Strict Analysis Research Articles

Clays and the Origin of Life: The Experiments.

There are three groups of scientists dominating the search for the origin of life: the organic chemists (the Soup), the molecular biologists (RNA world), and the inorganic chemists (metabolism and transient-state metal ions), all of which have experimental adjuncts. It is time for Clays and the Origin of Life to have its experimental adjunct. The clay data coming from Mars and carbonaceous chondrites have necessitated a review of the role that clays played in the origin of life on Earth. The data from Mars have suggested that Fe-clays such as nontronite, ferrous saponites, and several other clays were formed on early Mars when it had sufficient water. This raised the question of the possible role that these clays may have played in the origin of life on Mars. This has put clays front and center in the studies on the origin of life not only on Mars but also here on Earth. One of the major questions is: What was the catalytic role of Fe-clays in the origin and development of metabolism here on Earth? First, there is the recent finding of a chiral amino acid (isovaline) that formed on the surface of a clay mineral on several carbonaceous chondrites. This points to the formation of amino acids on the surface of clay minerals on carbonaceous chondrites from simpler molecules, e.g., CO2, NH3, and HCN. Additionally, there is the catalytic role of small organic molecules, such as dicarboxylic acids and amino acids found on carbonaceous chondrites, in the formation of Fe-clays themselves. Amino acids and nucleotides adsorb on clay surfaces on Earth and subsequently polymerize. All of these observations and more must be subjected to strict experimental analysis. This review provides an overview of what has happened and is now happening in the experimental clay world related to the origin of life. The emphasis is on smectite-group clay minerals, such as montmorillonite and nontronite.

Adaptive task‐space cooperative tracking control for manipulators with a desired trajectory estimator and a velocity observer

AbstractIn this article, the task‐space cooperative tracking control problem of robotic manipulators without velocity measurements is investigated, where the desired trajectory of an unknown object is only available to the root manipulator. A cooperative tracking control scheme is presented, which is composed of a task‐space desired trajectory estimator, a task‐space velocity observer and an adaptive cooperative control law. The estimator is presented to provide the desired trajectory for each manipulator, and the observer is designed to obtain the task‐space velocity in the absence of velocity measurements. Based on the estimator and velocity observer, an adaptive cooperative control law is proposed to satisfy task tracking and motion synchronization of manipulators in the presence of kinematic and dynamic uncertainties. Furthermore, strict stability analysis is conducted to prove that the task‐space tracking and synchronization errors converge to zero under a connected directed graph. Finally, simulation results are given to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed scheme.

Research on a Real-time Reliability Evaluation Method Integrated with Online Fault Diagnosis: Subsea All-electric Christmas Tree System as a Case Study

The subsea all-electric Christmas tree is key equipment in subsea production systems. If a failure occurs, the marine environment will be seriously polluted. Therefore, strict reliability analysis and measures to improve reliability must be performed before such equipment is launched, which is crucial to safe subsea production. A real-time reliability evaluation method for the all-electric Christmas tree mechanical system integrated with the static Bayesian network fault diagnosis stage is proposed in this paper, which realizes the identification of the fault type of the components and the real-time reliability evaluation of the mechanical system under different failure rates of the components. As a supplement to the method, by using mutual information to conduct sensitivity analysis on the reliability of the mechanical system, the importance of the basic events of each component on the reliability of the system is finally given. The proposed method provides significant theoretical support for the maintenance of the subsea all-electric Christmas tree and can be extended to the reliability evaluation of general subsea production systems.

A Comprehensive Formalization of AADL with Behavior Annex

In safety-critical fields, architectural languages such as AADL (Architecture Analysis and Design Language) have been playing an important role, and the analysis of the languages and systems designed by them is a challenging research topic. At present, a formal method has become one of the main practices in software engineering for strict analysis, and it has been applied on the tools of formalization and analysis. The formal method can be used to find and resolve the problems early by describing the system with precise semantics and validating the system model. This article studies the comprehensive formal specification and verification of AADL with Behavior annex by the formal method. The presentation of this specification and semantics is the aim of this article, and the work is illustrated with an ARINC653 model case study in Isabelle/HOL.

