Hybridization Strength Research Articles

Hydrogen evolution performance of single atom catalyst supported on holey graphdiyne

Abstract Electrocatalytic hydrogen production is an effective method to solve environmental issues and energy crisis. However, cheap and high performance electrocatalysts are still very scarce. In this work, the hydrogen evolution reaction performance of holey graphdiyne supported transition metals single-atom catalysts (TM-SAC-HGY) were investigated by first-principles study. It is found that TM atoms are stably anchored on monolayer HGY by forming TM-C bonds. Meanwhile, TM atoms transfer electrons to both HGY and H atom. More importantly, the H adsorption free energy (ΔGH) of Cu-SAC-HGY is 0.028 eV, which is very close to 0 eV. Therefore, Cu-SAC-HGY has excellent HER activity. By analyzing the results of partial density of states, it can be concluded that the orbital hybridization strength of TM and H plays a decisive role in affecting HER activity. This work could contribute to the development of more efficient HER electrocatalysts.

Mitigating Band Tailing in Kesterite Solar Absorbers: Ab Initio Quantum Dynamics.

Open-circuit voltage deficits are limiting factors in kesterite solar cells. Addressing this issue by suppressing band tailing and nonradiative charge recombination is essential for enhancing the performance. We employ ab initio nonadiabatic molecular dynamics to elucidate the origin of band tailing and charge losses and propose a mitigation strategy. The simulations show that Cu-Zn disorder, associated with antisite defect clusters [CuZn+ZnCu], is a significant source of band tailing in kesterites, as evidenced by the much larger Urbach energy in disordered than ordered kesterites. Cu-Zn disorder gives rise to new sulfur-centered coordination polyhedra, increases structural inhomogeneity, changes electrostatic potential at sulfur centers, and shifts the S(3p) orbital energy. Differences in the S(3p)/Cu(3d) and S(3p)/Sn(5s) hybridization strengths and the S(3p) orbital energy shift reduce the band gap by 0.37 eV. Furthermore, Cu-Zn disorder enhances vibrational motion of sulfur anions and surrounding cations, increasing band gap fluctuations by 15 meV. The stronger electron-phonon interactions reduce charge carrier lifetimes and limit the kesterite solar cell efficiency. Partial substitution of Zn with Cd facilitates structural ordering and significantly suppresses band tailing, particularly in disordered systems. The improvement can be attributed to the larger atomic radius and mass of Cd, which weakens bonding around the anion, suppresses S-related vibrations within the covalent tetrahedra, and reduces nonadiabatic coupling, thereby increasing charge carrier lifetimes. The reported results establish the key influence of cation disorder on band tailing and reduced charge carrier lifetimes in kesterites and highlight cation disorder engineering as a strategy to achieve high-efficiency kesterite solar cells.

Evaluation of Flexural Strength and Ductility of Hybrid Prestressed Concrete Members

Evaluation of Flexural Strength and Ductility of Hybrid Prestressed Concrete Members

Experiment and simulation of the interfacial joining mechanism for the strong polyformaldehyde-aluminum alloy hybrids

Using polymer-metal hybrids offers a promising energy conservation and emission reduction approach. In this investigation, nanoporous structures with varying pore sizes were synthesized on the surface of aluminum (Al) by adjusting the oxidation duration. Then, aluminum was bonded with polyformaldehyde (POM) using a hot pressing technique. An increase in nanopore size resulted in enhanced surface roughness and wettability of the Al, thereby promoting the embedding of POM into the Al surface and subsequently improving the mechanical interlocking capability at the interface. The embedding depth of POM with varying pore sizes was analyzed using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Additionally, a flow model of POM within nanopores was developed using the finite element method, and the calculated diffusion depths were consistent with the experimental results. The embedding depth reached 2.38 μm when the pore size was approximately 100 nm, at which point the interface achieved the optimal filling ratio. Furthermore, the interface was examined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and density functional theory (DFT), revealing the presence of an Al-O-C chemical bond. The maximum joining strength of the POM-Al hybrid reached 42.56 MPa, and the failure mode was a mixed failure mode of interfacial failure and cohesive failure. In summary, these results are crucial for further designing and optimizing polymer-metal hybrids prepared using anodic oxidation.

