Streptococcus Mutans In Children Research Articles

Transmission and colonization of Streptococcus mutans in children

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Comparative Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Theobromine Toothpaste and a Low-fluoridated Toothpaste against Plaque Streptococcus mutans in Children

Comparative Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Theobromine Toothpaste and a Low-fluoridated Toothpaste against Plaque Streptococcus mutans in Children

DNA profiling of Streptococcus mutans in children with and without black tooth stains: A polymerase chain reaction analysis

The purpose of this study was to identify the genetic patterns of Streptococcus mutans by DNA finger printing among caries-active, caries-free, and in children with black tooth stains. In this in vitro study Ten children with black tooth stains and ten caries-free and caries-active children between 3 and 6 years of age were recruited. Saliva samples were collected using a sterile tube, followed by microbial culture of S. mutans, DNA isolation, and polymerase chain reaction amplification. The molecular weights of each band were converted into binary data, and data were entered into SPSS to generate similarity dendrograms. Dendrogram interpretation of black tooth stain and caries-free samples revealed an identical genetic pattern in 15 samples with high genetic similarity. Dendrogram interpretation of black tooth stain and caries-active samples exhibited a greater genetic diversity. This study concludes that identical genotypes and high genetic similarity among isolates of the caries-free and black tooth stains. Polymorphism and genetic diversity exist between the black tooth stain and caries-active samples.

Effectiveness of xylitol and polyol chewing gum on salivary streptococcus mutans in children: A randomized controlled trial.

Dental caries is a multi-factorial, infectious disease, the prevention of which is based on multifaceted approaches. Chewing sugar-free gum has potential beneficial effects on dental health. The aim of this study is to assess and compare the effectiveness of xylitol and polyol chewing gums on salivary Streptococcus mutans in 12-15 years old schoolchildren residing in hostels in Belgaum city. The acceptability of the two chewing gums was also assessed. Sixty children of 12-15 year age groups from three hostels, who fulfilled all the inclusion criteria, were included in this triple blind randomized controlled field trial. They were then randomly allocated into one of the three groups using lottery method. Xylitol chewing gum, polyol chewing gum and control group (no chewing gum). Patients were instructed to chew one pellet two times a day after meals for 5 min each for 30 days. Salivary samples were collected at baseline, 30 days after chewing gum use and 30 days after discontinuation, for microbiological analysis. The data were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS software version 18. Chewing 100% xylitol chewing gum 2 times a day for 5 min for 30 days can successfully reduce salivary S. mutans counts. The xylitol gum has shown a maximum benefit against salivary S. mutans when compared to polyol gum and control group. Xylitol-containing chewing gums can be used as an adjunct to regular home care preventive procedures to prevent dental caries.

Salivary Immunoglobulin A in Relation to the Viable Count of Mutans Streptococci in Children with Early Childhood Caries

Salivary Immunoglobulin A in Relation to the Viable Count of Mutans Streptococci in Children with Early Childhood Caries

Effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on the counts of salivary Streptococcus mutans in children with severe early childhood caries

BackgroundAntimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a novel technique for reduction of pathogenic microorganisms in dentistry. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of aPDT on Streptococcus mutans reduction in children with severe early childhood caries. MethodsTwenty-two children with severe early childhood caries aged 3–6 years were treated with toluoidine blue O (TBO) for 1min and irradiated by a Light Emitting Diode (LED; FotoSan, CMS Dental, Denmark) with the exposure time of 150s. Saliva samples were collected at baseline, 1h and 7 days after treatment. S. mutans counts were determined using the Dentocult SM Strip mutans. ResultsThe counts of S. mutans in saliva decreased significantly after 1h (P<0.001). However, the difference in reduction of S. mutans counts in saliva was not significant between the baseline and 7 days after treatment (P>0.05). ConclusionaPDT seems to be efficient to reduce salivary S. mutans immediately after treatment in children with severe early childhood caries. However, further research is needed to evaluate different doses and frequency of irradiation in combination with restoring carious teeth to find more durable results.