Geometric Model Free Trajectory Tracking Control on SE(3)

This paper presents a novel geometric controller that enables a quadrotor to track a reference trajectory under windy conditions. Our controller exploits the robustness properties of model-free control on the special Euclidean group. A strict Lyapunov analysis is presented to show the almost globally exponential stability. Our numerical simulations illustrate the effectiveness of our proposed method. We illustrate how our method outperforms a geometric nonlinear PID controller and a geometric neural network based adaptive controller.

Rolle Theorem and Radon-Nikodym Theorem in Bochner Cost

This paper are divided into two mains parts with different affairs to discuss. The first part are some history of how the modern strict mathmaticala analysis built up. And there’s a simple counterexample for Rolle theorem. As we all known Rolle theorem has three requirement to work out. So, there’s some counterexamples for which there’s only two requirements exist, and what is going to happen. The second part gives two counterexamples on Radon-Nikodym theorem and Riesz theorem in the meaning of vector measure. Then there’s a proof for the equivalent of the Radon-Nikodym theorem and Riesz theorem in the meaning of vector measure. Some recent research are given at the last, which means it’s still a vigor field nowadays.

A new data-driven sliding mode learning control for discrete-time MIMO linear systems

A new data-driven sliding mode learning control (DDSMLC) is designed for a class of discrete-time MIMO linear systems in the presence of uncertainties. In this scheme, a new control is designed to enforce the states to reach and remain on the sliding surface. In addition, a recursive algorithm using system measured data is adopted to estimate the unknown system parameters, so a complete data-driven sliding mode control is designed, which does not need to know any parameters in the system. Moreover, the chattering is reduced because there is no non-smooth control used in DDSMLC. After the strict stability analysis, the effectiveness of DDSMLC is validated by MATLAB simulations.

Efficient Biometric Identification on the Cloud With Privacy Preservation Guarantee

Benefited from its reliability and convenience, biometric identification has become one of the most popular authentication technologies. Due to the sensitivity of biometric data, various privacy-preserving biometric identification protocols have been proposed. However, the low computational efficiency or the security vulnerabilities of these protocols limit their wide deployment in practice. To further improve the efficiency and enhance the security, in this paper, we propose two new privacy-preserving biometric identification outsourcing protocols. One mainly utilizes the efficient Householder transformation and permutation technique to realize the high-efficiency intention under the known candidate attack model. The other initializes a novel random split technique and combines it with the invertible linear transformation to achieve a higher security requirement under the known-plaintext attack model. Also, we argue the security of our proposed two protocols with a strict theoretical analysis and, by comparing them with the prior existing works, comprehensively evaluate their efficiency.

Vision based 3D Object Detection using Deep Learning: Methods with Challenges and Applications towards Future Directions

For autonomous intelligent systems, 3D object detection can act as a basis for decision making by providing information such as object’s size, position and direction to perceive information about surrounding environment. Successful application using robust 3D object detection can hugely impact robotic industry, augmented and virtual reality sectors in the context of Fourth Industrial Revolution (IR4.0). Recently, deep learning has become potential approach for 3D object detection to learn powerful semantic object features for various tasks, i.e., depth map construction, segmentation and classification. As a result, exponential development in the growth of potential methods is observed in recent years. Although, good number of potential efforts have been made to address 3D object detection, a depth and critical review from different viewpoints is still lacking. As a result, comparison among various methods remains challenging which is important to select method for particular application. Based on strong heterogeneity in previous methods, this research aims to alleviate, analyze and systematize related existing research based on challenges and methodologies from different viewpoints to guide future development and evaluation by bridging the gaps using various sensors, i.e., cameras, LiDAR and Pseudo-LiDAR. At first, this research illustrates critical analysis on existing sophisticated methods by identifying six significant key areas based on current scenarios, challenges, and significant problems to be addressed for solution. Next, this research presents strict comprehensive analysis for validating 3D object detection methods based on eight authoritative 3D detection benchmark datasets depending on the size of the datasets and eight validation matrices. Finally, valuable insights of existing challenges are presented for future directions. Overall extensive review proposed in this research can contribute significantly to embark further investigation in multimodal 3D object detection.