Effect of zeolite on growth, yield, and active substances of genotypes of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) and its Half–Diallel Crosses

Two field experiments were conducted on the private farms of a farmer in the village of Al-Jilawiyah in Al-Musayyab district (40 km north of the center of Babylon province) for the years 2021 and 2023 for the purpose of studying some genetic features of four genotypes of Roselle and their Half – Diallel Crosses. They gave the following results:The eggplant cultivar excelled in all the studied traits (plant height, chlorophyll content of leaves, number of branches in the plant, number of bolls in the plant, total yield of sepal leaves and anthospanin content), giving averages of (184.86 cm, 42.83 spad, 48.30 leaves.plant -1, 153.50 bolls.Plant -1, 1208.16 kg ha -1, 0.338%) respectively. As for the hybrids, the hybrid (1*2) excelled on the other hybrids by giving it the highest average for the studied traits (plant height, chlorophyll content of the leaves, number of branches, number of bolls in the plant, anthocyanin content, giving the averages (191.98 cm, 43.04 spad, 50 branches. plant -1, 157.22 bolls.plant -1, 0.345%), respectively. As for the hybrid strength, the hybrid (1*2) excelled giving it the highest hybrid strength at level Z 10, amounting to 19.97%, while the hybrid (2*4) gave it the lowest hybrid strength at level Z10, amounting to - 0.30%. As for the gene action, it gave the trait of chlorophyll content the highest percentage of heritability in the broad sense, amounting to 99.48%, at the level Z 10, while it gave the lowest percentage of heritability in the broad sense, amounting to 75.65%, for the trait of plant height, at the level Z 10. As for the heritability rate in the narrow sense, it reached its highest average of 60.06% for the trait number of branches at level Z 20. While it gave the lowest percentage of heritability in the narrow sense of 4.16% at the Z10 level. The average degree of dominance was 4.44% for the trait of plant height, while the lowest value for the average degree of heritability was 1.27 for the trait of the number of bolls. plant-1.

Mechanical and Electronic properties of ZnIV1-xIVxN2 (IV=Si, Ge and Sn) with varied concentrations: First-principles calculations

This study employed first-principles calculations to explore the mechanical and electronic properties of ZnIV1-xIVxN2 (IV=Si, Ge, Sn) at varying concentrations. Adding Si enhances elasticity, brittleness, and hardness by reinforcing Zn/IV-N ionic bonding, while Sn addition diminishes these properties. Electronic band structures indicate that antibonding states mostly arise from IV p orbitals hybridized with N s orbitals, impacting energy bandgaps. Bader charge analysis confirms enhanced ionic bonding with Si addition and weakened bonding with Sn, consistent with IV ion sizes and charges influencing bond lengths and hybridization strengths. Our study suggests that the ductility of ZnIVN2 can be improved while maintaining its UV absorption properties by using ZnGe1-xSixN2 with x = 0.25,0.50 and ZnSi1-xSnxN2 with x = 0.25, which is dynamically stable. These compounds exhibit energy gaps of 3.29–3.83 eV and 3.52 eV, respectively. In ZnGe1-xSixN2, the energy gap ranges from 4.62 to 2.82 eV, while in ZnGe1-xSnxN2, it spans from 1.16 to 2.82 eV. For ZnSi1-xSnxN2, the energy gap extends from 4.62 to 1.16 eV. The Sn p + N s hybridization is weakest compared to the Ge p + N s and Si p + N s hybridizations, respectively, resulting in a lower energy antibonding state for ZnSnN2 > ZnGeN2 > ZnSiN2. This leads to the observed bandgap differences.

Simple hot water treatment to form nanostructures for the preparation of polyphenylene sulfide-aluminum alloy hybrids

ABSTRACT Polymer-metal hybrids (PMH) are providing the driving force for the development of automotive lightweighting. In this paper, the surface of aluminum (Al) alloy was modified by a simple, environmentally friendly surface treatment technique (hot water treatment) to form certain nanostructures. Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) was attached to the treated Al surface by an injection molding process to fabricate PPS-Al hybrids. The nanostructures formed on the aluminum surface by hot water treatment were found to be composed of AlOOH, thus the Al surface acquires better wettability properties. With increasing treatment temperature and treatment time, the nanostructures were continuously increasing and becoming larger in scale, but with a consequent decrease in stability. Therefore, when the treatment temperature was 70°C and the treatment time was 10 min, the medium-scale AlOOH formed the strongest mechanical anchoring effect with PPS. The joining strength of the PPS-Al hybrid was enhanced by 200% against the hybrid prepared by sandpaper sanding treatment, which reached 12.16 MPa. After tensile failure, the failure mode of the hot water-treated hybrids was a mixed failure mode of interfacial failure and polymer cohesion destruction. In short, these results provide insights for the preparation of environmentally friendly PMH products.

