Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Wistar Rats Research Articles

Comparative antihyperglycemic potentials of different fractions of Detarium senegalense stem bark extract on streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats

Comparative antihyperglycemic potentials of different fractions of Detarium senegalense stem bark extract on streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats

Comparative antihyperglycemic potentials of different fractions of Detarium senegalense stem bark extract on streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats

Aim: The search for cheap and potent antidiabetic agent with less adverse effects and efficient glycemic control than orthodox and allopathic therapies prompted this current study. Method: Forty-two (42) adult Wistar rats of between 150-200g were procured and acclimatized for two weeks for the study. They were first grouped into six (6) of seven rats (n=7) per group. Whilst group 1 received normal water and chow ad libitum (control), groups 2-6 respectively were steptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic, untreated (diabetic control), 50mg/kg metformin treated diabetic, STZ-induced, 250mg/kg body weight of D. senegalensis ethyl acetate extract treated, STZ-induced, 250mg/kg of D. senegalensis n-hexene extract treated, and 250mg/kg bw of D. senegalensis chloroform extract treated. While using the GCMS to analyze the active ingredients of the various D. senegalensis fractionates administered, fasting blood glucose levels were checked and compared weekly for 10 weeks before and during treatments; obtaining differences in mean with the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). All test statistics were performed with the graph pad prism 8.1, setting p < 0.05 as statistically significant. Results: Study observed the highest anti-diabetic bioactivity in experimental than control animals; especially confirming the presence of major phytochemicals but Glycosides. In diabetic rats, a significant increase was observed in α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities, but with administration of chloroform, Hexane and Ethyl acetate fractions from the methanol stem bark extract at 250 mg/kg and metformin (50 mg/kg) significantly decreasing the activity of the enzyme’s ability on the pancreas, with the most potent being the ethyl acetate extract group Conclusion: D. senegalense extract proved to be a potent alpha-glucosidase inhibitor with less potency for alpha-amylase. This action could be productive in preventing DM via decrease in blood glucose uptake.

Influence of Sterculia setigera Delile extract on oxidative stress enzyme activity and treatment of impaired glucose homeostasis in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats

BackgroundSterculia setigera Delile is a plant member of Sterculiacea family whose ethnobotanical investigation has revealed medicinal virtues. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has several advantages as it includes a wide variety of plants, low cost, minimal toxic and side effects. More significantly, many bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, tannins and saponins are active constituents of traditional Chinese medicinal plants, which generally have no adverse effects. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of S. setigera Delile extract in impairing hyperglycemia and oxidative stress induced by streptozotocin in Wistar rats. MethodsThe intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg) generated hyperglycemia in male Wistar rats. Diabetic animals were treated for 4 weeks with S. setigera extract. Insulin concentration and lipid profile biomarkers were evaluated. Oxidative stress biomarkers were assessed in pancreas and kidney. Histological sections of pancreas and kidney were made. ResultsAfter 4 weeks of treatment, the extract could decrease blood glucose levels by CI% (-92.3 to -39.94) compared to the diabetic control. Serum insulin, triglycerides and total cholesterol were improved towards their normal values. Pancreatic and renal cell architecture, were also improved in animals treated with the extract. ConclusionS. setigera extract could thus reverse hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and oxidative stress in streptozotocin diabetic rats.

Ameliorative Potentials of Methanol Bark Extract of Detarium senegalense (Tallow Tree) in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Male Wistar Rats

Diabetes is a global metabolic disease that affects millions of individuals worldwide and raises the global death rate, posing a public health concern. Because antidiabetic traditional drugs are expensive, have side effects, and are ineffective, researchers are looking into novel medicinal plants to find a long-term cure that is inexpensive, has few or no side effects, and is highly effective in treating diabetes and its consequences. Detarium senegalense is a versatile plant used to cure a variety of ailments, including diabetes. This research aimed to investigate the ameliorative potentials of methanol bark extract of Detarium senegalense in streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic male Wistar Rats. Thirty (30) adult male Wistar rats weighing 120-180gm were chosen at random and put into six (6) groups of five rats each (n=5) for this investigation. A single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (150mg/kg) produced diabetes in rats. Normal and diabetic control groups are represented by groups 1 and 2, respectively. Group 3, a diabetic group, received metformin (50mg/kg). Groups 4, 5, and 6 received methanol bark extract of Deterium senegalenses at 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg/day, respectively. The animals were euthanized at the end of the 21-day treatment period, and organs were excised for biochemical examination. The generated data was analyzed with the SPSS software, and the results were expressed as mean SEM. Result confirms Detarium senegalense methanol bark extract as a hypoglycemic agent on the diabetic rats, by decreasing blood glucose level and the activity of metabolic enzymes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase), increase hexokinase, Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, Glut 1 and Glut 2 activities while decreasing the activities of Malondialdehyde. Conclusively, the bark of Detarium senegalense has been shown to have anti-diabetic and anti-oxidative.

