Streets Of London Research Articles

Ulrich Beck, Twenty Observations on a World in Turmoil

Ulrich Beck, Twenty Observations on a World in Turmoil. Maiden, MA: Polity Press, 2012, 162 pp., $14.95 paper (978-0-7456-5397-6) By title, Twenty Observations would seem like casual reflections on contemporary events by an influential academic-pundit. But Ulrich Beck is trying to do more. Most of these essays were published in various European newspapers and magazines. This is only an academic sociology book in that it is written by a well-known sociologist. Nevertheless, we can learn something about public engagement as sociologists. In these essays--especially as they are collected into a surprisingly cohesive body--Beck attempts to alert to domestic as an important process in late modernity. Many of emerging trends in world today are simultaneously domestic and global. Beck is well known for proposing that global community (especially Western world) has entered a new period of modernity characterized by reflexivity and perceived risk. These formulations of reflexive modernization and risk society make multiple appearances in this short and eminently readable collection of essays. They are muted, however, in favour of a new focus on simultaneity of global and domestic. In Beck's hands, global domestic politics is cosmopolitan vector of globalism. It is also avenue for making sociology compelling. Sociology, he thinks, must escape container of nation-state in its understandings of contemporary society. As he puts it, One thing is clear: national outlook not only misunderstands this reality but it obscures how breathtakingly exciting sociology could become once again (p. 162). In kaleidoscopic fashion, collection traverses a wide range of topics: climate change, nuclear power, economics, European Union, immigration and transnationalism, terrorism, multiculturalism, religion, university system, global industry in organ transplantation, and onwards. To illustrate: in one essay Beck transitions from illegal immigration to biomedicine, and it makes sense. The drawback is that readers require knowledge of recent European events. This makes book hard to use in undergraduate courses; it is best used for personal professional reading. Global domestic politics is diffusion of us into them, in which the geographical, cultural, social and political separation between 'native' and foreigner' is de facto falling to pieces (p. 145) with immense consequences. Europe faces this every day, and not just with Algerians in France and Roma in Germany. The global and domestic merge with Greece in a united Eurozone. They merge in ash from Icelandic volcanoes, raising question of mobility in everyday life and becoming early warnings of a carbon-constrained world. Global domestic politics identifies how risk prevention war (p. 20) in Afghanistan is intimate with killing of Afghanistan-serving soldiers on London streets. …

£60 a week grants help people living on streets of London

£60 a week grants help people living on streets of London

Limited Urban Growth: London's Street Network Dynamics since the 18th Century

We investigate the growth dynamics of Greater London defined by the administrative boundary of the Greater London Authority, based on the evolution of its street network during the last two centuries. This is done by employing a unique dataset, consisting of the planar graph representation of nine time slices of Greater London's road network spanning 224 years, from 1786 to 2010. Within this time-frame, we address the concept of the metropolitan area or city in physical terms, in that urban evolution reveals observable transitions in the distribution of relevant geometrical properties. Given that London has a hard boundary enforced by its long standing green belt, we show that its street network dynamics can be described as a fractal space-filling phenomena up to a capacitated limit, whence its growth can be predicted with a striking level of accuracy. This observation is confirmed by the analytical calculation of key topological properties of the planar graph, such as the topological growth of the network and its average connectivity. This study thus represents an example of a strong violation of Gibrat's law. In particular, we are able to show analytically how London evolves from a more loop-like structure, typical of planned cities, toward a more tree-like structure, typical of self-organized cities. These observations are relevant to the discourse on sustainable urban planning with respect to the control of urban sprawl in many large cities which have developed under the conditions of spatial constraints imposed by green belts and hard urban boundaries.