ANN based optimization of nano-beam oscillations with intermolecular forces and geometric nonlinearity

In this study, we investigate the effect of Van der Waals and Casimir forces on the mathematical model of nano-electromechanical systems (NEMS) such as nano-beam actuators that contain cantilever and double cantilever beams. The singular nonlinear boundary value problem governing the beam-type actuators, including geometric nonlinearity is solved by using an intelligent strength of feedforward artificial neural networks (ANNs) and hybridization of optimization algorithms such as arithmetic optimization algorithm (AOA) and active set algorithm (ASA). The proposed ANN-AOA-AS algorithm is employed to quantify the effect of changes in applied voltage, dispersion forces, geometric nonlinearity parameters, and initial axial strain on the deflection of the beam. Furthermore, to validate the results obtained by the proposed algorithm, statistical analyses are conducted to compare the approximate solutions with state-of-the-art methodologies available in the latest literature. In addition, performance indicators are defined such as mean square error (MSE), Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), mean absolute deviations (MAD), root mean square error (RMSE), and Error in Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (ENSE) to study the accuracy and efficiency of the solutions. The results show that these indicators’ mean percentage values lie around 10−4 to 10−6 which reflects the perfect modeling of the approximate solutions.

Probabilistic prediction-based multi-objective optimization approach for multi-energy virtual power plant

Virtual power plants (VPPs) are encountering multiple challenges due to market uncertainties and power network instability. In this paper, a novel probabilistic prediction-based multi-objective optimization framework for VPP is proposed to maximize operating profit while minimizing pollutant emissions and voltage deviations in the distribution network, which considers the uncertainties of wind power and electricity price. In this framework, the VPP that participates in the energy and ancillary service markets firstly aggregates the wind farms, the electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS), and the combined cooling, heating, and power subsystems to improve the utilization efficiency and operational flexibility of multiple energy sources. Then, a new Pareto optimizer, called multi-objective hybrid sand cat swarm optimization and strength firefly algorithm, is proposed to tackle the multi-objective optimization model of VPP. The proposed hybrid algorithm utilizes the advantages of sand cat swarm optimization and strength firefly algorithm mechanisms to facilitate local exploitation and global exploration. Finally, a new deep reinforcement learning probabilistic prediction approach based on quantile regression deep deterministic policy gradient is modeled to evaluate the uncertainties. The proposed models and methods have been thoroughly discussed on a modified distributed network. It is calculated that compared with the VPP without EVCS, the operating profit of the proposed VPP increases by 18.69%, and the emissions and voltage deviation of the proposed VPP are reduced by 3.42% and 10.44%, respectively. Experimental results also prove that the performance of the proposed Pareto optimizer and probabilistic prediction approach is superior to other benchmark techniques.

Needle-like structure grafted with chemical bond induces high-performance polyformaldehyde-aluminum alloy hybrids

The high-performance polymer-metal hybrids (PMH) have received widespread attention in the automotive field. In this study, needle-like structures were formed on the aluminum alloy (Al) surface by secondary anodizing. Based on that, the Al surface was further silanized. The surface-treated Al was then connected to polyformaldehyde (POM) by ultrasonic-assisted hot pressing molding to fabricate POM-Al hybrids. The source of the bonding strength of POM-Al hybrids has been systematically explained. When the POM embedding rate reached 91.32 % and the interface coexisted with Al-O-Si and Al-O-C bonds, the bonding strength reached 46.89 MPa, representing a 129 % increase against primary anodization. Furthermore, the bonding strength was able to exceed 40 MPa in a salt spray environment and high-temperature conditions. In general, these results can facilitate the development and application of PMH products in practical engineering.

