% had poor attitude while 66.4% and 27.9% had moderate and good attitude, respectively. Domains perceived by the participants influencing the helmet wearing behaviour included comfort (52.2%), legislative measures (38.5%), awareness (34.4%), design and quality of helmet (27.4%), cosmetic disadvantage (17.1%) and infrastructure (16.7%).Conclusions: Improving the knowledge and attitude among the participants would aid in promoting helmet wearing behaviour. Improving the comfortability while wearing helmet, more strict enforcement of laws for helmet wearing along with increasing the severity of them and increasing awareness through various means were the three most listed domains that could improve helmet wearing among two-wheeler riders.

Emission Reduction Benefits and Economic Benefits of China's Pilot Policy on Carbon Emission Trading System.

As a market means to control nongreen behaviors of firms, the most expected incentive effect of the carbon emission trading system (CETS) is to achieve the dual economic and environmental effects. As a typical developing country, whether China's CETS has a positive incentive effect is significant to controlling greenhouse gas. Based on the quasinatural experiment of China's pilot policy on CETS in 2013, this study investigates its emission reduction and economic benefits using the difference-in-difference (DID) method. Then, the realization mechanism of CETS's incentive benefits is reversely studied with the idea that goals generate behavior. The results show that the following: (a) China's CETS has produced positive incentive effects of promoting both economic and emission reduction benefits. Furthermore, the results are still valid after using the instrumental variable to overcome the endogenous problem, placebo tests to eliminate sampling bias, and a series of robustness tests. (b) Further analysis shows that firms can choose to improve technology innovation and energy efficiency to get the positive incentive effects of CETS. (c) The incentive effects of CETS also have regional heterogeneity. The emission reduction and economic benefits are greater in provinces with deficient resource endowments and strict environmental law enforcement.

중국 해상교통안전법의 국제법적 쟁점에 관한 고찰

On April 29, 2021, People's Republic of China(hereinafter, China) had promulgated revised Maritime Traffic Safety Law(hereinafter, MTSL) and took effect on September 1. It aims to reflect recent maritime traffic conditions and strengthen China’s maritime sovereignty. MTSL and Coast Guard Law(hereinafter, CGL) serve as a dual major legal framework to protect China’s maritime jurisdiction and national interests at sea, especially in East and South China Sea. However some provisions in revised MTSL are inconsistent with international law. For examle, ambiguous jurisdictional maritime zone, obligatory reporting system hampering the right of innocent passage and improper applications to sovereign immunity vessels such as foreign warships, non-commercial government ships. If China conducts strict law enforcement in accordance with MTSL in disputed maritime zone, South China Sea, it is highly likely to occur conflicts with foreign ships and could turn into diplomatic dispute. Such provisions are in line with similar provisons in CGL, not in conformity with international law, which is raising concerns in neighboring countries and the international community. This paper examines international legal issues in China’s MTSL comparatively and draws implications after law enforcement, and then argued the necessity to prepare countermeasures for future conflict situations with China in maritime traffic section.

Analyzing COVID-19's impact on the travel mobility of various social groups in China's Greater Bay Area via mobile phone big data.

The COVID-19 outbreak has significantly impacted people’s mobility in terms of travel, which is directly related to regional economic vitality and individuals’ well-being. This study conducted research on the COVID-19 epidemic’s impact on travel mobility in China’s Greater Bay Area, utilizing mobile phone big data. The overall influence of COVID-19 was measured by investigating the impact between different income and migration groups in three core cities: Shenzhen, Guangzhou, and Foshan. Individuals’ weekly activity space area and travel frequency were calculated, and the average values between the different cities and various social groups were compared. The results showed that travel mobility declined during the epidemic’s peak, followed by a recovery based on the overall trend. The start and end of strict law enforcement had a significant impact on the initial decline and subsequent recovery of travel mobility in the core cities. COVID-19 had a larger impact on core cities than peripheral areas, and on non-commute travel frequency, compared to commute travel frequency. Compared to advantaged groups, socially disadvantaged groups experienced a steeper decline in travel mobility during the epidemic’s peak, but a more significant recovery afterwards. These findings indicate that discretionary activities have not yet recovered and remain below the pre-epidemic level, and that disadvantaged social groups had limited access to superior precautionary measures for avoiding infection. Based on the findings, we provide several policy suggestions regarding the recovery of travel mobility.

Evolving Dimension of Security: Bioterrorism

Bioterrorism became a burning issue in the USA after the human-induced incidence of Anthrax and the attack on WTO in 2001. At present, the world is trapped in the COVID 19 pandemic having an estimated monetary loss of 76.69 billion USD, engulfed more than 4.5 million people, and 211 million suffering to date. There is increasing concern toward bioterrorism globally which can happen either intentionally or due to poor laboratory practices. In recent decades technological progress in bioscience has simplified the development of bioweapons. Moreover, the advancement of genetic engineering is chronic biologically. Over a hundred pathogens have been identified as possible bioterrorism agents. The research article aims to explore bioterrorism as an evolving dimension of threat to the public and national security in developing countries like Nepal. In present article introduction section deals with background, statement of the problem and rationale of our study. The main body deals with biological agents of bioterriorism and their targets, history, present scenario of bioterrorism. Finally, awareness and control measures, challenge and prospects of biosecurity in Nepal. The ubiquity of biological equipment, technical knowledge and ease of production has stimulated the threat of bioterrorism. Some of the challenging dimensions are agroterrorism and bioterrorism because the attack is very difficult to detect and has a devastating effect in a short period. The social and environmental consequences of these attacks can be catastrophic. The study revealed that it would be better to pay attention and go for precaution before the occurrence of bioterror. Improving forensic techniques of the national security wing for detecting and disabling biological weapons will assist in rapid detection. The restriction against easy access to potential bioagents, physical protection, border controls, risk policies and strict law enforcement are the major steps for ensuring biosecurity.