Voice, Body and the Transmission of the Real in Documentary Theatre

This article analyses how listening is used to develop performances in Alecky Blythe's verbatim theatre. Listening includes Blythe's use of recorded oral interviews for devising performances, and also the actors’ creation of performance by precisely imitating an interviewee's voice. The article focuses on listening, speaking and embodiment in London Road, Blythe's recent musical play at London's National Theatre, which adopted and modified theatre strategies used in her other plays, especially The Girlfriend Experience and Do We look Like Refugees. The article draws on interviews with performers and with Blythe herself, in its critical analysis of how voice legitimates claims to authenticity in performance. The work on Blythe is contextualised by brief comparative analyses. One is Clio Barnard's film The Arbor, a ‘quasi-documentary’ on the playwright, Andrea Dunbar which makes use of an oral script to which the actors lip-sync. The other comparator is the Wooster Group's Poor Theater, which attempts to recreate Grotowski's Akropolis via vocal impersonation. The article argues that voice in London Road both claims and defers authenticity and authority, inasmuch as voice signifies presence and embodied identity but the reworking of speech into song signals the absence of the real. The translation of voice into written surtitles works similarly in Do We Look Like Refugees. Blythe's theatre, Barnard's film and The Wooster Group's performances are a useful framework for addressing questions of voice and identity, and authenticity and replication in documentary theatre. The article concludes by placing Blythe's oral texts amid current debates around theatre's textual practices.

TheBritish Journal of Dermatology: 125 years, 28 editors, enduring values

The<i>British Journal of Dermatology</i>: 125 years, 28 editors, enduring values

‘Bustling, crowding, and pushing’: pickpockets and the nineteenth-century street crowd

ABSTRACTThe history of walking in the city has long been neglected, and the existing scholarship is largely concerned with rioting,flânerieor urban geography. This article aims to detect the behavioural patterns of pedestrian traffic in the late nineteenth century through a close study of the methods of pickpockets in London streets, with information gleaned from trial reports and writings on pickpockets. By analysing the most common ways in which pickpockets operated, as described in numerous accounts, we can see how they adapted to nineteenth-century pedestrian norms, and through this method acquire a rough outline of what pedestrian traffic looked like, and thus how urban dwellers living in a critical historical period adapted and reacted to urban conditions on an everyday level. The evidence shows that pedestrian traffic through the century remained highly interactive, and that the modern aspects of cities identified in theories of civilizing or impoverishment of the public realm had a very limited impact at this time.

What passes for reality

In an attempt to rid himself of a case of writer’s block, Herman Orff is having his head zapped by an old friend in an obscure basement studio in London’s Soho. However, instead of finding inspiration for a new novel, he begets the blind, green-slimed, barnacled head of the Orpheus of Greek mythology, which rises up out of the sea. Herman instantly realizes that the head is a mere hallucination; but that insight does not enable him to ignore it. Whether he’s wandering the streets of London, travelling the Circle and District Lines, hooking up with girlfriends old and new, attempting to breathe new life into Page One of his novel-to-be, or embarking on a trip to Den Haag, the Netherlands, in search of the girl in a Vermeer painting, the head keeps popping up at unexpected and often embarrassing moments. Each time, he is forced to turn his attention to some untold aspect of its non-chronological, mythical tale of love, loss, music and death which—not unsurprisingly, given the hallucinatory nature of the head—displays numerous parallels with Herman’s own life story and current situation. ![Graphic][1] Herman Orff is, of course, the protagonist of Russell Hoban’s cult classic The Medusa Frequency . And, like so many of Mr Hoban’s fictional characters, he takes us on a journey involving splendidly wrought, hyper-kinetic and often darkly humorous adventures in that border area between the mundane and the fantastic. In Mr Hoban’s universe, nothing is ever ordinary. Herman Orff may well be aware of that fact when early on in the narrative he sighs: ‘No, what passes for reality seems to me mostly a load of old rubbish invented by not very inventive minds. The reality that interests me is strange and flickering and haunting’ (Hoban, 1987, p. 8). Russell Hoban (1925–2011) did not … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif

The time of youth: work, social change, and politics in Africa

Most young Africans are living in waithood, a period of suspension between childhood and adulthood. Failed neo-liberal economic policies, bad governance and political instability have caused stable jobs to disappear-without jobs that pay living wages, these young people cannot support families, thus becoming fully participating members of society. As this limbo becomes pervasive and prolonged, in Africa becomes seemingly permanent, gradually replacing conventional adulthood. And with the deepening of the world economic crisis, youth in Europe, North America and other parts of the world face the same crisis of joblessness and restricted futures. In The Time of Youth, Alcinda Honwana examines the lives of young people in Africa, drawing on in-depth interviews in four countries: Mozambique, Senegal, South Africa and Tunisia. While the case studies are local to Africa, the book argues that the waithood generation is global, and possesses a tremendous transformative potential, as young people believe the struggle to overcome their predicament requires radical social and political change. From riots and protests in the streets of Maputo, Dakar, Madrid, London, New York and Santiago, to revolutions that overthrow dictatorships in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya, the waithood generation is taking upon itself to redress the wrongs of contemporary society and remake the world.