Relationship between Interdental Spacing and Colonization by Streptococcus mutans in Children.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between interdental spacing in the upper incisors and other associated factors with colonization by Streptococcus mutans in children. A total of 47 children aged between 24 and 36 months with no decayed cavities were enrolled in the study. Models were obtained to evaluate interdental spacing in the upper anterior region. The relationships between S. mutans colonization and number of erupted teeth, interdental spacing, diet, and oral hygiene behavior were investigated. S. mutans was detected in the saliva of 14 children (29.8%). No sociodemographic variable was associated with colonization by S. mutans. Neither number of erupted teeth nor children's age showed an influence on colonization by S. mutans. However, children with interdental spacing in the upper incisors were less likely to show colonization by S. mutans (15.8%) than those without (39.3%). Furthermore, children who ceased breast-and/or bottle-feeding by 15 months of age were less likely to show colonization by S. mutans (22.7%) than those who continued feeding until 19 months of age or more (46.2%).

Evaluation of propolis dental varnish against Streptococcus mutans in children

Evaluation of propolis dental varnish against Streptococcus mutans in children

EFEKTIFTAS MENGUNYAH BUAH BERSERAT DAN BERAIR TERHADAP KUANTITAS BAKTERI STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS PADA ANAK KEBUTUHAN KHUSUS

TITLEThe effectiveness of chewing stringy and watery fruits against the quantity of Streptococcus mutans in children with special needsABSTRACTChildren who suffer from mental retardation associated with muscle coordination resulted in delays on the development of movement (motoric), speech, and limitations adjust to the environment. The disorder is also added to the difficulties of children to be able to maintain healthy teeth and mouth independently and are less active mouth muscles to get a good natural cleansing. The process of chewing fibrous foods will stimulate and increase saliva production. The apple is a fibrousfruit which can be obtained on the market. And apple has the ability to self-cleansing effect. This study aims to determine the effect of chewing an apple to the quantity of Streptococcus mutans bacteria in children with special needsThis type of research is descriptive. The method used in this study is a quasi experimental and design studies carried out by one group pretest and posttest. In this study, a sample calculation of the number of bacteria before and after chewing apples in saliva using Total Plate Count. Samples were 15 students from elementary classes I-VI mild mental retardation in special schools amounted foundation Widya Bhakti Semarang.The results showed statisticfrom paired t-test that there are effective chew of fibrousand juicy fruit on the quantity of bacteria Streptococcus mutans in a special needs child, and from the analysis of the data showed a significant difference with the t value of 3,778 df (degrees of freedom) and p value = 0.002 (p 0.05). Keywords : fruit fibrous watery, streptococcus mutans quantity

Assessment of the Effect of Probiotic Yoghurt and Different Probiotic Strains on Salivary Streptococcus Mutans in Children : An in Vivo and an in Vitro Study

Introduction: Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is the major pathogen involved in caries development which is the most common childhood infection. Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria are commonly used as probiotics and are added to fermented food such as yoghurt, and have been linked to reducing caries risk in children. Objectives: to investigate the effect of probiotic-containing yogurt on salivary levels of S. mutans, gingival inflammation and plaque accumulation in children and to evaluate the possible inhibitory effect of two probiotic bacterial strains (Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium animalis) against S. mutans invitro. Methodology: This study was performed with 30 children; who were given yohgurt containing probiotic (group 1) or control yoghurt (group 2) daily for a period of 6 weeks; Sreptococcal mutans count, gingival index (GI) and plaque index (PI) were assessed throughout the 6 weeks of intervention and 2 weeks post-intervention. Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium animalis were tested against S. mutans invitro. Results: There was a statistically significant decrease (p<0.001) in S. mutans count and GI in the intervention group as compared to the control group. The PI showed a statistically significant decrease in both groups 2 weeks after the intervention. Lactobacillus rhamnosus had an inhibitory effect whereas B. animalis had no inhibitory effect on the tested S. mutans strains invitro. Conclusion: The use of probiotic yoghurt decreases the salivary S. mutans count and improves oral dental health in children. Further research should assess the long term effect of plain and probiotic yoghurt on oral health conditions. The addition of alternate probiotic strains to yoghurt such as Lactobacillus rhamnosus should also be considered

BMI, eating habits and sleep in relation to salivary counts of mutans streptococci in children - the IDEFICS Sweden study.