Кант или Хайдеггер — метафизика, антропология или экзистенциальная онтология? Критические замечания по поводу альтернативы, выдвинутой Хайдеггером в 1929 году

In his first Kant book of 1929 Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics Martin Heidegger focusses, not surprisingly, on one of the two central themes from his two years earlier major book Being and Time — the question of the essence of time. It cannot be overseen that he tries to show that his conception of time is superior to Kant’s. Nevertheless, it is high time to examine whether Heidegger’s claim can bear up against a micro-hermeneutical and micro-analytical test. Such an examination, to be fair and appropriate to the leading aspects of the two philosophers, has to bear in mind from the very beginning the deep differences of these leading aspects: Kant concentrates on the formal structure and the strictly subjective status of time as a form of intuition, Heidegger concentrates on the roles time plays in the daily human world orientation. Under these methodical and conceptional pre-suppositions a close examination must come the result, that both conceptions complement, even complete one another. Heidegger comes closer to the type of time-experience as it is exposed by St. Augustine, Kant exposes a strict analysis of the human way to conceive of the successive form of time. It is evidently possible for us today to continue on both paths.

Pulmonary Embolism in COVID-19 Patients Is Not Related to a Deterioration of Tissue Oxygenation.

COVID-19 induces robust systemic inflammation. One of the main complications is the increased coagulation due to endotheliitis. There is an increased incidence of pulmonary embolism (PE) in COVID-19 patients. However, clinical characteristics for a strict analysis are yet to be determined. We evaluated oxygenation and characteristics in patients with COVID-19 PE (CPE). We evaluated 215 COVID-19 patients from 1 January to 30 April 2021. We found 18 patients affected by PE (CPE, 50.0% males, aged 67.00±10.86years). As controls, we used data from patients affected by PE evaluated in our ward between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2019 (64 patients, 53.1% males, aged 70.88±16.44years). All patients underwent a complete physical examination, pulmonary computerised tomography, laboratory tests, D-dimers and blood gas analysis at the time of diagnosis. There were no differences in laboratory tests nor in D-dimers between the two groups. In the CPE group we found a significantly increased pO2 (92.83±42.52 vs. 76.11±32.58mmHg; p<0.05), difference of oxygen between alveoli and arteries (A-aDO2; 169.3±171.9 vs. 52.97±39.65mmHg; p<0.05), and oxygen saturation % (97.06±2.59 vs. 93.77±5.53%; p<0.05) compared to controls. No difference was found in pCO2 and the ratio between pO2 and percentage of inspired oxygen (P/F). Finally, a significantly decreased urate (3.67±1.49 vs. 5.60±2.10; p<0.05) was found in CPE compared to controls. In CPE, platelets count presents an inverse correlation to P/F (r=-0.389, p=0.02) but a direct correlation to A-aDO2 (r=0.699, p=0.001). No similar findings were present in controls. COVID-19 PE appears to have a different clinical setting. Reduced oxygenation described in PE may not to be considered as a sign of disease. The increased A-aDO2 may indicate that COVID-19 PE involved smaller vessels compared to classical PE. A possible diffuse capillary thrombosis could explain these results.

Forensic Facial Comparison: Current Status, Limitations, and Future Directions.