Evaluation of the shear bond strength between CAD/CAM blocks and sonic/thermoviscous bulk-fill composites with different surface treatments

Background/purposeTo evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) of nanoceramic hybrid CAD/CAM blocks with two bulk-fill composites in deep margin elevation following different surface pretreatments. Materials and methodsForty cylindrical-shaped samples (3 mm diameter × 4 mm height) were prepared from each group of bulk-fill resin composites (BRC) (SonicFill 3/SF, VisCalor bulk/VS), and 80 samples (14.5 mm × 7.2 mm × 2 mm) were sectioned from Grandio Block. Specimens of each BRC were assigned to two subgroups, and surfaces of one group were treated with a tribochemical silica-coating. The CAD/CAM block sample surfaces were treated with Al2O3 particles. CAD/CAM block and composite samples were luted using dual-cure universal resin-based cement (Bifix QM). Following immersion in distilled water for 24 h, the samples were divided as immediate and test groups. The test group was subjected to thermocycle (5–55 °C, 10,000 cycles). The SBS of the resin-based cement between the blocks and BRC was tested on a universal testing device until failure. Failure type was determined using a stereomicroscope. The roughening pattern was evaluated with SEM. Statistical analysis included Shapiro Wilk, Generalized Linear Models, and Fisher's Exact tests (P < 0.05). ResultsNo statistically significant difference was found between the mean SBS values according to deep margin elevation materials and surface pretreatment (P > 0.05). Aging procedure resulted in a statistically significant difference between the mean SBS values (P < 0.001). While the mean SBS value was 33.7 ± 7.9 MPa in immediate group, it was calculated as 22.6 ± 6.3 MPa in test group following thermocycle. ConclusionIn terms of SBS, both bulk-fill resin composites performed similarly. Although higher SBS values were obtained with tribochemical silica-coating, the adverse effects of thermocycling on bonding could not be prevented.

Enhancing strength and ductility of graphene and ZrO2 nanoparticles hybrid reinforced AA2024 composite fabricate by laser powder bed fusion

The AA2024 aluminum alloy is difficult to manufacture by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) due to its crack sensitivity. This work introduces a novel crack-free graphene nano-platelets (GNPs) and ZrO2 nanoparticles hybrid-modified AA2024 alloy suitable for laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF). The columnar-to-equiaxed transformation caused by nanoparticles-inducing nucleation sites eliminates the cracks. A bimodal microstructure consists of coarse columnar grains and ultrafine equiaxed grains, which are formed in the as-built composites. Compared with the L-PBF prepared AA2024 alloy and 1 wt% ZrO2/AA2024 composite, the (0.2 wt% GNPs + 1 wt% ZrO2)/AA2024 composite exhibit the highest tensile strength of 382 MPa and elongation of 16 %. The introduction of GNPs and ZrO2 nanoparticles provide dual increment in both tensile strength and ductility compared with single ZrO2 nanoparticles modified AA2024. Following further T6 heat treatment, the tensile strength increased significantly to 624 MPa, but the elongation decreased dramatically to 5.6 %. In-depth analysis was provided of the strength and ductility improvements induced by GNPs/ZrO2 nanofiller in this investigation.

Valence Engineering Boosts Kinetics and Storage Capacity of Layered Double Hydroxides for Aqueous Magnesium‐Ion Batteries

AbstractThe kinetics and storage‐capacity of NiCoMg‐ternary layered double hydroxide (NiCoMg‐LDH) are successfully boosted by valence engineering. As the cathode for aqueous magnesium‐ion batteries (AMIBs), the assembled NiCoMg‐LDH//active carbon (AC) delivers a high specific discharge capacity (121.0 mAh·g−1 at 0.2 A·g−1), long‐term cycling stability (85% capacity retention after 2000 cycles at 1.0 A·g−1) and an excellent performance at −30 °C. Moreover, NiCoMg‐LDH//perylenediimide (PTCDI) is assembled, achieving a high specific discharge capacity and long‐term cycling stability. X‐ray absorption spectra (XAS)/X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses and Density functional theory (DFT) calculations disclose that the electrons are redistributed due to the 3d orbital overlap of Co/Ni atoms in NiCoMg‐LDH, which obviously reduces the valence states of Co/Ni atoms, enhances Mg─O bond strength and degree of hybridization of Co/Ni 3d and O 2p orbitals. Hence, the electronic conductivity is significantly enhanced and the electrostatic repulsion between Mg2+ and host layers is greatly reduced, giving rise to the improved diffusion kinetics and storage‐capacity of Mg2+. Furthermore, in situ Raman/X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and ex situ XPS reveal corresponding energy‐storage mechanism. This paper not only demonstrates the feasibility of LDHs as cathode for AMIBs, but also offers a new modification method of valence engineering for high‐performance electrode materials.

