Strict Dominance Research Articles

Binuclear organo-rare-earth-metal complexes containing silicon-linked cyclopentadienyl ligands in either a chelating or metal-bridging fashion: a mass spectrometric study

Four chloride-bridged, binuclear bis(cyclopentadienyl) rare-earth-metal complexes have been subjected to detailed mass spectrometric studies adopting exhaustively the B/E-linked scan technique: (Me{sub 2}Si(C{sub 5}H{sub 4}){sub 2}Yb({mu}-Cl)){sub 2} (1), ((Me{sub 3}SiC{sub 5}H{sub 4}){sub 2}Yb({mu}-Cl)){sub 2} (2), (Me{sub 2}Si(C{sub 5}H{sub 4}){sub 2}Y({mu}-Cl)){sub 2} (3), and Me{sub 2}Si(C{sub 5}H{sub 4}){sub 2}Yb({mu}-Cl){sub 2}Y(C{sub 5}H{sub 4}){sub 2}SiMe{sub 2} (5). The strict dominance of binuclear fragments in the spectrum of pure 1 indicates, in excellent accordance with a previous crystallographic X-ray study, the presence of metal-bridging Me{sub 2}Si(C{sub 5}H{sub 4}){sub 2} ligands in the vapor state. The existence of the new complex 5, which could not be separated chemically from admixtures of 1 and 3 (i.e., from sample 4), has been confirmed unambiguously by deducing its individual fragmentation pattern from a systematic B/E-linked scan analysis.

On the order of eliminating dominated strategies

It is known that different orders of eliminating dominated strategies in n-person games may yield different reduced games. We give conditions which guarantee that the reduced game is unique. For finite games, the conditions include the well-known cases of strict dominance, and in a slightly weaker form, of regular dominance for zero sum and similar games.

Multiple Signals, Statistical Sufficiency, and Pareto Orderings of Best Agency Contracts

In this study we identify necessary and sufficient conditions for sufficient statistics to strictly (Pareto) dominate all nonsufficient statistics as information for contracting in agencies with moral hazard. We first observe that strict dominance requires that an optimal compensation scheme itself be a sufficient statistic. Since this can occur only in settings where the family of distributions parameterized by the agent's hidden effort admits one-dimensional sufficient statistics, strict dominance is the exceptional case. Nevertheless, we are able to show that there exists a substantial class of distributions, containing many well-known families, for which strict dominance does obtain.

Dominated strategies in searching for evolutionary stable strategies

AbstractThe paper asks and answers the question “When does dominance of a particular strategy play a role in the search for evolutionary stable strategies?” The answer is much less obvious than would appear at first glance.When there is strict dominance of a pure strategy, it is clear that the dominated strategy should never be employed in any conflict. However, when the dominance is not strict it is less obvious that the strategy should not be used. The research was originally intended to clear up this grey area in the theory of evolutionary stable strategies, but it has turned out to be of more than simply academic interest. The result can be used, with varying degrees of success, to simplify the search procedure for these evolutionary stable strategies when a reward matrix is given.

Dominating sequences and functional equations

The notion of domination of sequences has been used by a number of mathematicians in the past with slight variations of terminology. Indeed, the domination between pair of sequences was considered by Banach ([4], p. 1638; [5], p. 11) around the year 1925. Later, Arsove ([2], [3]) used these notions in the s tudy of Schauder basis in Fr~chet spaces and constructed some examples of such sequences (for domination of infinite matrices, one is referred to [9], [10]). However, these concepts gained independent importance in the work of Singer [23] who also employed these notions to reformulate certain results on sequence spaces. He dealt with all the problems in Banach spaces. In this note, we give various equivalent conditions for strict domination in terms of functional equations in topological vector spaces, characterize a base through the notions of domination and strict domination, and apply them to obtain a result on weakly ~-unconditionally Cauchy ser~es -a concept introduced in [12] (cf. also Chapter 3 of [13]).

Decision Theory, Strict Ranking of Probabilities, and Statistical Dominance

In this paper the authors extend Fishburn's analysis of statistical dominance of one strategy by another to the case of strict ranking of probabilities of states of nature. Conditions ensuring strict dominance are derived, and it is shown that Fishburn's results for weak ranking of probabilities are a special case of the more general results presented here. Conditions for weak dominance, a criterion proposed elsewhere by the authors, are also derived. The latter results are particularly useful when strict dominance cannot be established. This happens frequently in practice. Two numerical examples, one concerned with employment planning and the other with transport investment, illustrate possible areas of application of this approach to decisionmaking and show the ease with which the calculations can be made.