Simple SummaryFacial identification is an emerging field in forensic anthropology, largely due to the rise in closed circuit television presence worldwide, yet there is little published research in it. Our research group has conducted a series of studies testing the validity and reliability of the facial identification practice of morphological analysis. In this paper, we summarize the results of our studies and other latest advances in facial identification practice. In addition, we present a review of relevant technical literature on the limiting factors imposed on facial identification by closed circuit television, while making recommendations for practice and the future of this research niche based on a combination of our results and the technical know-how available. Facial identification research is a multidisciplinary task, with involvement from the field of anatomy, forensic anthropology, photography, image science, and psychology, among others. The value of this brief review is the bridging of these multiple disciplines to discuss the relevant needs and requirements of facial identification in forensic practice and future research.Global escalation of crime has necessitated the use of digital imagery to aid the identification of perpetrators. Forensic facial comparison (FFC) is increasingly employed, often relying on poor-quality images. In the absence of standardized criteria, especially in terms of video recordings, verification of the methodology is needed. This paper addresses aspects of FFC, discussing relevant terminology, investigating the validity and reliability of the FISWG morphological feature list using a new South African database, and advising on standards for CCTV equipment. Suboptimal conditions, including poor resolution, unfavorable angle of incidence, color, and lighting, affected the accuracy of FFC. Morphological analysis of photographs, standard CCTV, and eye-level CCTV showed improved performance in a strict iteration analysis, but not when using analogue CCTV images. Therefore, both strict and lenient iterations should be conducted, but FFC must be abandoned when a strict iteration performs worse than a lenient one. This threshold ought to be applied to the specific CCTV equipment to determine its utility. Chance-corrected accuracy was the most representative measure of accuracy, as opposed to the commonly used hit rate. While the use of automated systems is increasing, trained human observer-based morphological analysis, using the FISWG feature list and an Analysis, Comparison, Evaluation, and Verification (ACE-V) approach, should be the primary method of facial comparison.

Hybrid Intelligent Feedforward-Feedback Pitch Control for VSWT With Predicted Wind Speed

Although wind power has gained tremendous development in recent years, how to achieve mechanical loads optimization to extend service life-time of wind turbines is still a hot and challenging topic. In this study, artificial intelligence and advanced control techniques are combined to approach this objective for variable-speed wind turbine systems operating in high-speed region. First, the real-time information of effective wind speed is extracted and predicted via support vector regression (SVR) by exploiting data stream acquired online. Optimization of the support vector regression’s parameters is completed by the particle swarm optimization algorithm. Subsequently, the predicted wind speed is routed to a novel feedforward mechanism designed to build a nonlinear relationship between wind speed and pitch angle. Additionally, an uncertainty and disturbance estimator (UDE) based feedback controller is implemented to deal with the model uncertainties and external disturbances. Both loads optimization and rotor speed/generator power regulation are achieved via strict math analysis. Finally, extensive comparison studies between the proposed scheme and traditional pitch angle controllers are conducted on GH bladed platform to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

Fixed-time HOSM controller design for constrained sliding mode systems with mismatched terms

The current study has systematically presented a strategy of designing the fixed-time high-order sliding mode (HOSM) controller with asymmetric output constraints. This constructive method is accomplished by three crucial mechanisms. First of all, some nonlinear terms satisfying homogeneous growth conditions are implanted into the mismatched channels of the traditional HOSM system. Based on this, a HOSM system with mismatched terms is built to weaken the uncertainties in control input channels. Secondly, a barrier Lyapunov function (BLF) is developed to resolve the constraints. Thirdly, by integrating the BLF with a backstepping-like method, a fixed-time HOSM controller is explicitly proposed to handle the HOSM dynamics with mismatched terms and asymmetric output constraints. It is shown via the strict Lyapunov analysis that under the constructed controller, the closed-loop system is fixed-time stabilized and the realization of prescribed constraints is insured. The investigations of two cases are provided to validate the established theoretical results.

Efficient form-finding algorithm for freeform grid structures based on inverse hanging method

Grid structures and branching columns have been widely adopted due to their high structural efficiency and novel appearance. High structural efficiency must be achieved through a strict form-finding analysis. Existing algorithms are mainly applicable for grid structures or branching columns only. However, the form-finding of upper grid structures and the lower branching columns are mutually affected. A form-finding algorithm is needed for grid structures supported by branching columns. In the present work, an efficient form-finding algorithm suitable for grid structures is initially proposed, and the feasibility of this algorithm is verified through three examples. Then, the form-finding algorithm for grid structures is integrated with the form-finding algorithm of branching columns. Results indicated that the proposed algorithm can be used for form-finding analysis of various grid structures supported by branching columns. This work was conducted using a general finite element analysis program and can be easily mastered by engineering designers while avoiding tedious programming.