Honoring S. R. Elliott

Honoring S. R. Elliott

The Mystery of Master Humphrey: Dickens, Nightwalking and The Old Curiosity Shop

The Old Curiosity Shop (1840-1841), as John Bowen has stated, is a novel that continues to be thought of as 'a text of notorious sentimentality, morbid and uncontrolled, embarrassing and absurd by turns'. This article re-examines Dickens' novel through a close reading of its opening scene, in which the narrator, Master Humphrey, encounters Little Nell in the streets of London at night. To illuminate it, the article sets this scene within two frames. In the first section, it discusses the significance of Dickens' own experience of nightwalking, as recorded in his essay 'Night Walks' (1860), and relates this to an emergent semiotics of walking in the nineteenth century. In the second, it scrutinizes the role and character of Humphrey, especially in the context of Master Humphrey's Clock. In the third section, it analyzes the novel's opening scene itself, proposing that Humphrey is a far darker character than is usually assumed, before finally suggesting that its mysterious undercurrents resurface in later novels by Stevenson, Joyce and Nabokov. © 2013 The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press 2013; all rights reserved.

Large-eddy simulation of approaching-flow stratification on dispersion over arrays of buildings

The study investigates thermal stratification effects of approach flows on dispersion in urban environments. This is in some ways analogous to a well-developed non-neutral flow (e.g. through a large urban area) approaching a neighbourhood-scale urban region, where the effect of the local heat transfer was assumed less important. A generic urban-type geometry, i.e. a group of staggered cubes, was taken as the first test case. The DAPPLE site, which was about a one-km2 region near the intersection of Marylebone Road and Gloucester Place in central London, was taken as the second test case. Only weakly unstable conditions (i.e. bulk Richardson number Rb≥−0.2) of approach flows were considered, with adiabatic boundary conditions at the ground and building surfaces. A number of numerical experiments were performed. The modelled mean concentration for Rb = −0.1 gave the best agreement with the field data at all DAPPLE stations. This suggests that stratification effects on dispersion in weakly unstable conditions (e.g. in London) are not negligible.

Medical Tourism's Impact on Health Care Equity and Access in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Making the Case for Regulation

There is currently an evidentiary gap in the scholarship concerning medical tourism's impact on low- and middle-income destination countries (LMICs). This article reviews relevant evidence that exists and concludes that there are signs of correlation between medical tourism and the expansion of private, technology- intensive health care in LMICs, which has largely remained out of reach for the majority of the local patients. In light of this health care inequity between local residents and medical tourists in LMICs, we argue that the presumption should not be in favor of medical tourism and that governments have a legitimate interest in seeking to regulate this industry to ensure that the net effects for their citizens is positive. Moreover, sending countries, particularly those in the developed world, have the responsibility to adopt public policies to diminish demand on the part of their citizens for medical tourism and to work with LMICs to ensure that the growth of medical tourism does not occur at the expense of the poorest of the poor.

Radical Change (Even if Not the End of the World as We Know It)

