Strict Hierarchy Research Articles

Organizational theory of the distribution of the elements of consciousness formed by information and technical immunity of a system of martial arts of the East

The article deals with the martial arts of the East (MAE) in relation to the organizational system of A.A. Bogdanov, from the point of view of their life stability. It is necessary for the definition of MAE as an art, not a physical education and sports. It contributed to the identification of technical immunity and a strict hierarchy of these systems. It allowed us to identify MAE as a system that promotes the development of the talent of individual, forming a creative personality. It became possible to solve the problem of consciousness through a conscious choice of the desired element of the system, depending on the range of situations. The considered MAE became a similarity of living system and an analogy of human brain. Considering an information-hierarchical structure, it was given the name “supraorganizational”, because the process of its “reproduction” and the significance of this process for the system were discovered. The identification of MAE as a living creative structure capable of interacting with space, in order to acquire and transfer properties to influence the recipient, made it possible to define them as the basis for understanding the art, particularly fine art. Technical immunity and technical homeostasis were able to justify the emergence of the immunological android as a node in the technology of living systems between the individual and the artificial intelligence.

Richard Mackenney. Venice as the Polity of Mercy: Guilds, Confraternities and the Social Order, c. 1250–c.1650.

Political stability and a lack of popular discontent have always formed key elements in the history of the Venetian Republic. In contrast to other late medieval and early modern city-states that had to deal with riots and revolt on a regular basis, Venice seemed immune to contestation. According to this celebratory narrative, first propagated by early modern Venetian humanists, a strict sociopolitical hierarchy consisting of three orders formed the basis for Venetian stability: a benevolent patriciate governed the city-state and its dominions, the citizens (cittadini) class formed a devoted secondary elite in charge of bureaucratic duties, and ordinary Venetians (popolani) were politically powerless but content. Scholars of Venice have thoroughly examined this traditional image of the politically stable and socially harmonious Serenissima, exposing it as a myth fabricated by patricians to promote their own institutions. The image of Venice as a static, patrician-dominated society has...

A New Hierarchy for Automaton Semigroups

We define a new strict and computable hierarchy for the family of automaton semigroups, which reflects the various asymptotic behaviors of the state-activity growth. This hierarchy extends that given by Sidki for automaton groups, and also gives new insights into the latter. Its exponential part coincides with a notion of entropy for some associated automata. We prove that the Order Problem is decidable whenever the state-activity is bounded. The Order Problem remains open for the next level of this hierarchy, that is, when the state-activity is linear. Gillibert showed that it is undecidable in the whole family. We extend the aforementioned hierarchy via a semi-norm making it more coarse but somehow more robust and we prove that the Order Problem is still decidable for the first two levels of this alternative hierarchy.

Reductions of the strict KP hierarchy

Let $$R$$ be a commutative complex algebra and $$ \partial $$ be a $$ \mathbb{C} $$ -linear derivation of $$R$$ such that all powers of $$ \partial $$ are $$R$$ -linearly independent. Let $$R[ \partial ]$$ be the algebra of differential operators in $$ \partial $$ with coefficients in $$R$$ and $$ P{\kern-1.5pt}sd $$ be its extension by the pseudodifferential operators in $$ \partial $$ with coefficients in $$R$$ . In the algebra $$R[ \partial ]$$ , we seek monic differential operators $$ \mathbf{M} _n$$ of order $$n\ge2$$ without a constant term satisfying a system of Lax equations determined by the decomposition of $$ P{\kern-1.5pt}sd $$ into a direct sum of two Lie algebras that lies at the basis of the strict KP hierarchy. Because this set of Lax equations is an analogue for this decomposition of the $$n$$ -KdV hierarchy, we call it the strict $$n$$ -KdV hierarchy. The system has a minimal realization, which allows showing that it has homogeneity properties. Moreover, we show that the system is compatible, i.e., the strict differential parts of the powers of $$M=( \mathbf{M} _n)^{1/n}$$ satisfy zero-curvature conditions, which suffice for obtaining the Lax equations for $$ \mathbf{M} _n$$ and, in particular, for proving that the $$n$$ th root $$M$$ of $$ \mathbf{M} _n$$ is a solution of the strict KP theory if and only if $$ \mathbf{M} _n$$ is a solution of the strict $$n$$ -KdV hierarchy. We characterize the place of solutions of the strict $$n$$ -KdV hierarchy among previously known solutions of the strict KP hierarchy.

