Level Of Streptococcus Mutans In Saliva Research Articles

Assessment of Salivary Mutans Streptococci Counts to Atraumatic Restorative Treatment Among Children: A Randomised Controlled Trial.

Introduction Besides the survival rate of restorations, the effect of atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) on bacterial count is also important. After ART restoration, the bacterial count drops due to the fluoride's antibacterial activity and hence it can decrease the chances of further decay. The present studyassessed salivary mutans streptococci counts for six months of evaluations subsequent to ARTamong 12-15-year-old children attending schools in Piparia village, Vadodara district. Methods ART was performed on 32 children and followed up after six months to evaluate the success rate of ART. Saliva collection and microbial analysis were performed five times from every participant, before ART restoration placement, seven days, 30 days (one month), 90 days (three months) and 180 days (six months) post-restoration. Results At baseline, the mean colony forming units (CFU) was 48.30 ± 46.58, which reduced to 32.64 ± 30.40 at one week, which showed a 32% reduction in colony counts. This further reduced to 18.60 ± 20.81 at one month, marking a further 43% reduction in colony counts. This again reduced to 13.63 ± 18.04 at three months, which showed a 27% reduction in colony counts. CFU came to 16.23 ± 23.34 at six months, which showed a 19% increase in colony counts. Comparison of baseline mean CFU (48.30 ± 46.58) to six months mean CFU of streptococcus mutans (SM) (16.23 ± 23.34) showed a 66% reduction in colony counts. A statistically significant difference was found between numerous intervals of time of CFU of streptococcus mutans. Conclusion The findings reveal that ART is a clinical treatment that can be used to treat caries in young children, and it helped significantly reduce Streptococcus Mutans levels in saliva.

Caries Risk Assessment and Detection of Streptococcus Mutans Count in Plaque and Saliva Using Mutans-Sanguis Agar

Assessment of the caries risk of individual patients is a critical component in determining an appropriate management strategy.
 A total of 160 samples were taken from the outpatients of dental clinics in Surendera Dental College, Sriganganagar, Rajasthan. The age group of the participants ranged from 16-60 years.
 We have used the ADA caries risk assessment form among our study samples to ascertain their caries risk and compared it with their Streptococcus mutans levels in saliva and plaque using mutans-sanguis agar. The colonies were counted after 18 hours of incubation at 37oC. The S.mutans colonies were greyish-yellow in colour and those of S.sanguis were colourless. The colonies were counted with a digital colony counter.
 The tabulated data were subjected to statistical analysis using ANOVA and t-test with SPSS.
 The findings of the present study indicated the Streptococcus mutans counts among high risk and moderate risk group were statistically insignificant when compared to low risk and control group even though the mean value showed an increase. We observed that the CFU yield was higher in unstimulated saliva than the plaque samples in contrast to reported literature.
 Moreover, Dental caries risk assessment should become a routine component in dental practice. Estimation of the caries risk will help to establish the periodicity and intensity of caries management protocol.
 Our data suggest that the MS count in oral microflora are influenced by age and various other factors such as diet, time and host response. As dental caries is multifactorial disease further clinical studies are needed to identify the actual pathogenesis.

Dental Caries Investigation in Children Controlled for an Educative and Preventive Oral Health Programme.

To evaluate the association of dental caries with behavioural, socioeconomic and cultural factors; and Streptococcus mutans (SM) levels in the saliva and oral hygiene index of children aged 4 and 6 years old placed in an oral health programme. This study was an analytic cross-sectional oral health survey conducted over a 9-month period. A total of 466 children aged 4 and 6 years old were included for evaluation of SM levels in saliva, simplified oral hygiene index and dental caries activity. High SM levels were associated with dmft index, toothbrushing without parental assistance, deficient oral hygiene and ingestion of sweet foods. Deficient oral hygiene was found in children aged 4 years old and with three or more siblings. Dental caries was associated with low family income, deficient oral hygiene, sucrose ingestion by children younger than three years old, bottle-feeding habit and low parental compliance. High SM levels in saliva, deficient oral hygiene and high frequency of sucrose ingestion had association with dental caries in children. Cultural, socioeconomic and behaviour factors indirectly influenced the onset of dental caries.