Radical Change (Even if Not the End of the World as We Know It) Michelle Ann Abate (bio) There is no other way to say it: 2012 was the year that the world was supposed to end. Or be made anew. Possibly both. In a story that received widespread media attention—and which became a source of anxiety for many individuals—according to some readings of the Mayan calendar, the world was scheduled to come to its finale on 21 December 2012. Failing total annihilation, the Earth would undergo some major cataclysmic change; human civilization as we know it would cease or, in keeping with another viewpoint, cycle back to the beginning of recorded time. While the winter solstice passed without apocalyptic incident around the globe, this aura of looming, profound change was apt. Even without 21 December precipitating some form of end times, the year 2012 saw massive social, political, and economic transformations around the world. Public elections were held in Libya for the first time in more than four decades. Likewise, voters in France selected François Hollande, the nation's first Socialist president since François Mitterand. Finally, in the United States, President Barack Obama publicly supported same-sex marriage, the first such acknowledgment by a sitting president in American history. The eight critical articles and one Varia piece contained in this volume reflect the spirit of large-scale transformation which came to typify the year 2012. Taken collectively, these essays provide an illuminating index of the ways in which children's literature scholarship has been changing and even reinventing itself anew in the twenty-first century. The volume begins with an article that reveals the exciting new insights that can gleaned when the field of children's literature is broadened to include that of childhood studies. In "Character Education and the Performance of Citizenship in Glee," Naomi Lesley situates the popular contemporary television show "within a discussion about the function of education in a democratic society." Beginning with the premise that "high school is a battleground for the development [End Page vii] of American values and resilient citizens, and that performance is somehow involved in that mission, whether to support or undercut it," she places "Glee in the context of conversations about the mission of public schooling, anxieties about the problems that bedevil the nation's schools, and the uses of arts education." During this process, Lesley does not ignore the oft-discussed issues of queerness, campiness, and the construction of teen identity that have been the subject of much previous commentary about Glee; rather, she makes a case that "these issues take on even more urgency when placed in the context of cultural contests over the purpose of education and the future of the nation's youth." The next essay, Megan A. Norcia's "The London Shopscape: Educating the Child Consumer in the Stories of Mary Wollstonecraft, Maria Edgeworth, and Mary Martha Sherwood," focuses on a far different set of texts from another historical era, but with an equally interdisciplinary approach. Examining narratives that feature scenes of mothers and daughters shopping in London, the author demonstrates how messages cautioning against vain and frivolous materialism, along with stressing the importance of being a smart and savvy shopper, were pressing cultural concerns "long before Picadilly became such a circus and tabloids began tracking where Kate and Pippa shop." Norcia specifically spotlights Wollstonecraft's Original Stories from Real Life (1788), Edgeworth's "The Purple Jar" (1801-02), and Sherwood's A Drive in the Coach through the streets of London (1818). As she argues, "In addition to shedding light on the period preceding the mid- to late nineteenth-century interest in growing consumerist subjectivities, Wollstonecraft's, Edgeworth's, and Sherwood's works also enrich ongoing discussions about urban space through the representation of the London "shopscape" as a setting for moral and economic lessons." Drawing on both theoretical conceptions concerning the uses of urban space and sociocritical constructions of the flâneur, Norcia unpacks the ways in which these authors "used maternal characters to instruct their daughters that the way they consumed, as well as what they consumed, determined the meaning of their lives." Joe Sutliff Sanders continues...

Representations of India on Jacobean Popular Stages

What do the terms “India” and “Indian” signify? How has India, conceptualized as a distinct subcontinent both contained within and separate from Asia, been framed by and manifested in theatrical representation? This article examines the portrayal of India in early seventeenth-century popular theatre in London, specifically in how the image of India is invoked in two of the lord mayors' shows written for the City of London by the playwright Thomas Middleton. Middleton's use of images of and references to India participate in some of the ways that India was conceptualized at a key stage in establishing the framework for colonial discourse. Colonial discourse was thus shaped within and by popular culture and spectacle, and a historical long view' can illuminate the development of the concept of India in English, and later British, society and identity and the material consequences of that conceptualization. As Teltscher notes, the early seventeenth century marked the beginning of a transition in the way relations with India were seen in England, “from trading partner to ruling power.” This development was enacted and effected through representations that were presented and paraded through the streets of London.

Dickens's London: perception, subjectivity, and phenomenal urban multiplicity

This phenomenological exploration of the streets of dark London opens up new perspectives on the city and the writer. Taking Walter Benjamin's Arcades Project as its model, Dickens' City offers an exciting and original project that opens a dialogue between phenomenology, philosophy and the Dickensian representation of the city in all its forms. Julian Wolfreys suggests that in their representations of London - its streets, buildings, public institutions, domestic residences, rooms and phenomena that constitute such space - novels and journalism can be seen as forerunners of urban and material phenomenology. While also addressing those aspects of the urban that are developed from interpretations of other literary forms, styles and genres, Dickens' City presents in twenty-six episodes (from Bells, Bridges and Butlers via Inns and Interiors and Public Houses, the Police and the Post to Todgers and the Thames) a radical reorientation to London in the nineteenth century, the development of Dickens as a writer, and the ways in which readers today receive and perceive both. Key features: major reassessment of writing on the city; dual focus on methodology and the historicity of Dickensian urban consciousness; philosophical reflections on urban tropologies through key passages from texts recreate the experience of Victorian London; and, inventive structure offers the reader an experience of the disordered multiplicity of London.