Reductions of the strict KP hierarchy

Пусть $R$ - коммутативная комплексная алгебра и $\partial$ - $\mathbb{C}$-линейное дифференцирование в $R$ такое, что все его степени являются $R$-линейно независимыми. Пусть $R[\partial]$ - алгебра дифференциальных операторов с коэффициентами из $R$, а $Psd$ - ее расширение до алгебры псевдодифференциальных операторов. В алгебре $R[\partial]$ найдены приведенные дифференциальные операторы $\mathbf M_n$ порядка $n\ge 2$ без постоянного члена, удовлетворяющий системе уравнений Лакса, которая определяется лежащим в основе строгой иерархии КП разложением алгебры $Psd$ в прямую сумму двух алгебр Ли. Поскольку этот набор уравнений Лакса является аналогом такого разложения для $n$-й иерархии КдФ, он назван строгой $n$-й иерархией КдФ. Данная система имеет минимальную реализацию, и это позволяет показать, что она обладает свойствами однородности. Кроме того, показано, что система совместна, т. е. строго дифференциальные части операторов $M=(\mathbf M_n)^{1/n}$ удовлетворяют условиям нулевой кривизны, которые являются достаточными для вывода уравнений Лакса для $\mathbf M_n$ и, в частности, для доказательства того, что корень $n$-й степени $M$ из $\mathbf M_n$ есть решение строгой иерархии КП тогда и только тогда, когда $\mathbf M_n$ - решение строгой $n$-й иерархии КдФ. Охарактеризовано место решений строгой $n$-й иерархии КдФ среди ранее известных решений строгой иерархии КП.

Iterative arrays with finite inter-cell communication

Iterative arrays whose internal inter-cell communication is quantitatively restricted are investigated. The quantity of communication is measured by counting the number of uses of the links between cells. In particular, iterative arrays are studied where the maximum number of communications per cell occurring in accepting computations is drastically bounded by a constant number. Additionally, the iterative arrays have to work in realtime. We study the computational capacity of such devices. For example, a result is that a strict and dense hierarchy with respect to the constant number of communications exists. Due to their very restricted communication, the question arises whether the usually studied decidability problems such as, for example, emptiness, finiteness, inclusion, or equivalence become decidable for such devices. However, it can be shown that all such decidability questions remain undecidable even if only four communications per cell are allowed. Finally, the undecidability results are shown to hold as well for one-way and two-way cellular automata having at most four communications per cell.

Specialised for the Swamp, Catered for in Captivity? A Cross-Institutional Evaluation of Captive Husbandry for Two Species of Lechwe.

Simple SummaryLechwe are social antelope adapted to wetland environments that can perform a ritualised courtship display. Although commonly housed in zoos, there is little published information available to guide their management. This study aimed to understand current husbandry practice for southern and Nile lechwe housed in North American and European institutions. A survey was sent to holders of these species, with questions addressing group demographics, enclosure characteristics, diet, enrichment, and occurrence of abnormal behaviours. Results showed that captive lechwe herds consisted of a similar ratio of male to females compared to wild herds, but there may be a limit to the number of male animals available to females at any one time. Lechwe enclosures typically featured wetland areas but these were rarely managed and there were often limited areas of vegetation for cover. The diets provided to lechwe differed when compared to existing husbandry guidelines but did not significantly differ between sampled zoos (in terms of ingredients commonly used). Abnormal behaviours were reported at several zoos but no specific causal factor was identified. This research provides a starting point for further study of the husbandry requirements of these specialised ungulates and considers the role of ecological information to the management of captive wild animals.Lechwe are specialised wetland antelope that can have a strict social hierarchy or perform lekking during breeding. The southern lechwe (Kobus leche) and the Nile lechwe (K. megaceros) are both found in zoos globally, but little research is available to support husbandry decisions. The aim of this research was to investigate current housing and husbandry used for these lechwe across North American and European zoos. A survey was distributed to holders in 2018 and information on 33 herds (18 Nile and 15 southern) was collected. The survey focussed on population demographics, enclosure size, biologically relevant exhibit features, mixed-species holdings, nutrition, use of environmental enrichment and performance of abnormal repetitive behaviours. Results showed that lechwe were housed in herds with similar sex ratios to wild counterparts but with a potential lack of opportunity to lek. Many zoos provided wetland, but this was rarely actively managed, and not all zoos provided cover for hiding and retreat. Current feeding practice differed significantly compared to available antelope husbandry guidelines. No consistency in amounts of pellet, forage or produce provided to lechwe across institutions was found. Abnormal repetitive behaviour was noted by several zoos, but no significant predictor of such behaviour could be identified. Despite some identifiable recognition of ecology informing lechwe management, it is important that evidence-based husbandry decisions are made based on a species’ evolutionary pathway and ecological needs and some fundamental features of lechwe husbandry do not always correlate with the adaptive traits of a specialised wetland ungulate.

