Stress-strain Graph Research Articles

Simulation Of Mechanical Stress On A Solution-Annealed 15-15Ti Steel Using ABAQUS CAE Program

In addressing the problem of Ti steel (15-15Ti) proposed as the main candidate material for the manufacture of coatings and fuel wrappers for liquid LBE-cooled fast reactors at high temperatures related to material degradation, such as liquid metal embrittlement (LME) and liquid metal corrosion (LMC), Gong et al. conducted research related to the creep failure behavior of solution-annealed 15-15Ti steel exposed to LBE at temperatures of 550 and 600oC using a creep test facility. However, in this study, testing the mechanical properties of 15-15Ti steel through tensile testing was not really discussed, even though the mechanical properties of a material are one of the most important things in determining structural design. The mechanical properties obtained from previous research were then simulated using ABAQUS CAE software to determine the stress distribution profile (initial and final) and the mechanical stress-strain performance used to understand more about the 15–15Ti material. From the simulation results, it was found that the peak force received by the specimen for a strain rate of 1.1 x 10-5s-1 was 6.0 kN, while for a strain rate of 5 x 10-5s-1, it was 6.2 kN. This means that the specimen used cannot accept a force greater than the peak force value. A stress-strain difference graph was also obtained in the experimental results, with simulation results showing a decrease in the value of the fracture point. This is because the mesh setting in the simulation is not close to a more detailed value.

Effect of fresh concrete compression technique on pre- and post-heating compressive behavior of steel fiber-reinforced concrete: Experiments and RSM-based optimization

Despite the many advantages of fresh concrete compression technique for improving the performance of hardened concrete under compression, no study has so far addressed various behavioral aspects of this type of concrete in different conditions and scenarios such as fire, which may occur during the service life for a structure made up of this concrete type. Here, the compressive performance of compressed concrete with steel fibers was addressed before and after experiencing elevated temperatures considering key variables including the volume quantity of steel fibers, diameter-to-thickness ratio of steel tube (mold), capacity of the reference concrete, and exposure temperature. To reach this goal, 60 concrete cylinders were tested under axial compression, and the results including the compressive strength, elastic modulus, strain at peak stress, toughness, axial stress–strain graph, and weight loss were assessed together with the results of a visual inspection, failure mode, and microstructure of concrete. The results demonstrated that although the fresh concrete compression technique notably improved the mechanical features of concrete, especially the compressive strength by up to 100 % at the ambient temperature, adding steel fibers, lowering the water-to-cement ratio (w/c), and using a tube with a thinner wall as the mold lowered the efficiency of this technique in improving the compressive performance. In addition, the amount of increase in concrete strength due to compressing the fresh concrete had a linear relationship with the amount of excess water removed from it. The positive impact of the fresh concrete compression technique on the concrete strength at high temperatures was significant. In this regard, the compressive strength reduction of the compressed concrete was 20 % lower than that of the uncompressed concrete. However, the fresh concrete compression technique was not very effective against the deterioration of the modulus of elasticity caused by high temperatures. Ultimately, the response surface method (RSM) was used to reach an optimum solution for the design variables that could maximize the compressive capacity of fibrous compressed concrete per different target temperatures.

Evaluation of high-tensile steel using nonlinear analysis: Experiment-FE materials benchmarking of LNG carrier structures under low-temperature conditions

Natural gas is the cleanest energy source compared to other fossil fuels. When the temperature is between −160 ºC to −164 ºC at atmospheric pressure, natural gas will be in liquid form, commonly called Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). Currently, the demand for the availability of natural gas is increasing rapidly. However, not all countries have natural gas reserves. In this case, ships transport Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) between continents and oceans to meet global needs. Since the Northern Sea Route (NSR) was opened, the route has become an alternative route where ships can save fuel because the distance is closer than the standard route (through the Suez Canal). However, because this route is in the Arctic region, which has a harsh environment, the ship may experience a structural failure, resulting in an accident and possibly causing material, human or other casualties. This paper employed the finite element method to observe the materials used as raw materials for the structure of natural gas shipping vessels. High tensile steel grade AH 32 was tested for tensile using numerical analysis. The temperature varied from room to shallow temperature (−160 ºC). Besides that, the mesh sizes used were 1 mm, 2 mm, 4 mm, 6 mm, 8 mm, and 10 mm to produce outcomes that are most similar to earlier research assessed via experimental testing. The result obtained was that the mechanical properties of AH 32 steel will change significantly at shallow temperatures, which can be observed from the engineering stress–strain graph. High tensile steel grade AH 32 becomes very brittle at −160 ºC. Besides that, the necking phenomenon, as in the experimental test, can also be observed through numerical analysis.