Aspartame consumption causes cognitive impairment in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats

Aspartame consumption causes cognitive impairment in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats

Immunohistochemical Effects of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Lycopersicum Esculentus on the Kidney in Experimentally Induced Diabetic Wistar Rats

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) as a leading cause of end-stage renal failure which has become source of concern recently. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of EAFL on the histomorphology and evaluate its effect on inflammatory markers in Streptozotocin- Induced diabetic Wistar rats. This study was conducted using thirty male Wistar rats. The animals were divided into five groups of 6 rats each (n=6). Group A was the control animals ( administered with 20 ml/kg/day of citrate buffer orally (p.o) stat for 4 weeks. Group B was induced with 65 mg/kg of streptozotocin in citrate buffer intraperitoneally stat and observe for four weeks without treatment. Group C,D and E were the test groups that received 65 mg/kg of streptozotocin in citrate buffer intraperitoneally stat and 20, 40 and 60 mg/kg/day of EAFL respectively for four weeks after induction of diabetes. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. The results showed reduction in serum insulin levels in diabetic groups which was reversed to normal when the intervening agent (EAFL) was administered. The histology of the kidneys showed distortion in renal corpuscles which was reversed when EAFL was administered. The immunohistochemistry of kidney tissues in the normal group (A) showed areas of Ag-Ab immunological reactivity, however, there was no reactivity in the diabetic groups. The study concluded that EAFL has anti glycemic and anti inflammatory effect on the kidneys of Streptozotocininduced diabetic Wistar rats.

Influence of lauric acid on the relaxation of corpus cavernosum in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male Wistar rats

BackgroundDiabetes mellitus is a global health challenge and has been recognised as a risk factor for erectile dysfunction. Dissatisfaction with standard medications has been reported by some patients, hence therapeutic plants are being considered as a viable alternative therapy, with their active components being investigated to create a standard regimen. Lauric acid is the most abundant constituent of coconut oil and is proposed to be responsible for its therapeutic properties. The corpus cavernosum plays an important role in erectile function with its relaxation favouring erection. This study thus sought to investigate the possible relaxant action and mechanism of lauric acid on the corpus cavernosum of diabetic male Wistar rats. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin after which graded doses of lauric acid were administered orally to three groups of diabetic rats, once daily for 4 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the corpus cavernosal tissues of the rat penis were extracted. Following phenylephrine or potassium chloride (KCl)—induced contraction, relaxation response to acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside was used to evaluate endothelium-dependent and nitric oxide-mediated relaxation, respectively.ResultsRelaxation response to acetylcholine, following pre-contraction with phenylephrine, was significantly decreased in the cavernosal tissues of diabetic untreated rats and was not significantly improved in lauric acid treated diabetic groups. Relaxation response to acetylcholine, following pre-contraction with KCl, was significantly decreased in the diabetic untreated group but was significantly improved in lauric acid treated diabetic groups at the lowest dose. Decreased relaxation response to sodium nitroprusside, following pre-contraction with phenylephrine in tissues of diabetic untreated rats, was significantly improved in lauric acid-treated diabetic groups at lower doses. Decreased relaxation response to sodium nitroprusside, following pre-contraction with KCl, was significantly improved in lauric acid-treated diabetic groups at all doses.ConclusionLauric acid improved relaxation of corpus cavernosum muscle in diabetic male rats by enhancing nitric oxide-mediated relaxing action of sodium nitroprusside and possibly inhibiting KCl-induced contraction.