The objective of the present study was to investigate the association between salivary counts of mutans streptococci (MS) and children's weight status, while considering associated covariates. MS ferments carbohydrates from the diet and contributes to caries by lowering the pH in dental plaque. In adults, high counts of MS in saliva have been associated with overweight, but this has not been shown in children. Cross-sectional study investigating salivary counts of MS, BMI Z-score, waist circumference, meal frequency, sugar propensity and sleep duration, in children. West Sweden. Children (n 271) aged 4-11 years. Medium-high counts of MS were positively associated with higher BMI Z-score (OR=1·6; 95% CI 1·1, 2·3). Positive associations were also found between medium-high counts of MS and more frequent meals per day (OR=1·5; 95% CI 1·1, 2·2), greater percentage of sugar-rich foods consumed (OR=1·1; 95% CI 1·0, 1·3) and female sex (OR=2·4; 95% CI 1·1, 5·4). A negative association was found between medium-high counts of MS and longer sleep duration (OR=0·5; 95% CI 0·3, 1·0). BMI Z-score was associated with counts of MS. Promoting adequate sleep duration and limiting the intake frequency of sugar-rich foods and beverages could provide multiple benefits in public health interventions aimed at reducing dental caries and childhood overweight.

Effect of maternal use of chewing gums containing xylitol on transmission of mutans streptococci in children: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Mutans streptococci (MS) are the major causative bacteria involved in human dental decay. Habitual consumption of xylitol has been proved to reduce MS levels in saliva and plaque. To evaluate the effect of the maternal use of xylitol gum on MS reduction in infants. A structured literature review and meta-analysis. A random effects model was used to assess the relative risks of the incidence of MS in the saliva or plaque of children who were 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months old. We reviewed 11 RCTs derived from 5 research teams that included 601 mothers. Our results indicated that the incidence of MS in the saliva or plaque of the infants was significantly reduced in the xylitol group (risk ratio: 0.54; 95% confidence interval: 0.39-0.73, at 12-18 months) and (risk ratio: 0.56; 95% confidence interval: 0.40-0.79, at 36 months) compared with the control groups. The long-term effect of maternal xylitol gum exposure on their children's dental caries was controversial. Habitual xylitol consumption by mothers with high MS levels was associated with a significant reduction in the mother-child transmission of salivary MS.

Effect of Probiotic Containing Ice-cream on Salivary Mutans Streptococci (SMS) Levels in Children of 6-12 Years of Age: A Randomized Controlled Double Blind Study with Six-months Follow Up.

To evaluate the caries risk based on the salivary levels of streptococcus mutans in children of 6-12 years of age group before and after consuming probiotic ice-cream containing Bifidobacterium lactis Bb-12 and Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5. A double blind, placebo controlled trial was carried out in 60 children aged between 6 to 12 years with zero decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT). They were randomly divided into two equal groups. Saliva sample were collected before the consumption of ice-cream and Streptococcus mutans count was calculated and recorded as baseline data. For the next seven days both the groups were given ice creams marked as A and B. Saliva samples were collected after ice-cream consumption at the end of study period and also after a washout period of 30 days and again after six months. Samples were inoculated and colonies were counted. On statistical evaluation by students paired t-test, probiotic ice-cream brought significant reduction in the Streptococcus mutans count after seven days of ice-cream ingestion (p<0.001) and also after 30 d of washout period (p<0.001). There was no significant reduction (p=0.076) by normal ice-cream consumption. After six months of the study period in both the groups the salivary levels of Streptococcus mutans was similar to the baseline. Probiotic ice-cream containing Bifidobacterium lactis Bb-12 and Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 can cause reduction in caries causative organism. The dosage of the probiotic organisms for the long term or synergetic effect on the oral health are still needed to be explored.

Topical applications effect of casein phospho peptide-amorphous calcium phosphate and sodium fluoride on salivary Mutans Streptococci in children