Lightweight Design and Finite Element Analysis of Brake Lever for Motorcycle Application

A lightweight component design contributes to the overall optimization of a system to be more effective and efficient. Then, it can lead to the contribution of a carbon footprint reduction. The research aimed to propose a novel lightweight brake lever design for motorcycle applications and numerically investigate its performance by comparing the proposed design with different utilized materials. The subject of the research was an optimized brake lever for motorcycle application. The materials used were aluminum alloy, structural steel, and titanium alloy. A Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis was employed to investigate the proposed brake lever design. Three proposed designs were introduced with the mass reduction in each optimization up to 50,9% of reduced mass. Maximum stress was observed on the most optimized design with a value of 297 MPa. The strain and total deformation were also investigated among the components. In the result, the stress-strain graph shows that the most optimized brake lever experiences the highest stress with the highest strain value. Furthermore, the highest safety factor is achieved with the utilization of titanium alloy, reaching the value of 6,28 for preliminary design and 3,1 for the most optimized component. However, the lightest component can be obtained using aluminum alloy.

Supersonic shear wave elastography of human tendons is associated with in vivo tendon stiffness over small strains

Supersonic shear wave (SW) elastography has emerged as a useful imaging modality offering researchers and clinicians a fast, non-invasive, quantitative assessment of tendon biomechanics. However, the exact relationship between SW speed and in vivo tendon stiffness is not intuitively obvious and needs to be verified. This study aimed to explore the validity of supersonic SW elastography against a gold standard method to measure the Achilles tendon’s in vivo tensile stiffness by combining conventional ultrasound imaging with dynamometry. Twelve healthy participants performed maximal voluntary isometric plantarflexion contractions (MVC) on a dynamometer with simultaneous ultrasonographic recording of the medial gastrocnemius musculotendinous junction for dynamometry-based measurement of stiffness. The tendon’s force–elongation relationship and stress–strain behaviour were assessed. Tendon stiffness at different levels of tension was calculated as the slope of the stress–strain graph. SW speed was measured at the midportion of the free tendon and tendon Young’s modulus was estimated. A correlation analysis between the two techniques revealed a statistically significant correlation for small strains (r(10) = 0.604, p =.038). SW-based assessments of in vivo tendon stiffness were not correlated to the gold standard method for strains in the tendon>10 % of the maximum strain during MVC. The absolute values of SW-based Young’s modulus estimations were approximately-three orders of magnitude lower than dynamometry-based measurements. Supersonic SW elastography should be only used to assess SW speed for the detection and study of differences between tissue regions, differences between people or groups of people or changes over time in tendon initial stiffness (i.e., stiffness for small strains).

Mechanical characterization of 3D-printed Kelvin cell with varying infill densities

Over the past few years, 3D-printed cellular lattice structures have had a considerable impact on a variety of engineering applications, including their potential for load carrying and crash resistance. The intricate construction of Kelvin cell lattices makes it difficult to manufacture them using conventional production techniques. Such structures can be easily manufactured using fused deposition modelling (FDM). Polylactic acid (PLA) material is used here to print these components. This study compares the mechanical performance of various infill densities in kelvin cell lattices under uniaxial compression. To maintain uniformity throughout the tests, the 10 mm/min compression speed is always maintained when compressing all the lattices. A cylindrical shell which holds the lattice inside has a radius of 3 mm more than kelvin cell lattice which is developed for experimentation. This reduces the difficulty of adding and removing support structures and increases energy absorption capabilities. Using simulations and a Stress–strain graph (based on Force vs. Displacement graph), a thorough comparative analysis is done to describe the varied mechanical behaviours and energy absorption capacities of the components. According to the experimental findings, it is noticed that elastic modulus and plateau stress rise as the infill density does.