Role of Novel Polyherbal Formulations in Secondary Complications like Peripheral Neuropathy in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Wistar Rats

Background: Diabetes becomes a chronic disease when glucose constantly remains high and uncontrolled. As time goes off, it may gradually develop acute or chronic associated complications. Diabetic neuropathy is one of the chronic microvascular complications, reported to affect 25% of the diabetic patient and makes patient’s life disabled and life-threatening. Hence, the present research study was designed to evaluate a novel antidiabetic polyherbal formulation, for its activity against diabetic neuropathy induced in an animal model by using streptozotocin. Materials and Methods: Novel polyherbal formulations were developed and were evaluated against streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic neuropathy using 8–10 weeks old Wistar albino rats. Animals with diabetic neuropathy were subjected to standard neuro-protective evaluation parameters, including mechanical, chemical, and thermal tests. Results: Streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia developed chronic neuropathic symptoms in the experimental rats between 25 - 28 days. Treatments with all four tests PHF for 8 weeks significantly improved the thermal sensation, hyperalgesia, muscle grip strength, and locomotor activity. Conclusion: By detailed research study it was revealed that out of the four polyherbal formulations studied. PHF 4 having the plant ratio of: H. sabdariffa (100): A. marmelos (50): F. religiosa (75): A. squamosa (25), the result was significantly (p < 0.001) better than PHF 2, 8 and 10 (p < 0.01) in reversing the symptoms of diabetic neuropathy. Thus, it was concluded that PHF 4 is excellent in treating diabetic neuropathy as well have excellent potential to prevent further progression and thus can be used against diabetic peripheral neuropathy.

Evaluation of the Antioxidant, Antidiabetic and Hypolipidemic Potential of Garcinia kola Seed Tincture in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Albino Wistar Rats

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant, antidiabetic and hypolipidemic potential of Garcinia kola seed tincture in streptozotocin-induced diabetic albino Wistar rats.
 Study Design: This study is a non-randomized experimental study.
 Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at the Animal House of the Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria, between August and December, 2019.
 Methodology: A total of 46 male Albino rats were used. Garcinia kola seed was bought and 10g of the seed was macerated with 50 mL of 43% alcoholic Gordon and stored at 4°C. Six rats were used for the pilot study to determine the concentration of streptozotocin that could induce diabetes, the remaining 40 rats were divided into 8 groups of 5 rats each, with different experimental treatments. “Streptozotocin diabetes” was achieved by intraperitoneally injecting the rats with 45 mg/kg streptozotocin, glibenclamide and metformin doses were extrapolated from human doses and rats treated with Garcinia kola seed tincture were separately given low (1 ml/kg), high (3 ml/kg) of the tincture or in combination with the either glibenclamide or metformin once per day for 30 days. Rat ELISA kits were used to determine the levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant status (TOS) and malondaldehyde (MDA). An autoanalyzer was used to assay for fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), HDL-cholesterol, while oxidative stress indices (OSI) and LDL-cholesterol were calculated. SPSS version 22.0 for Windows was used for statistical analysis and P<.05 was considered statistically significant.
 Results: The results showed that there were significantly higher (P<.001) MDA, TOS, OSI and FBG levels after streptozotocin induction. On treatment with G. kola seed tincture, values were observed to have significantly reduced. Only TG level was significantly higher after induction and a significant lower TG level was also observed only in the group of rats treated with the higher dose of the tincture. Liver enzyme activities did not show any significantly higher values after induction, but values were significantly raised after treatment with tincture and alcohol separately.
 Conclusion: From the results, we conclude that Garcinia kola seeds tincture has both hypoglycemic and antioxidant attenuating effects in “streptozotocin diabetes” albino wistar rats.

Antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of a polyphenol rich extract obtained from Abelmoschus esculentus (okra) seeds using optimized conditions in microwave-assisted extraction (MAE).

