Streptomyces Cyaneus Research Articles

Screening and production of bacterial amylase from different Strepomyces species

The enzymes from the microbial sources are more stable and can be obtained from cheap sources. Amylase is most important industrial enzyme which is widely used in food and biofuel industries. Streptomyces is a group of bacteria belongs to largest genus of Actinobacteria and commonly isolated from the soil. Streptomyces species have been widely used as microbial cell in industries for production of antibiotics. For the production of antibiotics, Streptomyces species are frequently used as microbial cells. This study reported that screening and production of amylase from different Streptomyces species i.e. Streptomyces microflavus, Streptomyces cyaneus and Streptomyces diastaticus. The cultures were screened for the production of amylase by starch agar plate assay. Result shown the Streptomyces diastaticus was better amylase enzyme producer compare to Streptomyces microflavus and Streptomyces cyaneus. Streptomyces diastaticus gives maximum starch hydrolysis by showing clear zone (4.4 mm), enzyme production (1.60 U/ml) and protein concentration (2.25 mg/ml).

Dopamine-modified pectin for a Streptomyces cyaneus laccase induced microbeads formation, immobilization, and textile dyes decolorization

Abstract Pectins are a group of heterologous polysaccharides capable of forming hydrogels and applicable in many industrial processes. A new type of modified pectin was synthesized by periodate oxidation and reductive amination with dopamine and sodium cyanoborohydride. The success of modification was confirmed by UV–Vis,FTIR, and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The obtained dopamine-pectin could form hydrogels by ionic crosslinking of carboxyl groups with calcium or by crosslinking phenol groups with laccase. For enzymatic crosslinking with laccase from Streptomyces cyaneus expressed in E. coli, isolation and purification of the enzyme was done. Using emulsion-based enzymatic crosslinking polymerization, dopamine-pectin microbeads with immobilized laccase were made. The immobilized laccase showed improved thermal and pH stability in comparison to the free enzyme. The immobilized biocatalyst effectively decolorized various dyes: Amido Black 10B, Reactive Black 5, and Evans Blue. After ten cycles of repeated use, the microbead immobilized laccase could still decolorize 60% and 36% of Amido Black 10B and Reactive Black 5, respectively.

Facile Biosynthesis of Tellurium Dioxide Nanoparticles by Streptomyces cyaneus Melanin Pigment and Gamma Radiation for Repressing Some Aspergillus Pathogens and Bacterial Wound Cultures

Melanin pigment was attracted significant interest as a photo-protecting natural polymer which applied in different fields like nanotechnology, food processing and biomedicine. Streptomyces cyaneus is used for melanin biosynthesis after optimizing its medium requirements. Tellurium dioxide nanoparticles (TeO2 NPs) were biosynthesized by the optimized melanin and gamma rays at room temperature. TeO2 NPs were characterized by UV–Vis., XRD, FTIR, HRTEM, DLS, EDX, and SEM mapping analysis. Antimicrobial activity of TeO2 NPs was tested against some pathogenic fungi and bacteria. The non-controlled free radicals produced from gamma rays were stopped by the natural melanin (stabilizing and capping agent). A proposed reaction mechanism for TeO2 NPs production was investigated. Data received from HRTEM and DLS analysis were calculated the average particles size of the spherical TeO2NPs and were found to be 75.0 nm. TeO2 NPs possesses a promising antifungal potential towards Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus fumigatus (30.0, 20.0, and 19.0 mm ZOI, respectively). As well, they have antibacterial potential against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae (25.0, 18.0, and 15.0 mm ZOI, respectively). Based on TeO2 NPs characteristics as an encourage antimicrobial agent, it may be conducted as active ingredients in biomedicine, food processing and packaging and cosmetics.

Screening and Identification of some APPL (Acid Precipitable Polymeric Lignin) Producing Streptomycetes

Thirty seven actinomycetes isolates were isolated from Damietta soil using starch nitrate agar media. These isolates were screened for APPL (acid precipitable polymeric lignin) by using minimal salts-yeast extract medium with rice and wheat straws. Three actinomycetes isolates showed high APPL production. These isolates also showed production of cellulase and xylanase with different levels. These isolates were identified by using morphological, physiological and chemotaxonomy criteria and were identified as Streptomyces canus, Streptomyces libani and Streptomyces cyaneus.