Characteristics of Mechanical Strength of Hybrid Reinforced Plastic Waste Mixed with Wood Waste

Characteristics of Mechanical Strength of Hybrid Reinforced Plastic Waste Mixed with Wood Waste

Adsorption differences of xanthate, dithiophosphate and dithiocarbamate on stibnite (010) surface with Cu2+ activated: Combined DFT calculations and experiments

Antimony is an important strategic metal resource. Stibnite as one of the main sources of antimony resources, efficiently recycling stibnite has always been a topic of interest. Currently, there is a scarcity of research examining the adsorption differences of butyl xanthate (BX), sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) and ammonium dibutyl dithiophosphate (ADD) on the stibnite (010) surface with Cu2+ activated based on atomic scale. This study investigates the adsorption differences of BX, DDTC and ADD on the stibnite (010) surface with Cu2+ activated, combining density functional theory with experiments. DFT calculations showed that there are five adsorption sites of Cu2+ on the stibnite surface, analysis of partial density of states (PDOS) indicated that the difference in hybridization strength between Cu 3d and S 3p orbitals caused discrepancy in adsorption sites performance. Analysis of PDOS, Mulliken population and electron density difference, it can be concluded that the collector interaction strongly with the stibnite surface with Cu2+ activated and the difference of charge transferred by S atoms during the interaction process is the main reason for the differences in adsorption performance and the varying stability of CuS bonds in adsorption models. Under comprehensive comparison the flotation experiments and adsorption tests showed that with Cu2+ activation, the recovery rate of stibnite was significantly improved with DDTC and the adsorption effect was optimal. Finally, the adsorption performance sequence on Cu2+ activated stibnite surface for the three collectors is as follows: DDTC > ADD > BX. This study combining experimental and DFT calculations, provides guidance for the development of efficient collectors for stibnite flotation in the future.

Structure and properties of the hot pressing molded anodized aluminum alloy/polyformaldehyde hybrids

The metal-plastic hybrid is one of the important solutions for lightweight and high-strength composite. The anodized aluminum alloy（AAA）/polyformaldehyde（POM） hybrids with excellent mechanical properties were processed by the hot pressing technology. The surface of the aluminum alloy plate was firstly pretreated with phosphoric acid and oxalic acid anodizing, resulting in a large number of micro-nano scale pores on the surface. These pores were well embedded with plastic melt during hot pressing to form micro-nano mechanical interlocking structures and the Al–O–C chemical bond at the interface is generated, thus ensuring good bonding strength at the metal and plastic interface. The maximum tensile-shear strength of the metal-plastic hybrid was 30.65 MPa, meanwhile, the metal-plastic interface failure presented mainly a mixed failure mode, including resin removal from the metal surface and plastic tearing from the plastic surface. At the same time, the salt spray test, thermal shock test, and variable temperature test were adopted to investigate the application performance of the metal-plastic hybrid. The Al/POM hybrids were able to maintain their mechanical strength above 20 MPa for 28 days in a salt spray environment, 14 times in a thermal shock cycle, and at high temperatures. The high mechanical strength of hybrid has good potential for automotive applications.

Nanoscale insight into the reconstruction reaction mechanism of alkali-activated silicate materials

As a green alternative to cement-based materials, alkali-activated silicate materials (AASM) have garnered attention for their ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and efficiently utilize industrial waste. During AASM preparation, Si monomers such as [SiO2(OH)2]2-, [SiO(OH)3]-, Si(OH)4 play a crucial role in governing the formation rate and unique gel structure of AASM. Despite their widespread use in construction, the microscopic mechanism of Si monomer formation from reactive SiO2 groups via reconstruction reactions (RR) remains unclear. This study comprehensively explored the structural transformations, formation pathways, and electron transfer mechanisms of Si monomers in AASM gels during RR using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and first-principles calculations. We identified six distinct formation pathways for three Si monomers, with SiO2 → SiO2H2O → SiO2(H2O)2 → SiO(OH)2H2O exhibiting the highest energy barrier of 16.61kJ/mol. Further analysis revealed a correlation between energy barriers and orbital hybridization strength, providing new insights into Si monomer formation mechanisms in AASM. This lays a solid foundation for optimizing AASM's preparation and enhancing its performance, further promoting the environmental friendliness and efficient utilization of AASM.