Functional foods have gained popularity in recent decades. They are exploited for their bioactive compounds like polyphenols, which are highly demanded in cosmetic, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. However, extractive techniques and conditions used up to recently are almost obsolete and must be optimized for higher efficiency. The current study aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic potential of an optimized extract of Abelmoschus esculentus (okra) seeds. The optimal conditions for extracting polyphenolic compounds from okra seeds were determined using Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE). A Face Center Composite Design (FCCD) was used for optimization. Solvent/dry matter ratio, wavelength and time were considered while the response studied was the polyphenolic content. The extract obtained at optimal conditions was characterized using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy, then tested for its antioxidant, alpha amylase inhibitory and antidiabetic activities. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) permitted the determination of the optimal conditions for phenols extraction as: microwave power 330 W, with a solvent ratio of 97.04/1 mL/g for 9.5 min of extraction time. The optimized extract showed a phenolic content up to 86.37 ± 1.13 mg GAE/g containing quercetin and catechin as revealed by the TLC. Functional groups characteristic of polyphenols were identified on FTIR spectra, and the extract exhibited good in vitro antioxidant capacities with DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging capacity and FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power Assay). An IC50 of 3.99 ± 0.15 μg/mL was obtained with the DPPH scavenging test. Alpha amylase inhibitory assay revealed that the optimized okra extract behaved as a non-competitive inhibitor of porcine pancreatic amylase with an IC50 of 484.17 ± 2.33 μg/mL. Antidiabetic activity of the extract was observed in streptozotocin-induced diabetic males Wistar rats, as shown by the fasting blood glucose levels, food intake, changes in body weight and serum lipid profile among others.

Negative air ions through the action of antioxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis and angiogenesis ameliorate lipopolysaccharide induced acute lung injury and promote diabetic wound healing in rat.

Negative air ions (NAIs) being bioactive and negative charged molecules may confer antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. We assessed the effect of NAIs on two inflammatory diseases in animal models including lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced acute lung injury (ALI) and wound healing in diabetic rats. We used intra-tracheal infusion of LPS to induce ALI and made a full-thickness cutaneous wound in streptozotocin-induced diabetic female Wistar rats. We evaluated NAIs effects on reactive oxygen species amount, leukocyte infiltration, wound healing rate, western blot, and immunohistochemistry in the lungs of ALI and skin sections of wounds. Our data found NAIs exposed saline displayed higher antioxidant activity vs. non-exposed saline. NAIs exposure did not significantly affect arterial blood pressure and respiratory frequency in control and LPS treated groups. LPS increased leukocyte infiltration, caspase 3/Poly-ADP-ribose-polymerase-mediated apoptosis formation and decreased Beclin-1/LC3-II-mediated autophagy in lungs. NAIs exposure conferred pulmonary protection by depressed leukocyte infiltration and caspase 3/Poly-ADP-ribose-polymerase mediated apoptosis and enhanced LC3-II-mediated autophagy in LPS induced ALI. NAIs treatment resulted in a significantly accelerated wound closure rate, decreased erythrocyte accumulation and leukocyte infiltration mediated oxidative stress and inflammation, and upregulated expression of skin collagen, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) and factor transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) vs non-treated group. Based on these results, it is suggested that NAIs conferred a protection through the upregulating LC3-II-dependent autophagy mechanism and downregulating leukocyte infiltration mediated inflammation and caspase 3/Poly-ADP-ribose-polymerase signaling in the LPS-treated ALI and promoted diabetic wound healing through the enhancing skin collagen synthesis, VEGFR-2 and TGF-β1 pathways.

Synthesis of Novel 2,3-Dihydro-1,5-Benzothiazepines as α-Glucosidase Inhibitors: In Vitro, In Vivo, Kinetic, SAR, Molecular Docking, and QSAR Studies.

In the present study, a series of 2,3-dihydro-1,5-benzothiazepine derivatives 1B–14B has been synthesized sand characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. The enzyme inhibitory activities of the target analogues were assessed using in vitro and in vivo mechanism-based assays. The tested compounds 1B–14B exhibited in vitro inhibitory potential against α-glucosidase with IC50 = 2.62 ± 0.16 to 10.11 ± 0.32 μM as compared to the standard drug acarbose (IC50 = 37.38 ± 1.37 μM). Kinetic studies of the most active derivatives 2B and 3B illustrated competitive inhibitions. Based on the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect, the compounds 2B, 3B, 6B, 7B, 12B, 13B, and 14B were chosen in vivo for further evaluation of antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats. All these evaluated compounds demonstrated significant antidiabetic activity and were found to be nontoxic in nature. Moreover, the molecular docking study was performed to elucidate the binding interactions of most active analogues with the various sites of the α-glucosidase enzyme (PDB ID 3AJ7). Additionally, quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) studies were performed based on the α-glucosidase inhibitory assay. The value of correlation coefficient (r) 0.9553 shows that there was a good correlation between the 1B–14B structures and selected properties. There is a correlation between the experimental and theoretical results. Thus, these novel compounds could serve as potential candidates to become leads for the development of new drugs provoking an anti-hyperglycemic effect.