Pirate Cinema by C. Doctorow

Doctorow, Cory. Pirate Cinema. New York, NY: Tor Teen, 2012. Print. In the near future, the Internet is not an extra, but a necessity. Without access, not only will you lose the ability to connect with friends and surf for entertainment, but you will be unable to graduate because you can’t hand in your assignments, you will lose your health benefits, and perhaps even lose your job. In Cory Doctorow’s Pirate Cinema, this disaster overtakes Trent McCauley’s family. Trent loves to make movies. Unfortunately, like many of today’s teens, he creates his content by ‘remixing’ others’ videos, images and music. In a world where copyright laws have become oppressive and corporations rule the government, Trent is seen as a thief. He is caught, and as a consequence, his family is cut off from Internet service for a year, and they suffer for his crimes. Feeling guilty and distraught Trent runs away to the streets of London. There, he hooks up with Jem Dodger (a nod to Dickens here), learns the ins and outs of street living, and discovers a vibrant and thriving underground community of artists and activists. Hooking up with the savvy and beautiful 26, Trent adopts the name Cecil B. DeVil and is soon creating movies with pirated material once again. This time, however, his videos have a purpose beyond entertainment; the downfall of the aggressive and brutal copyright laws that lead to his family’s predicament. Doctorow, a blogger and an activist for changing copyright laws, and a proponent of the Creative Commons model of intellectual property, is not subtle with his message, and presents only one side of the copyright issue. Yet, given the direction copyright law is taking in response to the changing landscape of media and the Internet, and the looming specter of a ‘Big Brother’ Internet that can find out everything about you from your digital footprint, this is a message that teens should hear. Doctorow also puts his money where his mouth is: all of his books are available for free online, including this one. One of Doctorow's strengths is his ability to draw characters that are fully realized and that pull you into their story and their cause. His book is not all heavy doom and gloom, either. Doctorow knows his teens and their language, and the book has off-beat characters, hip slang and humour. Recommended for teens who are interested in social media and justice issues. Recommended: 3 out of 4 stars Reviewer: Lissa Davis Lissa Davies is an elementary teacher-librarian in Edmonton, Ab. She is a passionate reader, and is always excited to share new books and engage readers!

Playing Italian: Cross-Cultural Dress and Investigative Journalism at the Fin de Siècle

Cross-cultural dressing, a previously overlooked aspect of late Victorian investigative journalism, provided female reporters with the means and authority to carry out their investigations and enabled them to manipulate class- and gender-based assumptions about who had broad access to the streets of London. Ethnic attire allowed women to shed their “respectable” identities and subvert the social pressures that restricted middle-class women’s mobility in the city. Yet by publishing their articles in periodicals that combined investigative reporting of social issues with illustrations in a forum that promised to be suitable for middleclass family audiences, women were able to maintain their respectability. Their investigations highlighted the complex ways women could be both spectators and spectacles in the nineteenth century.

John Tallis’s London Street Views

This paper offers a close examination of John Tallis’s London Street Views, a series of eighty-eight street directories featuring maps and engraved topographical views of major London thoroughfares published between 1838 and 1840. One in a popular genre of London guidebooks and street directories published in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, London Street Views depicts a growing and industrializing city and reflects a desire among Tallis and his contemporaries to capture London and make it somehow comprehensible. In understanding London Street Views within the cultural production of urban spaces, this paper explores the significance of urban streetscapes as highly contested sites of identity formation in early Victorian London, investigates the role that Tallis — bookseller, publisher, and Londoner — played in imagining and representing the city, and positions London Street Views within a particular urban space defined by advertising and other printed media in the early Victorian period.