Further study of stress-strain deformation of some structural reinforcement steel rods with different diameters from a mini mill in Nigeria using theoretical and regression analysis

Further study of stress-strain deformation of some structural reinforcement steel rods with different diameters from a mini mill in Nigeria using theoretical and regression analysis has been undertaken. The work utilized result test of mechanical testing carried out on different sizes of reinforcement steel bars for concrete reinforcement ranging from 10 mm to 28mm in diameter. The deformation pattern of the work was highlighted using stress-strain graph and subjected to theoretical analysis, where the result showed that it is a ductile material with all the deformation regions associated with a ductile material. It equally has an elongation % of 9.36 at the point of failure during the test. Values of % elongation, ultimate tensile strength generated with different sizes of reinforcement steel bar were subjected to different regression models to establish their relationship, and to also find out which model best fit the relationship between the diameter variation of the steel rod and the % elongation, and the diameter variation of the steel rod and the ultimate tensile strength. The result showed that the relationship was linear, and linear regression model was better than hyperbolic curve model, and exponential function model. Therefore linear regression model was used to develop prediction model equations to estimate the values of % elongation and ultimate tensile strength. These models were evaluated using coefficient of determination r2, standard error of regression, confidence limits, standard errors of the intercept (a) and the gradient (b), confidence interval for intercept and gradient, and finally significance test was carried out on the intercept and the gradient. The standard error of regression for model equation Y1 was very small; 0.37, and that of model equation Y2 was 60.18. The coefficient of determination r2 was 21% for model equation Y1 and 1.49% for model equation Y2. The results also show that the general confidence interval has a narrower range than the individual confidence interval. The rank correlation coefficient has indicated that the association of the diameter variation of the steel rod was in perfect negative to the % elongation at failure and ultimate tensile strength. In conclusion this work has further thrown light to the stress-strain deformation of different diameters of structural reinforcement steel rods.

Evaluation of tensile property of SLA 3D printed NextDent biocompatible Class I material for making surgical guides for implant surgery

In the field of additive manufacturing (AM), keeping aside all conventional methods like casting and welding, 3D printing is a great technology. Where SLA plays a very important role as it deals with liquid converting into solid form when exposed to ultraviolet radiation (UV rays). But still SLA 3D printing is not used as a manufacturing process on a greater scale due to the fact that data available on technical datasheets are often unreliable. Obtaining mechanical properties of 3D printed parts are difficult to obtain as there might occur changes in its properties due to orientation error. This research aims the angle of orientation is best for which types of loads respectively fracture test and DMA test where there is a possibility of getting different mechanical properties at different orientation angles and to minimise the error while testing, taking an average of 3 specimens for each angle and for different tests. Final conclusion on which angle of orientation is 00 where author has taken all stress–strain graph and load-extension graph under consideration. This systematic study of manufacturing facilities under additive manufacturing of SLA 3D printed specimen will be used as a reference for the selection and promotion of best orientation for printing of surgical guide for tensile load in the bio- medical industry too.

Influence of stress-strain behaviour of quaternary blended self compacting concrete for sustainable construction

High Performance Concrete (HPC) had already gained in popularity throughout the last decade. Concrete strength is not synonymous with HPC. It has multiple criteria apart from strength. That includes the concrete’s elasticity, solidity, longevity & resistance towards certain varieties of assault. Raising structures in a harsh atmosphere really need adoption of HPC. For both the reasonable planning & assessment of a structural concrete, a complete stress-strain curve is important. Concrete buildings constructed in difficult climates, in especially, routine maintenance due to the cost of design and indeed the challenge of replacement. Like a consequence, for efficient planning & restoration, a very well stress-strain graph is recommended. Many research’s had also demonstrated the utility of fibres in strengthening the characteristics of concrete. self compacting concrete(SCC) integrates the capabilities of self compacting concrete in its fresh form with performance improvements in the hardened stage attributable towards the incorporation with fibres. An effort was made throughout this work to explore the stress-strain performance of SCC using quaternary blended self compacting concrete(QBSCC). Relying on the Nan-Su technique, a strength-based mix % of SCC was established & indeed the proportion got quite well employing Okamura’s parameters. Mixes with various admixtures such as fly ash, GGBS, Micro silica were investigated for 0.30 & 0.40 w/b ratios. In this work, incorporating mineral admixtures in SCC mixes to optimal content resulted in a max improvement in ultimate load at early ages of hardened concrete leading towards sustainable development all over the world.