Saliva changes in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients after injection of Botulinum neurotoxin type A

Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) are compromised by poor oral condition due to oropharyngeal bradykinesia, dysphagia, and the side effects of treatment. Intrasalivary gland injections of Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BNT-A) have been known to treat sialorrhea effectively in these patients. However, the decreased amount of saliva reduces self-cleaning ability that deteriorates oral hygiene and increases dental caries. The aim of this study was to determine the changes in the oral microflora and saliva in patients with PD treated for sialorrhea by means of sonography-controlled BNT-A injections into the bilateral parotid and submandibular glands. Altogether, 38 persons participated in the study: 12 PD patients who were injected with BNT-A for treatment of sialorrhea and passed salivary tests before and 1 month after the injections; and 13 PD patients and 13 healthy subjects who were not injected with BNT-A and passed salivary tests once. The condition of oral health was measured by the amount of saliva, salivary flow rate, and salivary composition. A good outcome with a significant decrease in salivary flow rate occurred at 1-month follow-up in the BNT-A-treated group while no significant change was found in salivary composition. BNT-A treatment did not change the Streptococcus mutans levels in saliva but there was statistically significant increase in levels of Lactobacilli. BNT-A injections can effectively treat sialorrhea while considering the change of oral microflora, and the patients should be under dentists’ care more frequently. EudraCT clinical trial number: 2015-000682-30.

The effect of fiber-reinforced composite versus band and loop space maintainers on oral Lactobacillus acidophilus and Streptococcus mutans levels in saliva.

Orthodontic bands have been shown to alter oral microbial flora that lead to convert caries-free patients to moderate or high caries risk individuals. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of conventional band and loop space maintainers versus fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) resin space maintainer on the salivary cariogenic microflora (Lactobacillus and Streptococcus mutans) in children over a period of 6 months. The study sample was divided equally into two groups: Group A: 25 patients received FRC (INFIBRA®: Reinforcing ribbon, Bioloren, Italy) space maintainer and Group B: 25 patients received band and loop space maintainers. The saliva samples were collected from the patients before the insertion of the space maintainer and at 2 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months postinsertion. The Lactobacillus acidophilus isolated was 1.7 colony-forming unit (CFU) (×106) and 1.8 CFU (×106) in Group A and Group B, respectively, prior to the insertion of space maintainers. There was no significant increase in L. acidophilus over the follow-up of 6 months in both the groups (P > 0.05). However, the Streptococcus mutans isolated before insertion in both Group A and Group B was 2.6 CFU (×106), which over a period of 6 months showed significant increase to 3.13 CFU (×106) in Group B (P < 0.05) and no increase was seen in Group A. S. mutans level increased considerably in patients with band and loop space maintainer over the follow-up of 6 months. No significant increase in the L. acidophilus count was observed over the same period in both the groups.

Comparative evaluation of the efficacy of tricalcium phosphate, calcium sodium phosphosilicate, and casein phosphopeptide – amorphous calcium phosphate in reducing streptococcus mutans levels in saliva

There are only limited studies that have determined the antibacterial effects of various remineralizing agents that can be beneficial to children. The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy of tricalcium phosphate (TCP), calcium sodium phosphosilicate (CSP), and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) enhanced with fluoride in reducing the Streptococcus mutans (SM) levels in saliva of children. Out of 245 children, 120 of them with SM colony forming units (CFU)/ml in the range of 104-106/ml of saliva were assigned to four groups: (I) TCP; (II) CSP; (III) CPP-ACP enhanced with fluoride; and (IV) control. Salivary samples were collected at intervals of 1 week, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks and the number of CFU/ml of SM in saliva were counted post 48 hour incubation. After 1 week, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks, there was a significant reduction in the mean score of SM (P < 0.05). The maximum reduction in the CFU/ml in the saliva was seen in the 1st week after the commencement of the brushing in all the three test groups. Group III children demonstrated the maximum reduction of 15 × 105 CFU/ml, followed by Group II children with 10 × 105 CFU/ml. Twice daily use of CPP-ACP with fluoride, CSP, and TCP caused a significant reduction in the levels of SM in saliva.