Background: Dental caries is one of the major human diseases caused by Mutans Streptococci (MS). Topical application casein phosphopeptide–amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) dan Sodium fluoride are often use in children and play a role in the caries prevention. Purpose: The aim of study was to determine the effect of casein phosphopeptide–amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) and Sodium fluoride topical applications to the number of salivary MS colonies in children. Methods: This study using cross-over design with quase experiment time-series. The subjects were 30 children in range of age 6-12 years old that obtained with simple random sampling. The saliva samples of subjects were collected 3 times. First, saliva samples were taken before the treatment; second, after CPP-ACP topical application; third, after sodium fluoride topical application. Between the CPP-ACP and sodium fluoride treatments there was a one week wash-out period. After each treatment, saliva samples were taken twice, 15 and 30 minutes after topical applications respectively. After cultivation on specific agar, the colony number of salivary MS was determined by colony counting (Colony Forming Units-CFU). Results: There was no significant difference between topical application casein phosphopeptide – amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) and Sodium fluoride in reducing the number of Streptococcus mutans. But topical application of Sodium fluoride tended to show more reduction than CPP-ACP. Conclusion: The topical application of CPP-ACP and Sodium fluoride could reduce the number of salivary MS in children. The effect of Sodium Fluoride was somewhat greater than CPP-ACP.Latar belakang: Karies gigi merupakan salah satu penyakit manusia utama yang disebabkan oleh Streptococcus Mutans (MS). Topikal aplikasi kasein phosphopeptide - amorf kalsium fosfat (CPP-ACP) dan sodium fluoride sering digunakan pada anak-anak dan berperan dalam pencegahan karies. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh aplikasi kasein phosphopeptide - amorf kalsium fosfat (CPP-ACP) dan Sodium fluoride secara topikal terhadap jumlah koloni MS pada saliva anak. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross-over dengan percobaan Quase time-series. Subjek penelitian ini adalah 30 anak dalam rentang usia 6-12 tahun yang diperoleh dengan simple random sampling. Sampel saliva subjek dikumpulkan 3 kali. Pertama, sampel saliva diambil sebelum perlakuan; kedua, setelah aplikasi topikal CPP-ACP; ketiga, setelah aplikasi topikal sodium fluoride. Antara aplikasi CPPACP dan sodium fluoride ada periode wash-out satu minggu. Setelah perlakuan, sampel saliva yang diambil dua kali, 15 dan 30 menit setelah masing-masing aplikasi topikal. Setelah ditumbuhkan pada media agar yang spesifik, jumlah koloni MS ditentukan dengan cara hitung koloni (Colony Forming Unit-CFU). Hasil: Tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara topikal aplikasi kasein phosphopeptideamorf kalsium fosfat (CPP-ACP) dan sodium fluoride dalam mengurangi jumlah Streptococcus mutans. Tetapi aplikasi topikal Sodium fluoride cenderung menunjukkan penurunan lebih banyak dari CPP-ACP. Simpulan: Aplikasi topikal dari CPP-ACP dan Sodium fluoride dapat mengurangi jumlah MS pada saliva anak. Pengaruh Sodium Fluoride sedikit lebih besar dari CPP-ACP.

The efficacy of three formulations of Lippia sidoides Cham. essential oil in the reduction of salivary Streptococcus mutans in children with caries: A randomized, double-blind, controlled study

Essential oils of many plants have been previously tested in the treatment of oral diseases and other infections. This study was a randomized, double-blind, in parallel with an active control study, which aimed to evaluate the efficacy of three formulations of the Lippia sidoides Cham. essential oil (LSO) in the reduction of salivary Streptococcus mutans in children with caries. 81 volunteers, aged 6–12 years, both genders, with caries, were recruited to participate in this study, and randomly assigned to either one of five different groups. Each group received topical treatment with either 1.4% LSO toothpaste, 1.4% LSO gel, 0.8% LSO mouthwash, 1% chlorhexidine gel, or 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash. A 5-ml volume of each gel was placed inside disposable trays, and applied for 1min, every 24h, for 5 consecutive days. The mouthwash groups used 5-ml volume of a mouthwash inside disposable syringes. In the toothpaste group, children brushed their teeth for 1min, once a day for 5 days. Saliva was collected before and after treatment. MS colonies were counted, isolated and confirmed through biochemical tests. Differences in MS levels measured in different days within the same treatment group was only verified with LSO toothpaste, chlorhexidine gel and chlorhexidine mouthwash. Comparison between groups of LSO mouthwash, toothpaste and gel showed that the toothpaste group expressed significantly lower MS levels than the mouthwash and gel groups at day-30. Chlorhexidine significantly reduced MS levels after 5 days of treatment, but these levels returned to baseline in other periods of the study. LSO toothpaste reduced MS levels after 5 days of treatment, and MS levels remained low and did not return to baseline during subsequent analysis. Hence, LSO toothpaste demonstrated the most long-lasting MS reduction in saliva, whereas other LSO formulations did not effectively reduce MS levels in children with dental caries.

Correlation between mutans streptococci counts of parents and their children residing in Chandigarh, India.