Hierarchy, “Kreng Jai” and Feedback: A Grounded Theory Study Exploring Perspectives of Clinical Faculty and Medical Students in Thailand

Phenomenon: Institutional learning culture influences how feedback is provided, accepted, and acted upon. The Thai societal culture, characterized by strict hierarchy and collectivism, may have a significant impact on the learning culture and, therefore, feedback conversations between teachers and learners. This study explored: common approaches used by faculty to provide feedback to students; and faculty and student perspectives regarding sociocultural factors that impact feedback seeking, provision, and acceptance. Approach: Using a constructivist paradigm, we explored perspectives of clinical faculty and medical students at an academic medical center in Thailand using focus groups (students) and a focus group and individual interviews (faculty). Sessions were audiotaped, transcribed, and de-identified prior to analysis. Constant comparative analysis was performed on transcripts, focusing on perceived cultural factors that impacted feedback conversations. Findings: Thirty faculty participated in the study, four participated in a focus group, and 27 participated in individual interviews. Twenty-two medical students participated in four focus groups. We identified the following key themes, which could be grouped under three categories: (1) Faculty approaches to providing feedback (1.1) Feedback should be initiated by faculty. (1.2) Feedback is initiated primarily for deficit identification and correction. (2) Factors impacting students’ feedback seeking and acceptance. (2.1) Students are willing to accept harsh feedback when it provides suggestions for improvement. (2.2) Feedback is most credible when faculty have direct knowledge of the student’s effort. (2.3) Feedback seeking is considered a burden on teachers. (3) Cultural factors that influence feedback (3.1) Societal hierarchy perpetuates unidirectional top-down feedback. (3.2) Kreng jai (the balance between consideration for others and self-interests) affects feedback seeking and provision. Insights: Though the value of feedback on learning was emphasized by all participants, the hierarchical culture of Thai society was perceived to have a significant influence on feedback seeking, provision, and acceptance. Identifying and addressing societal as well as institutional cultural factors would be key in designing growth-enhancing feedback initiatives relevant to the local context. One size feedback training does not fit all.

Decidability of Right One-Way Jumping Finite Automata

We continue our investigation [S. Beier, M. Holzer: Properties of right one-way jumping finite automata. In Proc. 20th DCFS, LNCS, 2018] on (right) one-way jumping finite automata (ROWJFAs), a variant of jumping automata, which is an automaton model for discontinuous information processing. Here we focus on decision problems for ROWJFAs. It turns out that most problems such as, e.g., emptiness, finiteness, universality, the word problem and variants thereof, closure under permutation, etc., are decidable. Moreover, we show that the containment of a language within the strict hierarchy of ROWJFA permutation closed languages induced by the number of accepting states as well as whether permutation closed regular or jumping finite automata languages can be accepted by ROWJFAs is decidable, too. On the other hand, we prove that for (linear) context-free languages the corresponding ROWJFA acceptance problem becomes undecidable. Moreover, we discuss also some complexity results for the considered decision problems.

ClusterCNN: Clustering-Based Feature Learning for Hyperspectral Image Classification

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are widely used in the field of remote sensing images. However, the applications of CNNs and related techniques often ignore the properties of remote sensing data. In our study, we focus on the hyperspectral image (HSI) classification problem, and address the issue of including the very rich spectral information present in HSIs in CNN-based models to produce highly accurate classification results. We propose a two-step classification technique, ClusterCNN. The first step divides HSI pixels into different clusters, to form a material map which can be considered as a compressed expression of the original spectral features. The second step trains a CNN that can extract spatial features from the material map, and then exploits these spatial features to classify HSI pixels. The proposed approach follows a strict hierarchy to exploit both the spectral and spatial features in HSIs. Experimental results show the effectiveness of ClusterCNN as compared to the much more complicated state-of-the-art approaches.