Outcome of gingivoperiosteoplasty for the treatment of alveolar clefts in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate

Gingivoperiosteoplasty (GPP) has produced inconsistent outcomes. The purpose of this prospective study was to investigate the effects of GPP on the production of bone and maxillary growth. We analysed postoperative cone-beam computed tomographic (CT) scans and intraoral dental photographs of 25 children with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) who were treated with GPP at the same time as their primary repair of the lip. Residual cleft defects and unsupported root ratios of central incisors adjacent to clefts were measured from scans. Dental arch relations were assessed from photographs using the Goslon (Great Ormond Street London and Oslo) yardstick. Eighteen children did not require secondary alveolar bone grafts. Residual cleft defects varied by site (20.4mm3, 38.6mm3, 88.2mm3, and 135.2mm3 for buccal coronal, palatal coronal, buccal apical, and palatal apical defects, respectively; p<0.001). Unsupported root ratios did not differ significantly between coronal and apical central incisors adjacent to clefts. The mean (SD) Goslon score was 4.52 (0.51). Most participants (n=18) who had a GPP did not need secondary alveolar bone grafting. GPP resulted in least bone on the palatal apical portion of the previous alveolar cleft and relatively good periodontal bony support of central incisors adjacent to the cleft. We no longer use GPP because of our concerns about maxillary growth.

Popular Grievances and Royalist Propaganda in Interregnum England

In January 1650, the royalist pamphleteer John Crouch described a scuffle between a group of Londoners and a troop of soldiers in his scurrilous newsbook The Man in the Moon} Though Charles Ts execution had been carried out a year before, Crouch continued to employ tropes long drawn out by royalist pens in an attempt to undermine the nascent Commonwealth. Themes of subversion, sexual slander and humiliation pervade this anti-Puritan narrative. Crouch related how 'two or three Companies' of 'Rebell' soldiers had seized a group of stage players on St John's Street. Having deprived the players of their garb, the troopers marched them to Westminster for breaking Parliament's ordinance against stage-plays. One soldier stayed behind the crowd with design of gaining 'some plunder', at which time he happened across a 'skimmington' riding near Smithfield Market. This popular shaming ritual involved a man imitating the army's Lord General Thomas Fairfax on horseback. The 'General' held a skimming ladle while 'Baskets' of Colonel Thomas Pride's 'Graines' were held out in front of him. Fairfax's 'Doxie' sat behind him, her face to the horse's tail.As the procession passed the baffled soldier, a performer tossed a ladle of grain into the trooper's face. Enraged, he brandished his sword and 'began to swear and vapour' until a 'Butchers Boy' confiscated his weapon and compelled the trooper to 'swallow his Graines and be thankfull'. Crouch ended his narrative, statingif this Souldier scape ... there will questionlesse come forth an Act for a Thanksgiving for this wonderful! Victory over the poore Players, and the Souldiers deliverance, and a double Excise upon all Beefe and Mutton for the future; that Butchers hereafter may learne to keep their Apprentices, and not suffer them to beat Souldiers as they passe upon their occasions.2Detailing the possible consequences of the audacious apprentice's behaviour, Crouch concluded his account by linking Londoners' frustration with the army to another widespread grievance - the despised excise tax placed on everyday consumer goods.Often through the guise of reporting the news, authors such as John Crouch expounded upon popular grievances with Interregnum policies in vivid detail. Depicting people's resentment of the army's grip on politics - whether at Westminster or in the streets of London - Crouch presented a scene that would resonate not only with a broad royalist audience, but also amongst others who were merely hostile to any number of local and state policies. Furthermore, 'royalism' was no simple, unified ideology, particularly in the 1650s. As Jason McElligott and David L. Smith have recently argued, the royalist label allowed for various 'political, religious and cultural positions'.3 Propagandists themselves held differing viewpoints, and with this understanding it becomes clear that certain propagandists such as Crouch chose to dwell on widespread grievances for their pervasiveness amongst a range of royalists and others alienated by the Interregnum state. By exploiting grievances that were held by a broad section of the populace, Crouch's rhetoric could reach across vertical and horizontal divides in English society. These royalist authors painted disaffection with the state as 'popular' in the sense it emanated from the 'people' - the commons, the essence of English society.4 Crouch, facing his own financial difficulties in the 1650s, likely realised that even though the lower orders had common grievances with their social superiors, certain Interregnum policies had a more immediate and disruptive impact on their lives.5 Such rhetoric enabled authors to project royalists as those who truly understood and sympathized with the plight of industrious sort, whether poor or middling. This strain of rhetoric placed the micro-politics of everyday existence at the forefront of a national debate over the political settlement.Beyond their sympathetic portrayal of popular grievances, authors such as Crouch drew weapons from the large arsenal of grassroots resistance. …