Experimental investigation of the polymer-metal hybrids interfacial bonding fabricated by fused deposition modeling

In this paper, the fabrication of polymer-metal hybrids by fused deposition modeling was evaluated. 6061 aluminum alloy and polylactic acid were used in the manufacturing process. Also, to strengthen the bonding between the metal and polymer components, a two-component epoxy adhesive was used. The pull-off adhesion test was performed to evaluate the interfacial bonding strength of the specimens. In this study, the effect of bed temperature, print speed, printer nozzle diameter, and aluminum sheet surface roughness on the bond strength of polymer-metal hybrids has been investigated. The results showed that increasing the bed temperature, and aluminum sheet surface roughness, and also decreasing the print speed led to increase the bond strength of polymer-metal hybrids. Finally, by using the experimental data, an optimal specimen was produced. The interfacial bonding strength of the optimal specimen is about 64% stronger than the initial specimen.

Designing of highly-efficient OER and ORR transition metal-nitrogen active centers with the aid of the revised d electron density

It is quite important to suggest a suitable modification method for the design of highly-efficient catalysts with the aid of the local atomic structures of active center. In this work, the d electron density (D’d) of transition metal (TM) ions was revised to correlate the local atomic structures and catalytic activity of TM1N4 active centers by introducing the dynamic radius of TM and N ions. Meanwhile, the “volcano” relationship between the OER/ORR potentials and D’d values was acquired to suggest the modification methods. The pressure (tensile) stress would be applied to increase (weaken) the d-p orbital hybrid strength of Fe1-N (Co1-N and Ni1-N) bonds and increase (reduce) the D’d values of Fe1N4 (Co1N4 and Ni1N4) active centers. Based on the theoretical prediction, the Fe1-pyrrolee N4 (0 %) and Fe1-pyrrolee N4 (−2%) active centers respectively exhibited the lowest overpotentials of 213 mV for OER and 189 mV for ORR in this work. Hence, the revised d electron density could be applied for the method of external stress field, and this strategy would be adopted to design more highly-efficient catalysts.

Strength, durability and finite element analysis of hybrid jute/basalt fiber reinforced polymer confined concrete column under axial compression

Implementing retrofitting measures for a civil structure may guarantee its ongoing safety and operation, while also extending its lifespan. The present investigation focused on the examination of compressive axial loads on concrete columns that were confined by natural fiber reinforced polymer (FRP). In particular, concrete cylinders confined with jute and basalt fiber epoxy composites were evaluated for their strength and durability. Various strength tests were conducted on unconfined and, jute, basalt, and hybrid jute-basalt FRP confined concrete cylinders with varying thicknesses of the FRP layers. Effectiveness of these natural FRP systems in providing external confinement to concrete columns in various environmental conditions were investigated, including exposure to acidic, alkaline, seawater, and potable water environments. Test results demonstrated that external confinement with hybrid FRP wraps, i.e. with both jute and basalt fibers, enhanced the load-bearing and energy absorption capacities by 63.64 % and 287 %, respectively. The confinement effectiveness of FRP wrapped specimens were 213 %, 164 %, 166 % and 163 % respectively compared to the unconfined specimens after exposure to acidic, alkaline, seawater and potable water environments. These impressive outcomes may be ascribed to the intrinsic rigidity of hybrid fibers. Furthermore, a finite element analysis (FEA) model of FRP confined concrete columns was performed using ABAQUS software calibrated with the experimental data. A close agreement between the experimental results and the adopted numerical model was observed. The outcome of the study suggests that the confinement with natural FRP can be used as a prominent retrofitting technique for columns in a variety of environments which can thus enhance the durability and sustainability of civil constructions.