The Reception of the Non-Human Living Beings in Philosophical and Practical Approaches

In this paper, the author explores the reception of the non-human living beings in modern philosophical and practical approaches. The analysis is aimed at examining both the views of the representatives of classical anthropocentrism, as well as the theses of the representatives of various non-anthropocentric teachings. Anthropocentrism is, in short, a worldview that is based on Aristotle's vision of man as a special being among other natural beings. Advocates of the questioning of the dominant anthropocentric perspective of the cosmos, on the other hand, are trying to establish the new relation by relativizing of the difference between humans and non-human living beings, by attributing specifically human qualities and categories, such as dignity, moral status and rights, as well as feelings, memories, communication, consciousness and thinking to non-human living beings. Non-anthropocentrists, consequently, believe that it is necessary to relax the usual strict hierarchy among beings in nature, that is, the discrediting of animals in relation to man, and that within the applied ethics, alias bioethics, it is possible, even necessary, to establish the "animal ethics".

Characterizing osmolyte chemical class hierarchies and functional group requirements for thermal stabilization of proteins

Osmolytes are naturally occurring organic compounds that protect cellular proteins and other macromolecules against various forms of stress including temperature extremes. While biological studies have correlated the accumulation of certain classes of osmolytes with specific forms of stress, including thermal stress, it remains unclear whether or not these observations reflect an intrinsic chemical class hierarchy amongst the osmolytes with respect to effects on protein stability. In addition, very little is known in regards to the molecular elements of the osmolytes themselves that are essential for their functions. In this study, we use differential scanning fluorimetry to quantify the thermal stabilizing effects of members from each of the three main classes of protecting osmolytes on two model protein systems, C-reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Our data reveals the absence of a strict chemical class hierarchy amongst the osmolytes with respect to protein thermal stabilization, and indicates differential responses of these proteins to certain osmolytes. In the second part of this investigation we dissected the molecular elements of amino acid osmolytes required for thermal stabilization of myoglobin and C-reactive protein. We show that the complete amino acid zwitterion is required for thermal stabilization of myoglobin, whereas removal of the osmolyte amino group does not diminish stabilizing effects on C-reactive protein. These disparate responses of proteins to osmolytes and other small molecules are consistent with previous observations that osmolyte effects on protein stability are protein-specific. Moreover, the data reported in this study support the view that osmolyte effects cannot be fully explained by considering only the solvent accessibility of the polypeptide backbone in the native and denatured states, and corroborate the need for more complex models that take into account the entire protein fabric.

Potential female mate choice in a male dominated system: the female capybara, Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris

AbstractCapybaras, Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (Rodentia: Caviidae: Hydrochoerinae), show a strict social hierarchy among males, wherein the top-ranking male gains preferential access to females. Despite minimal sexual size dimorphism, males have a prominent scent gland on their snouts that is greatly reduced in the females. Top-ranking males have a larger gland and mark more frequently than subordinate males. This species also shows a moderately complex courtship that seems to be modulated by female behavior. In this study, we evaluated several components of courtship, as well as the females’ interactions with males during and outside courtship, in relation to the hierarchy rank of males. We found that subordinate males engaged in longer courtships than top-ranking males. However, there was no difference in the number of mount attempts or the success rate of these mounts as a function of the social status of the male, despite the longer courtship performed by subordinate males in comparison to top-ranking males. Outside courtship, females directed the same number of social interactions to males regardless of status. However, during courtship, females avoided copulation by subordinate males both directly and indirectly by encouraging courtship disruption by higher-ranking males. Females’ avoidance of subordinates may force these males to invest a higher amount of effort in courtships, thus engaging in longer courtships, yet achieving similar mount success as top-ranking males. We show that the original assumption of male hierarchy as the main mechanism of reproductive distribution is incomplete, and female mate choice plays an important role in determining which males reproduce.