The Role of an Aqueous Extract of Cactus on Histopancreatic Architecture in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetes Mellitus in Wistar Rats

Herbs have been used as medicinal for several years to cure or rather manage different ailments such as diabetes mellitus. This is very common in rural settings of sub-saharan Africa and is now being adopted in urban areas. Opunta species have widely been seen to contain antihyperglycaemic effects. To evaluate the antihyperglycaemic and histopancreatic effect of aqueous extract of prickly pear cactus (Opuntia species) cladodes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male Wistar rats in vivo. This was a laboratory based research conducted at Mulungushi University involving 30 wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) that weighed between 160-200 g which were randomly selected into five groups (6 per cage); normal control, diabetic control, diabetic +metformin, diabetic +cactus and cactus only group. Initial blood glucose levels were obtained from the tail and record then Diabetes mellitus was induced using a single intraperitoneal dose of streptozotocin (70mg/kg BW) and established a persistent state of hyperglycemia after 72hours. The aqueous cactus extract of 100 mg/kg BW and metformin of 100 mg/kg BW was administered orally using intragastric cannula daily for a period of 4 weeks. At the end of the fourth week, Diabetes + cactus and diabetes + metformin groups body weights were statistically significant when compared to the diabetic group (P<0.05). While diabetic group was statistically significant when compared to normal control (P<0.05). The relative weight of the pancreas in diabetic group was statistically significant to other groups (P<0.05). The blood glucose in diabetic + cactus was normoglycaemic at 3rd week, Diabetic + metformin group when compared to diabetic group was statistically significant (P<0.05). The normal control and cactus only groups maintained normoglycaemic till the end of the 4th week. The histological findings of the normal control and cactus only group showed normal pancreatic cytoarchitecture. Diabetes group showed high degree of disorganization in the cytoarchitecture in the islet with reduction in β cell mass and deposition of elastic fibres. The Diabetic+Metformin group showed slight decrease in the cell mass (β cells) and elastic fibres were extensively deposited. Diabetic+Cactus treated group exhibited normal histology of the pancreas with increased number of β cells. Opuntia species are able to lower elevated blood glucose levels and ameliorate the effects of STZ on the pancreatic morphology

Antidiabetic Activity of an Alkaloid (4a-Methyl-5-(6-Methylhept- 5-En-1-Yl)Octahydro-1H-Cyclopenta[A]Pyridazine) Isolated From Lumnitzera racemosa in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Wistar Rats

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that causes millions of deaths throughout the world every year, and today also its incidence is on the increase. Many antidiabetic drugs are available in the pharmaceutical market, but drawbacks related to them had forced the researcher’s attention to switch towards naturopathy. The study aimed to isolate and evaluate the antidiabetic principle from the mangrove plant Lumnitzera racemosa leaves. Materials and Methods: The active principle was isolated using column chromatography and identified with high-performance liquid chromatography, and further structure elucidation was done by FT-IR, LCMS, NMR, and elemental analysis. The antidiabetic activity of that isolated compound was monitored using in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition and in vivo STZ-induced diabetic rat models. Results: The isolated compound showed potent antidiabetic activity by inhibiting α-amylase and α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 30.23 and 0.022 mg/ml, respectively. Furthermore, the isolated compound administration (250 and 500 mg/ml BW) in STZ-induced diabetic rats has exhibited a significant dose-dependent decrease in blood glucose levels. Besides this, the haematological findings, biochemical, and histopathology of the isolated compound showed comparable results to that of standard glibenclamide, indicating the protective role of the compound against any damage to the pancreas, liver and kidney. HPLC and different spectroscopic analyses revealed that the isolated compound is 4a-methyl-5-(6-methylhept-5-en-1- yl)octahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a] pyridazine, which belongs to the alkaloid class of the secondary metabolites. Conclusion: Data obtained states that the alkaloid isolated from L. racemosa leaves possess significant antidiabetic activity in both in vitro and in vivo models.