Evaluation of Streptococcus mutans Levels in Saliva before and after Consumption of Probiotic Milk: A Clinical Study

Evaluation of Streptococcus mutans Levels in Saliva before and after Consumption of Probiotic Milk: A Clinical Study

Microbiological evaluation of salivary Streptococcus mutans from children of age 5-7 years, pre- and post-atraumatic restorative treatment

Background and Objective:The objective of the study was to monitor Streptococcus mutans (SM) counts in saliva of children aged 5-7 years old over a period of 6 months with the subsequent use of Fuji IX, glass ionomer cement in atraumatic restorative technique (ART).Materials and Methods:One hundred children were selected to receive ART using Fuji IX glass ionomer cement. Caries status was recorded using DMFT index (WHO 1997) and revaluated after 6 months using DMFS index (WHO 1979). Saliva was collected for microbiological assessment of SM count on four occasions, baseline, 1 week, 1 month, and 6 months after ART approach. The results of the microbiological tests were statistically analyzed using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney rank test.Results:The results showed a significant reduction of SM levels in saliva immediately 1 week following the ART approach with mean SM counts of 1.5763 (106 CFU/ml) and 1.1286 (105 CFU/ml) pre- and 1 week post–ART, respectively. Reduction in the SM count was seen in 89.47% of children after 1 week of ART treatment. The mean SM count after 1 month and 6 months post-ART was 1.4814 (106 CFU/ml) and 1.4722(106 CFU/ml), respectively.Conclusion:It was concluded from the results that the ART technique was successful in reducing the SM counts in saliva significantly for a period of 1 week post treatment. Although the mean SM counts remained less than the baseline after 6 month evaluation, a trend toward re-establishment of SM to the baseline count was noticed.

Xylitol and Dental Caries: an Overview For Clinicians

An overview of studies about xylitol and dental caries suggests potential clinical dental applications for xylitol. Xylitol is a naturally occurring, low-calorie sugar substitute with anticariogenic properties. Data from recent studies indicate that xylitol can reduce the occurrence of dental caries in young children, schoolchildren, and mothers, and in children via their mothers. Xylitol, a sugar alcohol, is derived mainly from birch and other hardwood trees. Short-term consumption of xylitol is associated with decreased Streptococcus mutans levels in saliva and plaque. Aside from decreasing dental caries, xylitol may also decrease the transmission of S. mutans from mothers to children. Commercial xylitol-containing products may be used to help control rampant decay in primary dentition. Studies of schoolchildren in Belize and Estonia, along with data from the University of Washington, indicate that xylitol gum, candy, ice pops, cookies, puddings, etc., in combination with other dental therapies, are associated with the arrest of carious lesions. A prospective trial in Finland has demonstrated that children of mothers treated with xylitol had lower levels of S. mutans than children of mothers treated with chlorhexidine or fluoride varnish. Food products containing xylitol are available commercially and through specialized manufacturers, and have the potential to be widely accessible to consumers.

Streptococcus mutans levels in saliva and distribution of serotypes among 9-year-old Icelandic children.

Streptococcus mutans levels in saliva were determined in 9-yr-old children from five towns in Iceland. In four towns the mean counts were greater than 10(5)/ml. Serotype c was predominant but types e and d/g were also found. The proportion of children harbouring serotype d/g alone or in combination with other serotypes was higher than that reported in most other studies.

Practical method to facilitate estimation of Streptococcus mutans levels in saliva

A method was developed to facilitate the estimation of Streptococcus mutans levels in saliva. Saliva-contaminated wodden spatulas were pressed directly against an elevated agar plate containing a selective medium. The results were compared with the number of S. mutans per 1 ml of paraffin-stimulated saliva. It was shown that the spatula method gave a good estimation of the level of S. mutans infection. The incubation was also made in expired air instead of 95% N2-5% CO2. The outgrowth was in good agreement with that after conventional incubation. The method is useful in epidemiological studies or in selecting persons at a high caries risk, and when ordinary saliva sampling cannot be done, for example in small children. Compared with conventional saliva sampling, this method requires less time and material at sampling as well as at the laboratory.