Beyond operator-precedence grammars and languages

Operator Precedence Languages (OPL) are deterministic context-free and have desirable properties. OPL are parallely parsable, and, when structurally compatible, are closed under Boolean operations, concatenation and star; they include the Input Driven languages. OPL use three relations between two terminal symbols, to assign syntax structure to words. We extend such relations to k-tuples of consecutive symbols, in agreement with strictly locally testable regular languages. For each k, the new corresponding class of Higher-order Operator Precedence languages properly includes the OPL and enjoy many of their properties. OPL are a strict hierarchy based on k, which contains maximal languages.

Descriptive complexity of #P functions: A new perspective

We introduce a new framework for a descriptive complexity approach to arithmetic computations. We define a hierarchy of classes based on the idea of counting assignments to free function variables in first-order formulae. We completely determine the inclusion structure and show that #P and #AC0 appear as classes of this hierarchy. In this way, we unconditionally place #AC0 properly in a strict hierarchy of arithmetic classes within #P. Furthermore, we show that some of our classes admit efficient approximation in the sense of FPRAS. We compare our classes with a hierarchy within #P defined in a model-theoretic way by Saluja et al. and argue that our approach is better suited to study arithmetic circuit classes such as #AC0 which can be descriptively characterized as a class in our framework.

ВЗАЄМОЗВ’ЯЗОК УЯВЛЕНЬ СТУДЕНТІВ ПРО КОРПОРАТИВНУ КУЛЬТУРУ УНІВЕРСИТЕТУ Й ПСИХОЛОГІЧНУ БЕЗПЕКУ ОСВІТНЬОГО СЕРЕДОВИЩА

The article deals with the analysis of the phenomenon of the corporate culture of the university from the students' point of view. Purpose. The aim is to establish the interconnection between the psychological safeness of the educational environment and the students' perceptions of the corporate culture of the university. Methods. In the study, to diagnose students' perceptions about the corporate culture of the university, the typology of K. Cameron and R. Quinn OCAI has been applied, which is built on two dimensions: flexibility, dynamism – stability, control; internal integration, unity – external orientation, competition. These dimensions form four types of corporate culture: bureaucratic, clan, market and adhocratic. To diagnose the psychological safeness of the educational environment, the questionnaire by I. O. Bayeva has been applied, which measures the significant characteristics of the educational environment and the index of satisfaction with them on the part of the educational process subjects. Results. It was determined that, in general, the hierarchical type of corporate culture prevails in the group of test students, this testifies a low level of communication among the student community, superficial relationships between students, strict hierarchy and discipline. The indicators of clan culture increase in the desired state of the university’s corporate culture compared to the assessments of its real state, that is, the students imagine the student community in the future as unique by its characteristics, emphasize that the style of management should be characterized by the encouragement of teamwork, coherence in collective decision making; maintain mutual trust and frankness. Conclusions. It has been shown that the degree of satisfaction with the characteristics of the university's educational environment in the test sample of students is above average, the significant characteristics are relationships with teachers and other students, respectful attitude towards students, preserving personal dignity, the possibility to ask for help. It has been established the interconnection between the satisfaction of the psychological safeness of the educational environment and assessments of the corporate culture of the university on the part of students, namely, the assessment of corporate culture as hierarchical with severe demands reduces the students' sense of psychological safeness; the assessments of corporate culture as open, democratic, creative increase the indicators of psychological safeness.

A hierarchy of dismantlings in graphs

Given a finite undirected graph X, a vertex is 0-dismantlable if its open neighbourhood is a cone and X is 0-dismantlable if it is reducible to a single vertex by successive deletions of 0-dismantlable vertices. By an iterative process, a vertex is (k+1)-dismantlable if its open neighbourhood is k-dismantlable and a graph is k-dismantlable if it is reducible to a single vertex by successive deletions of k-dismantlable vertices. We introduce a graph family, the cubion graphs, in order to prove that k-dismantlabilities give a strict hierarchy in the class of graphs whose clique complex is non-evasive. We point out how these higher dismantlabilities are related to the derivability of graphs defined by Mazurkievicz and we get a new characterisation of the class of closed graphs he defined. By generalising the notion of vertex transitivity, we consider the issue of higher dismantlabilities in link with the evasiveness conjecture.