Heterologous expression of a Streptomyces cyaneus laccase for biomass modification applications

Laccases are used for the conversion of biomass into fermentable sugars but it is difficult to produce high yields of active laccases in heterologous expression systems. We overcame this challenge by expressing Streptomyces cyaneus CECT 3335 laccase in Escherichia coli (ScLac) and we achieved a yield of up to 104 mg L−1 following purification by one-step affinity chromatography. Stability and activity assays using simple lignin model substrates showed that the purified enzyme preparation was active over a broad pH range and at high temperatures, suggesting it would be suitable for biomass degradation. The reusability of ScLac was also demonstrated by immobilizing the enzyme on agarose beads with a binding yield of 33%, and by the synthesis of cross-linked enzyme aggregates with an initial activity recovery of 72%.

Response Surface Methodology Optimization of Melanin Production by Streptomyces cyaneus and Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Using Gamma Radiation

Melanin pigment is witnessed to be widely used in medicine, food, cosmetic preparations with strong hydrophobicity. Streptomyces cyaneus is utilized for the synthesis of melanin by optimizing culture conditions through screening of critical factors, by Response Surface Methodology as Plackett–Burman design (P-BD), while further statistical optimization was applied using Central Composite Design (CCD) for maximizing yield. Moreover, the impacts of gamma radiation and alternative frugal l-tyrosine, natural sources were studied as it predicted for remarkable rising in the pigment concentration. Herein unprecedented achievement was realized for melanin pigment production, (9.898 mg/ml) was obtaining by optimized culture condition. Also, 2.0% fava bean’s seed peel maximized melanin (9.953 mg/ml) and hence super-yield (11.113 mg/ml) was produced by a stimulus from gamma irradiation (2.5 kGy). The extracted melanin was confirmed chemically, UV–Vis, and FT-IR analysis. Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) were synthesized by radiolytic reactions of gamma radiation (30.0 kGy) in the presence of melanin as a capping agent. CuONPs were characterized by UV–Vis, DLS, XRD, and FT-IR. TEM analysis revealed the morphology of monodispersed CuONPs with a mean diameter 29.82 nm. CuONPs exhibited excellent antimicrobial activity against food born Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi; they can find potential applications for the food packaging approach.

Marine Streptomyces cyaneus Strain Alex-SK121 Mediated Eco-friendly Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Gamma Radiation

Aim: The present study aimed to develop cost-effective, eco-friendly marine Streptomyces cyaneus strain Alex-SK121 mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with antimicrobial, antitumor and antioxidant activities.Methodology: Aqueous 1mM silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution was treated with cell-free supernatant (CFS) of a novel Streptomyces cyaneus strain Alex-SK121 isolated from marine sediment samples. The prepared solution was irradiated with different doses of gamma rays ranged from 0.5 to 30.0kGy. Initial characterization of the synthesized AgNPs was performed by visual observation of color change in the prepared solution followed by analysis of UV-Visible Spectrophotometer (UV-Vis.), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FT-IR), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of the synthesized AgNPs against some pathogenic microorganisms was carried out. Antitumor activity of AgNPs was carried out against some human cancer cell lines using the method of Sulphorodamine B (SRB) assay, antioxidant activity of AgNPs was also studied using DPPH scavenging assay.Results: In the present study, the cell-free supernatant of Streptomyces cyaneus strain Alex-SK121 isolated from sediment samples collected from Sidi Kerir region, Alexandria governorate, Egypt was found to reduce Ag+ ions to AgNPs. Identification of the producer strain was performed according to spore morphology and cell wall chemo-type, which suggested that this strain is Streptomyces. Further cultural, physiological characteristics and analysis of the nucleotide sequence of 16S rRNA gene indicated that this strain is identical to Streptomyces cyaneus and then designated Streptomyces cyaneus strain Alex-SK121. To maximize the production of AgNPs, the tested supernatant was irradiated with different doses of gamma rays and it was found that, 15 kGy is the best applied dose induces AgNPs synthesis. The synthesized AgNPs showed the characteristic absorption spectra in UV–Vis. at 425 nm. The microbiologically synthesized AgNPs showed significant antimicrobial activity towards some pathogenic microorganisms with inhibition zone ranged from 13 up to 20 mm. Also AgNPs exhibited antitumor activity against human breast carcinoma cells and human liver carcinoma cells with IC50 9.63 and 33.75 µg/ml respectively in addition to 96% antioxidant activity.Conclusion: Gamma irradiation which induced AgNPs synthesis by cell-free supernatant of marine actinomycetes Streptomyces cyaneus strain Alex-SK121 with different applications is a simple, clean, economic and environmental friendly approach.