On the mechanical aspect of additive manufactured polyether-ether-ketone scaffold for repair of large bone defects.

ABSTRACTPolyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) is widely used in producing prosthesis and have gained great attention for repair of large bone defect in recent years with the development of additive manufacturing. This is due to its excellent biocompatibility, good heat and chemical stability and similar mechanical properties which mimics natural bone. In this study, three replicates of rectilinear scaffolds were designed for compression, tension, three-point bending and torsion test with unit cell size of 0.8 mm, a pore size of 0.4 mm, strut thickness of 0.4 mm and nominal porosity of 50%. Stress-strain graphs were developed from experimental and finite element analysis models. Experimental Young’s modulus and yield strength of the scaffolds were measured from the slop of the stress-strain graph to be 395 and 19.50 MPa respectively for compression, 427 and 6.96 MPa respectively for tension, 257 and 25.30 MPa respectively for three-point bending and 231 and 12.83 MPa respectively for torsion test. The finite element model was found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. Ductile fracture of the struct subjected to tensile strain was the main failure mode of the PEEK scaffold, which stems from the low crystallinity of additive manufacturing PEEK. The mechanical properties of porous PEEK are close to those of cancellous bone and thus are expected to be used in additive manufacturing PEEK bone implants in the future, but the lower yield strength poses a design challenge

Strain Measuring of Composite Grid Using Digital Image Correlation

Digital Image Correlation (DIC) is a new advanced technique for measuring the deformation of a specimen using high-resolution images. It has been used by numerous researchers since it can measure the deformation of specimens without interference because it is contactless. Moreover, the DIC technique can be applied to any materials to which normal measuring equipment is difficult to attach such as Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) grid in this paper, undulated and small surfaces. The DIC technique is easy to set up and provides reliable results compared to conventional equipment like a strain gauge. Although it is good, its associated equipment is too expensive to be readily affordable. Hence, this paper uses an open-source DIC program called Ncorr that works in MATLAB to analyze deformations of six FRP grids from direct tensile tests by comparing their results to the results from a strain gauge. Young’s modulus—calculated from ASTM 3039, ACI 440-3R-04, and regression analysis—of each specimen will be used for comparison. The results show that the difference between Young’s modulus from DIC and strain gauge is <5% if the stress–strain graph of data from the strain gauge is perfectly linear without straying.

Effect of Temperature and Strain Rate Variation on Tensile Properties of a Defective Nanocrystalline Copper-Tantalum Alloy

Nanocrystalline alloys of immiscible in nature are emerging topics of interest for researchers due to better mechanical stability at high temperatures. Nanocrystalline Copper-Tantalum alloy is of particular interest for research exploration due to its high strength, limited solubility and high-temperature stability. In the present work, the mechanical properties of nanocrystalline 90/10 copper-tantalum (9Cu-Ta) alloy have been investigated using the molecular dynamics approach. Embedded atom method (EAM) of potential has been used to analyze the mechanical properties at high temperatures due to the high stability of EAM in molecular dynamic simulation. At high-temperature defects plays a very important role therefore a specific 9Cu-Ta nanostructure having 3% vacancies has been selected to explore its performance under a particular type of point defect. This study has been conducted under uniaxial tensile loading. The tensile properties of this defective nanocrystalline alloy have been compared at specific temperatures i.e. 300 K, 600 K, 800 K, 1000 K and 1200 K. The study revealed that the variation in temperature from 300 K to 1200 K results in the shifting of the stress-strain graph to lower stress values. It has also been noticed that the variation in ultimate tensile strength is the least in comparison to yield strength and elastic constant for the same variation in temperature. These results indicate the importance of avoiding thermal agitations during the synthesis and surface modification of nanocrystalline copper-tantalum alloy.

Reliability and properties enhancement of as-cast aluminum alloy through gating system design

In this work, the influence of temperature on fluidity and gating system design on the physical, and mechanical properties of as-cast AA6063-T6 aluminum alloy have been examined. The pouring temperature has been used as a controlling parameter for flowability measurement and a spiral ceramic placed in a sand mold for measuring the fluidity index of the molten alloy. A linear relationship between the casting temperature and the fluidity length was observed. These show that fluidity increases linearly with the pouring temperature. Also, an expanding systems and pressurized gating systems were experimented through sprue-runner to cross-sectional area variation. The ultimate tensile strength of the samples was not significantly affected by the in-gate system design. Meanwhile, the fracture elongation seemed to be more dependent on the melt quality than on the in-gate system design. The true stress-strain graph indicates that expanding systems are better than pressurized systems. The plot of residual against fit for regression analysis does not show random distribution about the reference point.