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of Mutans Streptococci (MS) in children and to evaluate the relationship between the salivary levels of MS in children and their parents. Material and Methods: 100 children aged 3-6 years along with their parents (100 mothers and fathers each) were included in the study. The children were segregated depending upon their age and level of caries experience. The children were examined clinically on an ordinary chair in natural daylight using the Møller’s index criteria. Assays for Mutans Streptococci (MS) were done for both the children and their parents using the Dentocult SM strip mutans test. Collected data was assessed using SPSS software. Results: The overall prevalence of MS in the children was 83%. A statistically significant correlation (p<0.05) was observed between salivary MS counts of children and their mothers. No significant correlation was seen with the fathers. Conclusions: The findings conclude that if primary caregivers harbour high levels of MS in their saliva, it is likely that their children will have the same. Key words:Mutans streptococci, parents, children, dentocult SM kits.

Evaluation of the effects of manuka honey on salivary levels of mutans streptococci in children: a pilot study.

There has been much debate in the past about whether honey is harmful to the teeth, mostly as part of the debate about raw sugar versus refined sugar and the results have been equivocal. However, what has not been taken into account is that honey varies markedly in the potency of its antibacterial activity. Manuka (Leptospermum scoparium) honey from New Zealand has been found to have substantial levels of non-peroxide antibacterial activity associated with an unidentified phytochemical component, denoted as Unique Manuka Factor (UMF). Considering the potential antimicrobial effects of manuka honey, the present study attempted to investigate effects of twice daily use of manuka honey with UMF 19.5 on salivary levels of Mutans streptococci in children. The investigation was a stratified comparison of two parallel groups of children who either used manuka honey with regular tooth brushing regimen or continued only with regular tooth brushing regimen twice daily under professional supervision for a 21-day period. A total of three salivary samples were taken from each individual at baseline, day 10, and day 21; colony counts of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) were determined. All data was subjected to paired T-test and Wilcoxon's signed ranks sum for intra- and intergroup comparisons respectively. Children using manuka honey showed statistically significant reductions in salivary S. mutans after 10 and 21 days. Manuka honey with UMF 19.5 may be considered as an effective adjunctive oral hygiene measure for reducing colony counts in children.

Reduced salivary flow and colonization by mutans streptococci in children with Down syndrome

OBJECTIVES:Although individuals with Down syndrome have considerable oral disease, the prevalence of dental caries in this group is low. The present study aimed to compare known risk factors for dental caries development in children with Down syndrome and a matched population (siblings). In both populations, the number of acidogenic microorganisms, such as mutans streptococci, lactobacilli and Candida species, and the paraffin-stimulated pH, flow rate and IgA concentration in whole saliva were evaluated and compared.METHOD:Saliva was collected, and the caries index was evaluated in 45 sibling pairs aged between 6 and 18 years old. The salivary IgA concentration was determined by immunoturbidimetry. Salivary mutans streptococci, lactobacilli and Candida species were quantified on mitis salivarius agar containing bacitracin and 20% sucrose, rogosa agar supplemented with glacial acetic acid and sabouraud agar supplemented with chloramphenicol, respectively.RESULTS:Down syndrome children had a higher caries-free rate (p<0.05) and lower salivary mutans streptococci counts (p<0.03) compared to their siblings. Similar numbers of lactobacilli and Candida species were found in both groups. Salivary flow rates were 36% lower in Down syndrome children compared to their siblings (p<0.05). The salivary pH did not differ between Down syndrome children and controls. The Down syndrome children had an IgA secretion rate 29% lower than that of their siblings, but this difference was not statistically significant.CONCLUSIONS:In conclusion, the lower number of mutans streptococci in the saliva may be one of the factors contributing to the lower caries rate observed in Down syndrome children, despite evidence of hyposalivation.

Effect of photodynamic therapy on the counts of salivary streptococcus mutans in children with early childhood caries

Effect of photodynamic therapy on the counts of salivary streptococcus mutans in children with early childhood caries

The comparative evaluation of the effects of tongue cleaning on salivary levels of mutans streptococci in children

The study compared and evaluated the effects of tongue scraping and tongue brushing on salivary mutans streptococci levels in children. The investigation was a single-blind, stratified comparison of three parallel groups of children who performed either tongue scraping or tongue brushing along with tooth brushing or only tooth brushing twice daily under professional supervision for a 21-day period. A total of three saliva samples were taken from each individual, at baseline, on day 10 and on day 21, and colony counts of mutans streptococci were determined. All data were subjected to statistical analysis using Wilcoxon's signed-ranks sum test and Mann-Whitney U-test. The results of the present study show that tongue scraping and tongue brushing demonstrated statistically significant reductions in salivary mutans streptococci counts after 10 days and also after 21 days. It was also noted that tongue scraping and tongue brushing were equally effective in reducing colony counts.