Regulation of the Xylan-degrading Apparatus of Cellvibrio japonicus by a Novel Two-component System

The microbial degradation of lignocellulose biomass is not only an important biological process but is of increasing industrial significance in the bioenergy sector. The mechanism by which the plant cell wall, an insoluble composite structure, activates the extensive repertoire of microbial hydrolytic enzymes required to catalyze its degradation is poorly understood. Here we have used a transposon mutagenesis strategy to identify a genetic locus, consisting of two genes that modulate the expression of xylan side chain-degrading enzymes in the saprophytic bacterium Cellvibrio japonicus. Significantly, the locus encodes a two-component signaling system, designated AbfS (sensor histidine kinase) and AbfR (response regulator). The AbfR/S two-component system is required to activate the expression of the suite of enzymes that remove the numerous side chains from xylan, but not the xylanases that hydrolyze the beta1,4-linked xylose polymeric backbone of this polysaccharide. Studies on the recombinant sensor domain of AbfS (AbfS(SD)) showed that it bound to decorated xylans and arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides, but not to undecorated xylo-oligosaccharides or other plant structural polysaccharides/oligosaccharides. The crystal structure of AbfS(SD) was determined to a resolution of 2.6A(.) The overall fold of AbfS(SD) is that of a classical Per Arndt Sim domain with a central antiparallel four-stranded beta-sheet flanked by alpha-helices. Our data expand the number of molecules known to bind to the sensor domain of two-component histidine kinases to include complex carbohydrates. The biological rationale for a regulatory system that induces enzymes that remove the side chains of xylan, but not the hydrolases that cleave the backbone of the polysaccharide, is discussed.

Cloning and Expression of Chitinase A Gene fromStreptomyces cyaneusSP-27: The Enzyme Participates in Protoplast Formation ofSchizophyllum commune

Chitinase A of Streptomyces cyaneus SP-27 or chitinase I of Bacillus circulans KA-304 showed the protoplast-forming activity when combined with alpha-1,3-glucanase of B. circulans KA-304. The gene of chitinase A was cloned. It consisted of 903 nucleotides encoding 301 amino acid residues, including a putative signal peptide (35 amino acid residues). The deduced N-terminal moiety of chitinase A showed sequence homology with the chitin-binding domain of chitinase F from Streptomyces coelicolor and chitinase 30 from Streptomyces olivaceoviridisis. The C-terminal moiety also showed high sequence similarity to the catalytic domain of several Streptomyces family 19 chitinases as well as that of chitinase I of B. circulans KA-304. Recombinant chitinase A was expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta-gami B (DE 3). The properties of the recombinant enzyme were almost the same as those of chitinase A purified from a culture filtrate of S. cyaneus SP-27. The recombinant enzyme was superior to B. circulans KA-304 chitinase I not only in respect to protoplast forming activity in a mixture containing alpha-1,3-glucanase, but also to antifungal activity and powder chitin-hydrolyzing activity.

Purification and Characterization of Chitinase A ofStreptomyces cyaneusSP-27: An Enzyme Participates in Protoplast Formation fromSchizophyllum communeMycelia

A culture filtrate of Bacillus circulans KA-304 grown on a cell-wall preparation of Schizophyllum commune has an activity to form protoplasts from S. commune mycelia. alpha-1,3-Glucanase and chitinase I, which were isolated from the filtrate, did not form the protoplast by itself while a mixture of them showed protoplast-forming activity. Streptomyces cyaneus SP-27 was isolated based on the productivity of chitinase. The culture filtrate of S. cyaneus SP-27 did not form S. commune protoplasts, but addition of it to alpha-1,3-glucanase of B. circulans KA-304 brought about protoplast-forming activity. Chitinase A isolated from the S. cyaneus SP-27 culture filtrate was more effective than chitinase I of B. circulans KA-304 for the protoplast formation in combination with alpha-1,3-glucanase. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of chitinase A (MW 29,000) has a sequential similarity to those of several Streptomycete family 19 chitinases. Chitinase A adsorbed to chitinous substrate and inhibited the growth of Trichoderma reesei mycelia. Anomer analysis of the reaction products also suggested that the enzyme is a family 19 chitinase.