Disruption, Dispersion, and Dominance in Lek-Breeding Birds

Disruption is any behavior that interferes with male-female courtship interactions or copulation and leads to a decrease in the number of copulations completed by a male, or an increase in the time and energy required to complete them. Here I examine the origin and maintenance of disruption, its effects on the fitness of the individuals involved, and its influence on dominance relationships and spacing of males at leks. Disruptive behavior is most common among lek-breeding birds, probably because its frequency is proportional to the amount of contact between members of the same sex. Amount of contact, in turn, is inversely proportional to distance between males, so that clustering of males on leks may result in increased disruption. Disruption usually is performed by a rival male who, as a result of his actions, may be able to mate with the female disrupted. Such behavior should be highly advantageous if, on average, the disruptor is able to decrease his age of first reproduction or to obtain more copulations. On the other hand, it is disadvantageous to the disrupted pair. Disruption also may occur as a by-product of high levels of male aggressiveness that are favored by selection because they increase the ability of a lek male to obtain and hold a high quality court or a high rank in a dominance hierarchy and to attract and excite females for copulation. Selection should operate to minimize the amount of disruption at leks through the evolution of strict dominance hierarchies among lek males, or by increasing the separation of lek males which may result in the formation of exploded leks.

Common Property Externalities: Isolation, Assurance, and Resource Depletion in a Traditional Grazing Context: Reply

Institutional alternatives to common property externalities are wider than argued by private exclusive property rights advocates. The "tragedy of the commons" is not a prisoners' dilemma, characterized by the strict dominance of individual strategies. The nonseparable common property externality is an "assurance problem." The assurance problem provides striking perspectives in analytical and policy terms. It redefines the problem of the commons as one of decision making under uncertainty. Institutional rules innovated by the group to reduce uncertainty and coordinate expectations can solve the problem of overexploitation. Rules come in many forms, and private property is only one.

Common Property Externalities: Isolation, Assurance, and Resource Depletion in a Traditional Grazing Context

AbstractInstitutional alternatives to common property externalities are wider than argued by private exclusive property rights advocates. The “tragedy of the commons” is not a prisoners' dilemma, characterized by the strict dominance of individual strategies. The nonseparable common property externality is an “assurance problem.” The assurance problem provides striking perspectives in analytical and policy terms. It redefines the problem of the commons as one of decision making under uncertainty. Institutional rules innovated by the group to reduce uncertainty and coordinate expectations can solve the problem of overexploitation. Rules come in many forms, and private property is only one.

Literary politics and the Champ of French sociology

Certainly it cannot be claimed that French sociology has definitive answers to the problems besetting sociologies everywhere. What can be claimed is that among those sociologies outside the strict and direct domination of American sociology, France's is one of the most interesting. Having avoided the Scylla of mimicking American empiricism and the Charybdis of philosophical devolution, French sociology stands as a small but coherent body of research, the quality of which is frequently very high. Stylistically, its example of theoretical inventiveness and scope is well worth our while. Substantively, its consideration of such topics as inequality, critique, practice, structural analysis, social change, control, and the State, among others, deserves international attention. Those sociologies, such as the American, which have just lately discovered the full significance of certain of these topics would do well to heed the example of the French who, by virtue of intellectual heritage and political-economic curcumstance, have long seen them as central. If the French do not give answers, they do give questions and, more than this, they offer the witness of their situation-bound solutions. The only positive thing I can, for the moment, think to say of the spread of international capitalism is that it has at least made national circumstances less determinant. As the present fiscal crisis deepens and as the control of national ruling classes gives way to the hegemony of international money interests, whatever differences separate others from the French will become even less important: hence, a reason to transcend sociological provincialism.

Necessary and sufficient conditions for delay-independent stability of linear autonomous systems

Strict quasi-diagonal dominance of the system matrix is known to be sufficient for a linear autonomous system with arbitrary time delays in off-diagonal interactions to be stable. A small perturbation of the matrix yields a perturbed system with the same dominance, and, hence, stability properties. In this paper, it is shown that quasi-diagonal dominance is also necessary for stability with respect to small perturbations and arbitrary off-diagonal time delays. Weaker necessary conditions are given for systems which are themselves stable for all time delays, but which have perturbations that are unstable for certain delays.

Extension of linear forms with strict domination on locally compact cones.

Extension of linear forms with strict domination on locally compact cones.

Decision Theory and Weak Statistical Dominance

This note presents an alternative proof of a result on statistical dominance first given by Fishburn. The proof is simpler than the original, and avoids the use of the rather complex Abel's summation identity. A criterion of weak dominance is then proposed in order to deal with situations where it is not possible to establish Fishburn's strict dominance. It is also shown that strict dominance is a special case of the more general concept of weak dominance.