Soil Nutrient Dynamics and Potentially Toxic Elements of Sand Mining Impacted Agrarian Land in Obowo, Southeastern Nigeria

The study assessed the effect of inland sand mining activities on the physicochemical properties and potentially toxic elements in soils in Umuna, Obowo LGA, Imo State, and Southeastern Nigeria. Triplicate soil samples were collected from soil depths ranging from 0-15, 15-30 cm) in eight traverse points and control. Points were designated soil sampling point (SSP) ranging between SSP1-SSP8 and control sample point (CSP1). The results of the particle distribution were in order of Sand ≥ Clay ≥ Silt, with Textural class ranging from sandy loams to loamy sandy. Chemical tracers: Soil pH ranged from 4.8 – 5.7 signifying moderate to strong acidity. The available P, Total N., SOC,SOM and BS ≤ control and Maximum Tolerable limits and FAO /World Reference Base. Effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) (cmol/kg) (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and Na+), with mean Ca2+ 3.02, Mg2+, 0.64, K+ 0.09, Na+ 0.10 ≤ control respectively. Exchangeable acidity recorded 1.04 ≥ control, and CEC: 6.22 ≤ the control. Based on the ratings of soil nutrients for agricultural soil, the soil nutrients status of the sand mined sites ranged from very low to low status for total N(0.02 -0.04), avail. P (6.55-9.96), exchangeable K, (0.07-0.14), exchangeable Ca (2.25-3.55), and exchangeable Mg (0.25-0.85). Copper the mean value of 15.21, Lead: 12.20 and Cadmium (1.80) ≥ control (zero) above the FAO/WHO permissible levels respectively. Chromium (2.65) ≤ the FAO/WHO, limit. The potentially toxic heavy metals are in order of abundance in sand –mined soil: Cu ≥ Pb ≥ Cr ≥ Cd, with copper dominating the soil. The conservation of the area requires ecological restoration and regeneration of degraded mining site and the prohibition of mining activities as well as strict local control and enforcement of mining laws.

Livability Correlates of High Rise Buildings in Eti-Osa Local Government Area, Lagos, Nigeria

Owing to the continuous compaction of cities and mega cities through indiscriminate proliferation of high-rise buildings, this research investigates the livability correlates of high-rise buildings in Eti-Osa. Nearest Neighbour Analysis was used to explain the spatial pattern of the high rise buildings. Chi square was used to explain the spatial variation in land uses within high-rise buildings. Independent two-sample t-test was used to explain the spatial variation in livability. Principal component variant of factor analysis was used to generate linear composites of Relative Livability Quality Index (RLQI) while Multiple Linear Regression Analysis was used to explain the relationship between the incidence of high-rise buildings and the RLQI of the study area.High-rise buildings were clustered in the area (Rn = 0.622). There is spatial variation in land use within high-rise buildings (p = 0.000). Livability is moderately high in the study area with basic facility index of 57.8%, cost of living (88.9%), property value (86.1%), sense of safety (80.0%) and neighbourhood quality (62%). There is no spatial variation in residential livability quality (T = 0.880, p = 0.400). There is a reliable relationship between the incidence of high-rise buildings and residents’ livability (R = 0.797; p = 0.036). The study concludes that high-rise buildings have a high propensity to increase livability due to the proximity of facilities it offers. Thus, environmentally friendly green building approach to high-rise buildings and strict enforcement of development control laws was recommended.

Public compliance with environmental sanitation regulations in Ghana

AbstractDue to the negative impacts of poor environmental sanitation (ES) on the environment, economy, public health, and livelihoods, various efforts are constantly being made in countries all over the world, particularly by their governments, to regulate public behaviour to conform to acceptable sanitation standards. However, public compliance with sanitation regulations is low in Ghana, culminating in the lowering of the country’s international image in recent years as far as sanitation is concerned. The study examined the phenomenon of low public compliance with ES regulations in Ghana. Qualitative data were collected from purposively selected experts and key informants in ES management, using in-depth interviews. Data were analysed using the thematic technique. The findings revealed that the low compliance phenomenon was due to ineffective law enforcement, inadequate public education and sanitation infrastructure, low capacity of implementing institutions, lenient penalties, and poor sanitation culture. Compliance management seemed linear in theory, as it appeared the government could simply compel everyone to comply; but in practice, it was a complex problem that required a multi-dimensional solution. The government and its implementing agencies should commit to strict law enforcement, provide adequate ES facilities, undertake intensive public education on sanitation, provide adequate funding, and build the capacity of the implementing institutions to enforce compliance. There was the need to strategically combine coercive and catalytic approaches to ensure compliance with the regulations. The study contributes to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6 — access to water, sanitation, and hygiene — in Ghana.

ANALYSIS OF ELEMENTS INFLUENCING CHILD SAFETY IN HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS USING ANALYTICAL METHOD

Due to the lack of land in densely populated areas in Malaysia, high-rise residential building has become a trend in the recent years. However, in designing and constructing these buildings, safety considerations have not received adequate attention. This study aims to examine the causes of children falling from high-rise buildings, while the nature and frequencies of such accidents were also investigated. The paper is based on the existing literature, as well as feedbacks from questionnaires and interviews. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach within Multi-criteria Decision Analysis was adopted for the analysis undertaken in this study. The outcome reveals that accidents involving child falls can be prevented by establishing appropriate policies and regulations. The strict enforcement of safety laws and regulations will help to avoid untoward accidents and dispel negative thoughts about living in high-rise buildings. The findings elaborate on the ranking of elements that influence child safety in high-rise apartments.