Bleaching of wheat straw-rich soda pulp with xylanase from a thermoalkalophilic Streptomyces cyaneus SN32

An alkalistable endoxylanase from Streptomyces cyaneus SN32 was applied in bleaching of wheat straw enriched soda pulp. The xylanase dose of 10 IU g −1 moisture free pulp exhibited maximum bleach boosting of soda pulp (pH 9.5–10.0) optimally at 65 °C after 2 h of reaction time. Pre-treatment of pulp with xylanase and its subsequent treatment with 6% hypochlorite reduced the kappa number by 8.7%, enhanced the brightness index by 3.56% and improved other paper properties such as tear index and burst index. The enzymatically-prebleached pulp when treated with 10% reduced level of hypochlorite (5.4%) gave comparable brightness of resultant hand sheets to the fully bleached pulp (6% hypochlorite).

Kraft pulp biobleaching and mediated oxidation of a nonphenolic substrate by laccase from Streptomyces cyaneus CECT 3335.

A new laccase (EC 1.10.3.2) produced by Streptomyces cyaneus CECT 3335 in liquid media containing soya flour (20 g per liter) was purified to homogeneity. The physicochemical, catalytic, and spectral characteristics of this enzyme, as well as its suitability for biobleaching of eucalyptus kraft pulps, were assessed. The purified laccase had a molecular mass of 75 kDa and an isoelectric point of 5.6, and its optimal pH and temperature were 4.5 and 70 degrees C, respectively. The activity was strongly enhanced in the presence of Cu(2+), Mn(2+), and Mg(2+) and was completely inhibited by EDTA and sodium azide. The purified laccase exhibited high levels of activity against 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) and 2,6-dimethoxyphenol and no activity against tyrosine. The UV-visible spectrum of the purified laccase was the typical spectrum of the blue laccases, with an absorption peak at 600 nm and a shoulder around 330 to 340 nm. The ability of the purified laccase to oxidize a nonphenolic compound, such as veratryl alcohol, in the presence of ABTS opens up new possibilities for the use of bacterial laccases in the pulp and paper industry. We demonstrated that application of the laccase from S. cyaneus in the presence of ABTS to biobleaching of eucalyptus kraft pulps resulted in a significant decrease in the kappa number (2.3 U) and an important increase in the brightness (2.2%, as determined by the International Standard Organization test) of pulps, showing the suitability of laccases produced by streptomycetes for industrial purposes.

The cell wall teichoic acids of streptomycetes from the "Streptomyces cyaneus" cluster

The cell wall anionic polymers of the 13 species of the "Streptomyces cyaneus" cluster have a similar structure and contain beta-glucosylated 1,5-poly(ribitol phosphate) and 1,3-poly(glycerol phosphate). In the degree of glucosylation of the ribitol phosphate units of their teichoic acids, the cluster members can be divided into two groups. The streptomycetes of the first group (S. afghaniensis, S. janthinus, S. purpurascens, S. roseoviolaceus, and S. violatus) are characterized by a very similar structure of their cell walls, completely glucosylated 1,5-poly(ribitol phosphate) chains, and a high degree of DNA homology (67-88%). The cell wall teichoic acids of the second group (S. azureus, S. bellus, S. caelestis, S. coeruleorubidus, S. curacoi, and S. violarus) differ in the degree of beta-glucosylation of their 1,5-poly(ribitol phosphate) chains and have a lower level of DNA homology (54-76%). Two streptomycetes of the cluster (S. cyaneus and S. hawaiiensis) are genetically distant from the other cluster members but have the same composition and structure of the cell wall teichoic acids as the second-group streptomycetes. The data obtained confirm the genetic relatedness of the "S. cyaneus" cluster members and suggest that the structure of the cell wall teichoic acids may serve as one of the taxonomic criteria of the species-level status of streptomycetes.