Methanolic Leaf Extract of Dryopteris dilatata Reverses Kidney Injury on Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Male Wistar Rats

Background: Hyperglycemia when sustained leads to diabetes which has become a chronic disorder having morbidity and mortality rate. This study investigated the effect of methanolic leaf extract of Dryoptersis dilatata (MEDd) on kidney injury caused on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty Wistar rats were divided into five groups of six rats each. Group 1 received distilled water (10 ml/kg); Group 2 received STZ (60 mg/kg) only, Groups 3 and 4 received STZ followed by 400 and 800 mg/kg of MEDd, respectively, while Group 5 received STZ + Pioglitazone (10 mg/kg). After 2 weeks of treatment, rats were sacrificed and blood, spleen, liver, pancreas, and kidney were collected for biochemical analysis. Results: The results showed that MEDd extract caused a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in STZ-induced diabetic rats, oxidative stress markers, malondialdehyde nitric oxide, and glutathione superoxide were ameliorated in organs such as the kidney and pancreas in diabetic rats after treatment with MEDd. Kidney markers (urea and creatinine) were ameliorated as well as reduction in organ weights in diabetic rats following treatment with MEDd. Conclusion: Therefore, it was observed from our study that MEDd has antidiabetic and nephron-protective capacity as it ameliorates in vivo adopted in lieu of nephropancreatic caused by STZ-induced diabetes.

Oral Ulcer Healing Activity of Lemon Pepper Ethanol Extract Gel in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Wistar Rats

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic condition where the body's ability to produce and utilize insulin is impaired; thus, wound healing process is slower than usual in patients with DM. Lemon pepper has both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to investigate the effect of topical application of lemon pepper fruit ethanol extracts on the healing process of oral traumatic ulcers in diabetic rats. This study was performed at the Pharmacology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Prima Indonesia from September 2021–October 2021. Thirty males diabetic Wistar rats were thermally injured on the lower labial mucosa and divided into five groups: control, standard, and lemon pepper gel 5%, 7.5%, and 10% groups. The ulcer size was measured after injury and on the 7th and 14th day. On the last day, all rats underwent both routine blood count and histology study for oral ulcer tissue. On the 14th day, all treatment groups showed some significant difference wound contraction, with the highest tendency of wound contraction seen in both lemon pepper gel 10% and standard groups (62.50%. p-value =0.001). The improvement of wound contraction was also supported by reduced white blood cell count (p-value<0.05) in routine blood count and regeneration of epidermis and dermis tissues in the histology study. Hence, it can be concluded that the lemon pepper extract gel in all concentrations has good physical stability and the lemon pepper gel with the highest concentration group presents the best ulcer healing activity compared to other concentrations and has similar ulcer healing activity as the standard group that receives Kenalog® in Orabase.

Ameliorative Effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. Leaves Extract on the Sex Hormone Profile and Testicular Dysfunctions in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Wistar Rats

Ameliorative Effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. Leaves Extract on the Sex Hormone Profile and Testicular Dysfunctions in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Wistar Rats

Brain activities of streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats treated with gliclazide: Behavioural, biochemical and histomorphology studies.