PENAMBAHAN SISTEM KOMPUTERISASI PADA UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE DI JURUSAN TEKNIK MESIN POLITEKNIK NEGERI MALANG

Rafik Djoenaidi, Andri Setiawan, Marthania Putri Indrayati ,. 2021. "Addition of Computerized Systems to Universal Testing Machines in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, State Polytechnic of Malang".
 
 Tensile testing equipment is an educational laboratory facility that is very important in supporting and supporting the teaching and learning process in the laboratory, especially the Tensile testing machine in the Polynema Mechanical Engineering department still uses manual reading of test results, along with the development of technology, currently the Tensile testing machine will equipped with digitalization tools and integrated into the computer with data acquisition.
 
 Tensile test equipment is an educational laboratory facility that is very important in supporting and supporting the teaching and learning process in the laboratory, especially the Tensile testing machine in the Polynema Mechanical Engineering department still uses reading test results manually, along with the development of technology, the current Tensile test machine will equipped with a digitizing device and integrated into a computer with data acquisition. The output of this tensile test is in the form of a tensile force table (F), elongation (ΔL), stress, strain and stress strain graph. The method for recording tensile force data (F) is done by connecting directly using a sonic scale type sp-320 and integrating it into a computer with data acquisition so that it can display a graph..
 
 Keywords: Tensile test equipment, data acquisition, Sonic Scale

Tensile properties of PolyLactic Acid Composite Foamed via Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Tensile properties of foamed PolyLactic Acid (PLA) composite were studied. In this work, PLA were incorporate with Durian Skin Fibre (DSF) and Cinnamon Essential Oil (CEO) to form PLA bio composite and further treat via supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) to form foamed PLA bio composite. The tensile strength value of foamed PLA bio composite slightly drops from foamed PLA. As for stress strain graph, the percentage of strain for foamed PLA and PLA bio composite did not distinct much. Through SEM, the foamed PLA bio composite showing that it did not fully foamed after treated via SCCO2 which due to treatment period and the thickness of the thin films.

Simulation and modeling of different cell shapes for closed-cell LM-13 alloy foam for compressive behavior

Abstract In the present investigation, a two-dimensional (2D) finite element (FE) model of closed-cell AlSi12Mg1Cu1 alloy foam (AAFs) of 0.35 relative density of different cell shapes, i.e., square, hexagonal, octagonal, and circular shaped cell established with the help of ABAQUS simulation software. Experimentation is also done for 0.35 relative density metal foam to report its compressive behavior. The plateau stress σ p l $\left(\right.{\sigma }_{pl}$ ) and energy absorption capacity (E ab) of AAFs (ρ rd = 0.35) properties are calculated from the plotted stress–strain graph and a significant effect of cell shape on compressive performance observed. By SEM characterization, it was noted that the experimental specimen also had near circular cells. The strength and energy absorption values are calculated for square-shape, circular-shaped, octagonal-shaped, and hexagonal-shaped cells in descending order from maximum to minimum. A convergence study is also carried out concerning the number of elements to obtain the most accurate FE results.

Effects of Corrosion on Stress–Strain Behavior of Confined Concrete

An analytical model is proposed to predict the stress–strain relationship of confined concrete subjected to reinforcement corrosion. The stress–strain graph of confined concrete with corroded reinforcement was predicted using estimation of four key parameters: maximum compressive stress, strain at maximum compressive stress, modulus of elasticity of concrete, and ultimate compressive strain of concrete. To validate the model, analytically predicted stress–strain curves of confined concrete of circular RC columns damaged due to corroded reinforcement were compared with those obtained from full-scale experimental tests with varying degrees of corrosion. The results of the comparison indicate good agreement. The RC columns had identical size, the same longitudinal steel reinforcement and spiral confinement type but with different spiral pitches providing varying levels of confinement. The corroded RC columns were categorized into four corrosion groups: noncorroded, low corrosion, high corrosion, and mechanical pitting corroded. The presented model is based on a modified version of the Mander’s universal model for RC columns.