Purification and partial characterization of an extracellular serine-proteinase of Streptomyces cyaneus isolated from Brazilian cerrado soil.

Streptomyces cyaneus, a micro-organism isolated from Brazilian cerrado soil, produces an extracellular proteinase (SCP), which was purified 22-fold to homogeneity from culture supernatant fluid, using a single aprotinin-agarose affinity chromatography step. It is produced at a level corresponding to approximately 15% of total protein, but its physiological function has yet to be determined. The molecular mass of this S. cyaneus proteinase was estimated to be 120 kDa by gel filtration high performance liquid chromatography, and it migrates by SDS-PAGE as a single band of 30 kDa. It was optimally active at 25 degrees C and pH 9.0, and was fully inhibited by the serine-proteinase inhibitors PMSF and TPCK. A Km value of 1. 86 x 10-5 mmol l-1, and Vmax of 2.0 x 10-2 mmol l-1 (Abs247 nm microg-1 min-1), were calculated for alpha-N-p-tosyl-L-arginine-methyl ester (TAME) as substrate.

Diversity of streptomycetes among specific Greek terrestrial ecosystems

The diversity of streptomycetes isolated from different Greek terrestrial ecosystems using phenotypic identification, and the relationship between the number of species and the number of isolates as a diversity index, was studied. A total of 344 Streptomyces strains have been isolated and identified from diverse sites in the Greek territory, such as heavily disturbed agricultural areas and preserved forest areas, and from specific rhizosphere ecosystems. According to phenotypic identification, these strains belonged to 19 different cluster groups with a Willcox probability > 0·8. Streptomyces cyaneus, Strep. albidoflavus, Strep. diastaticus and Strep. exfoliatus were the most common cluster groups isolated from at least six different habitats. On the other hand, there were cluster groups that appeared in only one or two habitats, such as Strep. griseoflavus, Strep. rimosus, Streptoverticillium blastmyceticum, Nocardia mediterranea and Strep. fulvissimus. The diversity indices among the different cluster groups of each sampling area indicated that the different habitats can be sub-divided into two main groups: rhizosphere habitats and non-rhizosphere habitats, showing that the rhizosphere is one of the most important factors which determines the population structure of a specific soil area.

Process development and simulation of glucose isomerase production from birchwood xylan by a Streptomycetes fusant

A process for glucose isomerase production from an unutilized substrate, xylan, was investigated, employing strain development, investigation of the culture conditions, and an expedient simulation method. Streptomyces sp. strain D3 obtained through protoplast fusion between Streptomyces cyaneus 190-1 and Streptomyces greiseoruber 42-9 was able to produce a substantial amount of intracellular glucose isomerase from xylan. The induction of glucose isomerase synthesis by xylose was confirmed in shaken flask cultivation. In fermentor cultivation, an initial concentration of 8 g l −1 xylan yielded glucose isomerase, 1100 U l −1. Taking into account the experimental data, a simplified model for the simulation of glucose isomerase production from xylan substrate was constructed based on a statistical regression method. The data selection for the estimation of the specific rates in the regression model was carried out based on the culture time and statistical distance measurement, such as Euclidean, Mahalanobis and modified distances. The results of the simulation of the growth and enzyme production using the model were close to the experimental results, which indicates that the statistical method can be extended to estimate the time courses of process of glucose isomerase production from xylan reasonably well.

Characterization of Streptomyces D3 derived from protoplast fusion between Streptomyces cyaneus 190-1 and Streptomyces griseoruber 42-9

Streptomyces D3, derived from protoplast fusion between Streptomyces cyaneus 190-1 and Streptomyces griseoruber 42-9, has the ability to produce high levels of xylose isomerase when grown on hemicellulosic materials such as xylan as the carbon source. Comparison between the partial nucleotide sequences of the 16S ribosomal RNA genes from S. cyaneus 190-1, S. griseoruber 42-9, and fusant D3 showed that the 16S rRNA gene of fusant D3 was identical to that of S. cyaneus 190-1. Partial sequence analysis of the xylose isomerase genes also indicated that the gene of fusant D3 was identical to that of S. cyaneus 190-1. The partial DNA fragments for the xylanase genes (xlnA and xlnB) of fusant D3 were amplified by PCR, and subjected to Southern hybridization analysis. The results revealed that the xlnB gene of fusant D3 was similar to that of S. cyaneus 190-1, but that the xlnA gene of fusant D3 was similar to that of S. griseoruber 42-9. These results suggest that the majority of the genome of fusant D3 may be derived from S. cyaneus 190-1.