Failure to Confirm a Spatial Ability Impairment in Persons with Evidence of Right Hemisphere Speech Capability

Levy hypothesized that persons lacking strict left hemispheric dominance for language processing should be impaired in spatial processing ability. This leads to the expectation that left-handers, because they are more often not strictly left hemisphere dominant for language, would, as a group, be impaired in spatial ability relative to right-handers. Evidence regarding this hypothesis has been inconsistent. The present study systematically examined the effects of handedness, sex, and hemispheric language dominance on verbal and spatial ability in 80 right-handed and 71 left-handed university students. Males were found to be superior to females in all handedness-hemispheric language dominance groups on the spatial ability measure. No effects of handedness or hemispheric lanaguage dominance nor interactions of these factors obtained for either verbal or spatial ability measures. It was concluded that the hypothesis of verbal-spatial processing incompatibility within the same hemisphere was not supported.

Determination of stability regions with the inverse Nyquist array

A new criterion for closed-loop stability and the design of linear multivariable control systems is developed using the inverse-Nyquist-array method and an Ostrowski theorem. Estimates of the gain margins in each loop and bounds on the stable-gain space are obtained using the bands of Ostrowski circles superimposed on the diagonal elements of the inverse Nyquist array. The manner of application of this new approach is similar to the way in which the bands of Gershgorin circles are used. The new criterion allows the diagonal dominance requirements to be relaxed in one row or in one column of the inverse Nyquist array at each point on the D contour, while still permitting the origin encirclements of the determinant of the inverse-transfer-function matrix to be determined from those of its diagonal elements. As a consequence the estimated stability region is larger than that obtained when strict dominance requirements are imposed.

THE DOMINANCE HIERARCHY AND THE EVOLUTION OF MENTAL ILLNESS

In our evolution, we passed through a stage in which small social groups were regulated by strict dominance hierarchy, much as now exists in societies of baboons and macaques. For their stability, hierarchies require certain behaviour patterns from their members: irritability towards inferiors, anxiety towards superiors, elation on going up the hierarchy and depression on going down. Because of the great survival advantage to the group which a well-functioning hierarchy provides, these behaviour patterns have been strongly selected for. Equilibrium was reached when the advantage they provided was balanced by the disadvantage of excess of such behaviour. These excesses are manifested as mental illness; excesses of stable dominance hierarchy behaviour as the chronic illnesses such as anxiety neurosis, schizophrenia, and aggressive personality; and excesses of the behaviour associated with changes in the hierarchy as the phasic mental illnesses such as mania and depressive psychosis. The main prediction from the hypothesis is that factors which increase or reduce dominance hierarchy behaviour will have malignant or beneficial effects on mental illness. The main factor increasing such behaviour is instability in the hierarchy. The behaviour is reduced by strict control of the hierarchy from above, or by aggressive involvement with another social group. From general observation on man, it would also appear that alcohol (and other sedative drugs) and emotions akin to that of a religious love are powerful inhibitors. It is hoped that a psychiatric formulation of the hypothesis, which has been advocated in various forms by ethologists for many years, will give a stimulus to research on dominance hierarchy behaviour in animals and man.

An Ancient Race-Blending Region in the Pacific

It is generally admitted by ethnologists that there is no pure race in the strictest sense of the term on the face of the earth. Crossing began early in the history of mankind especially on the borders of the regions in which the three great types were getting fixed, the negroid, the mongoloid and the caucasoid. Before the formation of empires and still more before the growth of tribal organization there was fuller scope for this hybridization. The widespread, almost universal, exogamy of the period of clan organization crystallized the custom of crossing different strains into a fixed convention, and this defined and circumscribed the old freedom of blending. The circumscription became still more pronounced when the military empires arose and blocked the free migration-routes across the world. They raised a barrier between nation and nation and internally between the subject peoples and the free. And a definition of the scope of intermarriage, though only traditional and social, held as strict dominance as in the narrower clan exogamy. It was only the inevitable tendency of the ruling classes or wealthier classes to die out that turned the bar? riers into filters for new blood and new types of crosses. The enfeeblement of the Roman Empire and the irruption of the hordes from the East rent the bonds that had made Asia and Europe one continent for so many tens of thousands of years. And in the meantime there has grown up a strict marriage-quarantine between Oriental and Occidental, made stricter by the barriers of differentiation of language, reli? gion and culture. And it will be many generations, if not centuries, before these taboos can be even partially neutralized. 151