Gliclazide (GLD), a sulphonylurea is efficacious in the treatment of diabetes type-2. However, there is limited information on its activity in the brain, especially in diabetics. This research investigated the brain activities of GLD following streptozotocin-induced diabetes in Wistar rats. Twenty five adult male Wistar rats (200–250 g) were grouped (n = 5) as: Control (distilled water, 5 mL/kg) and GLD (150 mg/kg) groups; and the diabetic groups, untreated streptozotocin (STZ, 35 mg/kg), and STZ (35 mg/kg) treated with GLD (150 mg/kg) for two and four weeks, and already on high fat diet. The animals’ body weights and blood glucose levels were checked weekly. After the experimental duration, spontaneous alternation and novel object recognition tests were carried out and the animals sacrificed. Perfusion with phosphate buffered saline preceded brain excision for biochemical analyses, with halves fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for histology. Compared with the control, results showed (p < 0.05) declined spontaneous alternation and exploratory activities with no preference for familiar or novel objects, body weights loss, raised blood glucose, increased malondialdehyde with decreased superoxide dismutase concentrations, and no apparent adverse effect on hippocampal and prefrontal cortical Nissl substance in the untreated diabetic group. The adverse observations were attenuated in the GLD treated diabetic groups; although the spontaneous alternation in the four weeks GLD treated diabetic group improved (p < 0.05), exploration of objects increased (p < 0.05) without preference. The present results showed that treatment with GLD for two and four weeks mitigated STZ activities, even though there was less improvement in neurocognitive activities.

Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Potentials of a Standardized Polyherbal Mixture Used in Traditional Medicine

Polyherbal preparations have gained much attention as a potential source for discovering new drug therapeutics for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The present investigation aims to determine in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic activity and the antioxidant potential of hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of a polyherbal mixture prepared from equal amounts of garlic cloves (Allium sativum L.), curry leaves (Murraya koenigii L. Sprengel), black pepper seeds (Piper nigrum L.) and rath goraka fruits (Garcinia quaesita Pierre). The standardization and in vitro antioxidant activity and antidiabetic activities were determined using standard methods. The in vivo acute antihyperglycemic activity of the hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts was determined using an oral glucose tolerance test in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Highest significant in vitro antioxidant capacity in terms of DPPH free radical scavenging (24.71 ± 0.01 ppm, p = 0.02) and reducing antioxidant power of ferric ion (23.29 ± 0.78 mol/dm3, p = 0.01) and in vitro antidiabetic properties in terms of α-amylase (25.74 ± 0.60 ppm, p = 0.01) and α-glucosidase (22.37 ± 0.06 ppm, p = 0.02) inhibition activities were observed in the hexane extract when compared with the respective standard compounds, ascorbic for antioxidant (DPPH 6.78 ± 0.03 ppm; FRAP 25.02 ± 0.21 mol/dm3) and acarbose for antidiabetic activity (α-amylase 5.68 ± 0.35 ppm; α-glucosidase 17.11 ± 0.62 ppm). In the glucose tolerance test, a significant improvement of glucose tolerance was found in the hexane (17.38%) and ethyl acetate (15.81%) extracts-treated groups at the therapeutic dose against the diabetic control group (p &lt; 0.05). The results obtained from the present evaluation showed that the hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of the polyherbal mixture could be considered as a potential source for developing antidiabetic agents targeting the management of diabetes mellitus.

Ameliorative effects of Anchomanes difformis aqueous extract against oxidative stress in the testes and epididymis of streptozotocin-induced diabetic male Wistar rats

Hyperglycemia is a central trait of diabetes mellitus (DM) and is linked to an increase in free radical generation and oxidative stress in the testes, resulting in testicular tissue damage and male infertility. Synthetic medicines are commonly used to manage diabetes; however, they are costly and associated with adverse effects. As a result, the search for a safer and affordable alternative from medicinal plants that contain antioxidants has become imperative to scavenge free radicals caused by hyperglycaemia, thereby alleviating male reproductive dysfunction. Therefore, the present aimed to investigate the ameliorative effects of Anchomanes difformis aqueous extract against oxidative stress in the testes and epididymis of streptozotocin-induced diabetic male Wistar rats. A total of 64 male Wistar rats (eight weeks old) weighing 180 ± 10 mg/kg were divided into seven groups at random. Type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) and a 10% fructose injection intraperitoneally using 40 mg/kg body weight rats. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration, and ferric reducing antioxidant (FRAP) as well as 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) values were used to establish the testicular oxidative status. It was found thatA.difformisextract significantly (p < 0.05) lowered MDA levels in diabetic rats. Both CAT and SOD activity were significantly (p < 0.05) lower following induction of DM and increased (p < 0.05) after treating withA. difformis. The findings of this study show that A. difformis extract could be a promising source of lead compounds for the development of a therapeutic agent to treat male infertility caused by DM complications.