The spatial organization of craft production at the Kura-Araxes settlement of Köhne Shahar in northwestern Iran: A zooarchaeological approach.

The Kura-Araxes cultural tradition (ca. 3500–2200 BCE) was one of the most widespread archaeological horizons in Southwest Asian prehistory, spanning from the Caucasus to the southern Levant. Although several decades of research have considerably increased our knowledge about this Early Bronze Age tradition, the social and economic organization of its communities remains a matter of much debate. Interpretations of the organization of Kura-Araxes craft economies range from need-based household production to extra-household specialized production for exchange and elite consumption. This issue stems from the absence of a systematic approach to studying the spatial organization of craft production; that is the study of the spatial distribution of archaeological material across multiple contexts to reconstruct the location of various activities involved in craft production. Extensive evidence for craft production at Köhne Shahar (KSH)—one of the largest Kura-Araxes sites ever discovered—provides an opportunity for such a study. Faunal remains are among the most abundant types of remains recovered at KSH Phases IV and V (ca. 2800–2500 BCE), where bone and antler were cached and then shaped into tools that were used to manufacture other objects like beads. We use zooarchaeology to study the spatial distribution of worked and unworked animal remains to analyze the function of several structures and spaces in the craft production areas to ultimately gain better insight into the organization of labor and the social organization of the community. We identify evidence for two antler storage units, numerous waste dumps, and several workshops. Some workshops manufactured a similar range of small, possibly ornamental objects, while others specialized in the manufacture of certain goods, textiles, and objects made of animal horn. When combined with other lines of evidence, our observations point to a community-wide production economy with little direct evidence for a stratified social organization. We argue that the absence of a strict social hierarchy at KSH and across the Kura-Araxes world is not evidence of the absence of social complexity, but the presence of a horizontal or heterarchical social order.

Knowledge-based and signal-based cues are weighted flexibly during spoken language comprehension.

During spoken language comprehension, listeners make use of both knowledge-based and signal-based sources of information, but little is known about how cues from these distinct levels of representational hierarchy are weighted and integrated online. In an eye-tracking experiment using the visual world paradigm, we investigated the flexible weighting and integration of morphosyntactic gender marking (a knowledge-based cue) and contextual speech rate (a signal-based cue). We observed that participants used the morphosyntactic cue immediately to make predictions about upcoming referents, even in the presence of uncertainty about the cue's reliability. Moreover, we found speech rate normalization effects in participants' gaze patterns even in the presence of preceding morphosyntactic information. These results demonstrate that cues are weighted and integrated flexibly online, rather than adhering to a strict hierarchy. We further found rate normalization effects in the looking behavior of participants who showed a strong behavioral preference for the morphosyntactic gender cue. This indicates that rate normalization effects are robust and potentially automatic. We discuss these results in light of theories of cue integration and the two-stage model of acoustic context effects. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Isometric subgraphs for Steiner distance

AbstractLet G be a connected graph and a length‐function on the edges of G. The Steiner distance sdG(A) of A ⊆ V(G) within G is the minimum length of a connected subgraph of G containing A, where the length of a subgraph is the sum of the lengths of its edges. It is clear that every subgraph H ⊆ G, endowed with the induced length‐function ℓ∣E(H), satisfies sdH(A) ≥ sdG(A) for every A ⊆ V(H). Given an integer k ≥ 2, we call H ⊆ G k‐isometric in G if equality is attained for every A ⊆ V(H) with ∣A∣ ≤ k. A subgraph is fully isometric if it is k‐isometric for every . It is easy to construct examples of graphs H ⊆ G such that H is k‐isometric, but not (k + 1)‐isometric, so this defines a strict hierarchy of properties. We are interested in situations in which this hierarchy collapses in the sense that if H ⊆ G is k‐isometric, then H is already fully isometric in G. Our first result of this kind asserts that if T is a tree and T ⊆ G is 2‐isometric with respect to some length‐function ℓ, then it is fully isometric. This fails for graphs containing a cycle. We then prove that if C is a cycle and C ⊆ G is 6‐isometric, then C is fully isometric. We present an example showing that the number 6 is indeed optimal. We then develop a structural approach toward a more general theory and present several open questions concerning the big picture underlying this phenomenon.