Solubilisation and mineralisation of [ 14 C]lignocellulose from wheat straw by Streptomyces cyaneus CECT 3335 during growth in solid-state fermentation

Nine Streptomyces strains were screened for their ability to solubilise and mineralise 14C-labelled lignin during growth in solid-state fermentation. Streptomyces viridosporus was confirmed as an active lignin-degrading organism along with a new isolate, Streptomyces sp. UAH 15, further classified as Streptomyces cyaneus CECT 3335. This organism was able to solubilise and mineralise the [14C]lignin fraction of lignocellulose (44.96 ± 1.77% and 3.41 ± 0.48% respectively) after 21 days of incubation. Cell-free filtrates from Streptomyces sp. grown in solid-state fermentation were capable of solubilising up to 20% of the [14C]lignin after 2 days incubation, with most of the product detected in the acid-soluble rather than in the water-soluble fraction. Identification of the extracellular enzymes produced during growth of S. cyaneus CECT 3335 revealed that extracellular peroxidase and phenol oxidase activities were present, with the activity of phenol oxidase being 100 times greater than peroxidase activity. The activity of these two enzymes was found to correlate with both solubilisation and mineralisation rates. This is the first report of phenol oxidase activity produced by a Streptomyces strain during growth in solid-state fermentation. A role for the enzyme in the solubilisation and mineralisation of lignocellulose by S. cyaneus is suggested.

A new antiherpetic agent, AH-1763 IIa, produced by Streptomyces cyaneus strain no. 1763.

A new antiherpetic agent, AH-1763 IIa, was isolated from the culture broth of strain No. 1763 identified as Streptomyces cyaneus. It was purified through column chromatographies of Diaion HP-10 and silica gel. The structure was determined to be 11-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(2-hydroxy-1-methylpropyl)-4H-anthraceno [1,2-b]pyran-4,7,12-trione by several spectroscopic experiments, that is a new antibiotic belonging to pluramycin-group.

Estimation of the Intrinsic Biodiversity among Poly(3-Hydroxyalkanoates) Degrading Streptomycetes using Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Fatty Acids

One hundred and twenty three poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) degrading streptomycetes (referred to as PHA strains) from soils, composts, natural waters, and some other sources were characterized by gas chromatographic analysis of their methylated cellular fatty acids. They were compared to reference strains of the genera Streptomyces (46 strains) and Streptoverticillium (9 strains) by numerical analysis. Saturated iso - and anteiso -branched fatty acids of between 14 and 18 carbons constituted the major components in the fatty acid profiles of most of the strains. In the dendrogram, obtained by unweighted average linkage clustering of the Euclidean distances Δ, calculated between each pair of fatty acid profiles, all strains were linked at Δ = 43. At Δ = 11, 18 clusters, consisting each of 2 to 63 strains, could be delineated, and 16 strains remained unclustered. The clusters could also be recognized by principal-component analysis, although small overlaps between some clusters were evident. Most clusters could be differentiated from each other by their fatty acid compositions. The PHA strains were scattered over 14 different clusters, 11 of which also contained reference strains, and 9 PHA strains remained unclustered. In addition to the PHA strains, 29 of the 46 reference strains of Streptomyces were also shown to degrade poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) in vitro . Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-10%3-hydroxyvalerate) was degraded in vitro by all 56 PHA strains tested. The study demonstrates the biodiversity of streptomycetes involved in the degradation of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) in different habitats. The numerical analysis of fatty acid profiles confirms the homogeneity of the Streptomyces albidoflavus group, and the heterogeneity of the Streptomyces cyaneus and Streptomyces anulatus groups, and supports the reunification of the genera Streptomyces and Streptoverticillium .