Properties Comparison of Open Hole and Non-Hole Carbon UD-Lycal Composite with Vacuum Bagging Manufacturing Method

Carbon fiber reinforce polymer is one of some composite materials that has the high strength with light weight material. To apply this composite to the amphibious airplane structure, it should through the experimental tensile test to know the tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of the composite. In this experiment, we use Carbon UD fiber and Lycal resin as the composite material that manufactured with Vacuum Bagging Method. Specimens and testing process refer to ASTM D3039 for non-hole specimen, and ASTM D5766 for open hole specimen of tensile test standard for composite matrix polymers. The result of the experimental test shows that the tensile modulus of elasticity for non-hole composite is 34.92 ± 0.13 GPa, with the Ultimate Tensile Strength of this composite is 1081± 0.03 MPa, and the modulus of elasticity for open hole composite is 41.87± 0.02 GPa, with the Ultimate Tensile Strength of this composite is 899.04± 0.02 MPa. The simulation yields nearly same stress-strain graph with the result of experiment. The result shows that, the open hole composite has the ultimate tensile strength lower than non-hole composite, it’s due to the open hole composite has a trigger failure that may decreasing the tensile strength value.

Applications of the Hill 1948 Yield Criterion Development, Performance Evaluation and Comparison for Describing the Behaviour of Different CRCA Grades

The sheet metal forming processes in several industries like automobile and aerospace suppose the yielding of the sheet metals once strained. Yielding is categorized by the plastic flow of the materials once strained. The yield purpose just in case of uniaxial tension may be simply determined from the stress strain graph, however just in case of multi axial stresses it gets complicated. A relationship among the principal stresses is required requiring the circumstances underneath that plastic flow happens. This complexity is addressed by the anisotropic yield functions. Also, the investigation to get yield loci could also be expensive and time taking. In such case these yield functions prove to be very effective. The yield criteria also facilitate in decisive planar distribution of yield stresses and anisotropic coefficients which gives a decent estimate of these mechanical parameters while not having to through the pain of experimental determination. This study aims at using Hill 1948 criterion to get the Yield Surface Diagrams for three different grades of CRCA Sheets such as ordinary (o), Deep Drawing (DD) and Extra Deep Drawing (EDD) to get the planar distribution of the uniaxial yield stress and anisotropic coefficient. Also, the performance analysis of different grades the distributions are done using accuracy index.

Tensile and compressive behavior of self-compacting concrete incorporating PET as fine aggregate substitution after thermal exposure: Experiments and modeling

Examining the response of self-compacting concrete (SCC) to high temperatures contributes greatly to better understand how structures made with this concrete behave in the fire. On the other hand, the use of waste materials in concrete to produce eco-friendly concretes requires knowing and specifying the mechanical features of these concretes for use in concrete structures. Therefore, this research focused on the impact of using polyethylene terephthalate (PET) particles as a substitution for different fractions of fine aggregate (0, 5, 10, and 15%) on the compressive and tensile performance of SCCs for the two cases of no thermal exposure and thermal exposure at 200, 400, and 600 °C. The impact of the volume percentage of PET particles on the freshly mixed SCCs was investigated using the slump flow, flow time, V-funnel, and L-box tests. Afterward, various mechanical features (compression and tension strengths, failure strain, elastic modulus, toughness, strain at peak stress, and stress–strain graph) following thermal exposure were assessed, and some empirical formulas were derived for predicting them. Moreover, the empirical findings of the current work were evaluated against the values estimated by the prediction relationships of different codes, namely ASCE, EN 1994-1-2, and ACI 216. In general, there was proper consistency for lower thermal exposures, while there were underestimations of the empirical values for higher thermal exposures. Based on observations, for the higher exposure temperatures and higher PET substitution level, drops in the mechanical features were more considerable, so that the compressive strength, tensile strength, and elastic modulus decreased by about 60% in the SCC specimen with a PET substitution level of 15% after thermal treatment at 600 °C compared with SCC without PET and heat (reference). At last, based on empirical relationships derived for the mechanical features, a stress–strain relationship was presented to capture the compressive response of SCCs incorporating waste PET particles following exposure to high temperatures. This model has an appropriate correlation with the empirical findings.