A parabolic–hyperbolic system modeling the tumor growth with angiogenesis

In this paper, we study the parabolic–hyperbolic system about the growth of a tumor. The model is a coupled system of PDEs with Robin boundary, which involves nutrient density, extracellular matrix and matrix degrading enzyme. By transforming the free boundary into a fixed boundary and using strict mathematical analysis, we can prove the existence and uniqueness of the radially symmetric stationary solution. By the fixed point theorem, we obtain the existence and uniqueness of the radially symmetric solution globally in time.

Addition of High-Dose Cytarabine to Immunochemotherapy before Autologous Stem-Cell Transplantation in Patients Aged 65 Years or Younger with Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL Younger): A Long-Term Follow-up of the Randomized, Open-Label, Phase 3 Trial of the European Mantle Cell Lymphoma Network

Addition of High-Dose Cytarabine to Immunochemotherapy before Autologous Stem-Cell Transplantation in Patients Aged 65 Years or Younger with Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL Younger): A Long-Term Follow-up of the Randomized, Open-Label, Phase 3 Trial of the European Mantle Cell Lymphoma Network

An improved secure and efficient group key agreement scheme in VANETs

SummaryVANET is a wireless mobile network that can provide communication for vehicles and roadside units. The security and efficiency of its key agreement scheme are critical. After analyzing the security defects of the VANET key agreement scheme of Liu et al., an improved secure and efficient group key agreement scheme in VANETs is proposed in this paper. We construct a group key agreement scheme replacing the bilinear pair with elliptic curve cryptography, which can achieve a higher level of security. A strict security analysis is given to prove that the scheme meets various security requirements of VANETs. Compared with similar schemes, the performance analysis shows that the computation cost and communication cost of the proposed scheme are significantly reduced.

Gluon PDF from quark dressing in the nucleon and pion

Gluon dressing of the light quarks within hadrons is very strong and extremely important in that it dynamically generates most of the observable mass through the breaking of chiral symmetry. The quark and gluon parton densities, q(x) and g(x), are necessarily interrelated since any gluon emission and absorption process, especially dressing of a quark, contributes to g(x) and modifies q(x). Guided by long-established results for the parton-in-parton distributions from a strict 1-loop perturbative analysis of a quark target, we extend the non-perturbative QCD approach based on the Rainbow-Ladder truncation of the Dyson-Schwinger equations to describe the interrelated valence qv(x) and the dressing-gluon g(x) for a hadron at its intrinsic model scale. We employ the pion description from previous DSE work that accounted for the gluon-in-quark effect, and introduce a simple model of the nucleon for exploratory purposes. We find typically 〈x〉g∼0.20 for both pion and nucleon at the model scale, and the valence quark helicity contributes 52% of nucleon spin. We deduce both qv(x) and g(x) from 30 calculated Mellin moments, and after adopting existing data analysis results for qsea(x), we find that NLO scale evolution produces g(x) in good agreement with existing data analysis results for the pion at 1.3 GeV and the nucleon at 5 GeV2. At the scale 2 GeV typical of lattice-QCD calculations, we obtain 〈x〉gN=0.42 in good agreement with 0.38 from the average of recent lattice-QCD calculations.

WA-GPSR: Weight-Aware GPSR-Based Routing Protocol for VANET

The extremely fast topology has created new requirements for the geographic routing protocol, which has been the most efficient solution for Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs). The frequent disconnection of links makes the choice of the next routing node extremely difficult. Hence, an efficient routing algorithm needs to deliver the appropriate path to transfer the data packets with the most relevant quality of service (QoS). In this work, the weight-aware greedy perimeter stateless (WA-GPSR) routing protocol is presented. The enhanced GPSR protocol computes the reliable communication area and selects the next forwarding vehicle based on several routing criteria. The proposal has been evaluated and compared to Maxduration-Minangle GPSR (MM-GPSR) and traditional GPSR using strict metric analysis. Our experimental results using NS-2 and VanetMobiSim, have demonstrated that WA-GPSR has the ability to enhance network performance.