Street Settings Research Articles

MULTI-MODAL NETWORK DESIGN: SELECTION OF PEDESTRIANISATION LOCATION

This paper addresses a new discrete equilibrium network design problem (NDP), which is on the selection of pedestrianisation location (i.e. the optimal set of pedestrian-only streets) in a multi-modal transport system with both motorized and non-motorized modes. Given a network of candidate pedestrian-only streets, the design problem is to determine the optimal set of pedestrian-only streets with considering flow equilibrium and modal equity constraints. An equivalent variational inequality (VI) problem is formulated to represent the flow equilibrium constraint. The modal equity constraints are introduced to balance the benefits and/or disbenefits to users of various transport modes, under a pedestrianisation scheme. A bi-level model is proposed to determine the optimal pedestrianisation locations and a heuristic solution algorithm is presented for solving the NDP. A case study based on the central business district of Hong Kong, Central, is employed to illustrate the applications of the proposed model and solution algorithm.

Severe Anxiety Symptomatology and HIV Risk Behavior Among Hispanic Injection Drug Users in Puerto Rico

Despite an overall decrease in AIDS incidence in Puerto Rico, our studies continue to show high prevalence of HIV risk behaviors among injection drug users (IDUs). This study seeks to evaluate whether the occurrence of injection-related and sex-related HIV risk behaviors among IDUs in Puerto Rico varies with the presence of anxiety symptomatology. Subjects included 557 IDUs, recruited from street settings in poor neighborhoods in Puerto Rico. Symptoms of severe anxiety were reported by 37.1% of the study sample. Participants with severe anxiety symptoms were more likely to share needles, cotton, and rinse water; to pool money to buy drugs; and to engage in backloading, than those without severe anxiety symptoms. Participants with severe anxiety symptomatology were also more likely to practice unprotected vaginal or oral sex. The findings from this study alert HIV prevention and treatment programs to the need to address anxiety disorders within their programs.

Engagement, reciprocity and advocacy: ethical harm reduction practice in research with injecting drug users

In this paper, we contribute to the ethical challenges of harm reduction-based research by describing and reflecting on our experiences of initiating and maintaining relationships with research participants during an innovative neighbourhood-based study of the social and molecular epidemiology of the hepatitis C virus among injecting drug users over a 2-year period. We show through examples of our work how recruitment to our study had practical value for both researchers and study participants including advocacy and reciprocity. We argue that the recruitment process needed to be flexible, able to cope with the demands of the street drug market, and that we as researchers need to engage participants in their own environments as much as possible. We conclude with a series of recommendations for other researchers such as the need to employ appropriately skilled researchers who are flexible, innovative and comfortable in street settings, and for the setting of realistic time-frames for preliminary research, data collection and feedback and analysis.

Pelo direito de brincar: conhecendo a infância e potencializando a ação da terapia ocupacional

An account on the development of play activity groups with children (4 to 13 years old) carried out in the street setting in a suburb of Sao Paulo city. The group was coordinated by a team of an occupational therapist and two O.T. students and is part of a project for university faculty and the local basic health unit, taking place from April 2004 until July 2005. Based on the record of meetings and discussions among professionals involved we were able to recover the trajectory of the experience. The team went to the street and for two hours carried out play activities, games and conversations. Comprehension of the dynamic of the children in this location and the promotion of meetings ruled by learning experiences and solidarity were guiding elements of these group meetings. By the contact with these children we observed inconsistencies related to the use of public space and individual demands. We noted conflicting interpersonal relationships between children which required mediation by adults and contacted the parents. Ten families were interviewed (total 17 children) to understand the family structure, the children's performance at school, their free time activities, favorite games, and family leisure activities. There was a significant adhesion and a positive acknowledgement of the intervention by the children. The team came to comprehend the complexity of the conditions in which the children, comprised in the area of this basic health unit, live. This work fomented the debate on the creation of alternative services and on civil rights.

Numerical simulations of flow-field interactions between moving and stationary objects in idealized street canyon settings

Numerical simulations of an ideal model of street canyons with moving objects in the horizontal plane were conducted. The simulations were based on the unsteady two-dimensional incompressible Navier–Stokes equations, discretized on an overlapping grid with a numerical scheme that is second-order accurate in both space and time. The computational domain consists of a rectangular background with eight fixed objects arranged in two parallel columns representing the street canyon. Four identical objects were put in each column equidistantly. One or two identical objects were moving along the symmetry line of the computational domain. The objects were either circular or rectangular with rounded corners in shape. The numerical method was first validated by comparing with existing experimental and simulation data. A parametric study was carried out to investigate the influence of the characteristic parameters (such as canyon width, velocity of the moving objects, and separation distance between them) on the wake of the moving objects.

Self-Mortification and the Stigma of Leprosy in Northern India

This article examines the biocultural dynamics of social discrimination and physical disfigurement among people with leprosy, or Hansen's disease (HD), in Banaras, northern India. Based on the narratives and observations ofpeople living in colony and street settings, I trace three destructive processes by which the social stigmata of leprosy become physically expressed. First, strategies of concealment further the progression and spread of HD through late detection and undertreatment. Second, the internalization of stigma can lead to bodily dissociation and injury through self-neglect. Finally, some people intentionally seek injuries under conditions of desperate poverty. As a result of such mortification processes, these people came to embody, quite literally, the prejudices that exacerbated their condition in the first place.

Naloxone Distribution and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Training for Injection Drug Users to Prevent Heroin Overdose Death: A Pilot Intervention Study

Fatal heroin overdose has become a leading cause of death among injection drug users (IDUs). Several recent feasibility studies have concluded that naloxone distribution programs for heroin injectors should be implemented to decrease heroin over-dose deaths, but there have been no prospective trials of such programs in North America. This pilot study was undertaken to investigate the safety and feasibility of training injection drug using partners to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and administer naloxone in the event of heroin overdose. During May and June 2001, 24 IDUs (12 pairs of injection partners) were recruited from street settings in San Francisco. Participants took part in 8-hour training in heroin overdose prevention, CPR, and the use of naloxone. Following the intervention, participants were prospectively followed for 6 months to determine the number and outcomes of witnessed heroin overdoses, outcomes of participant interventions, and changes in participants' knowledge of overdose and drug use behavior. Study participants witnessed 20 heroin overdose events during 6 months follow-up. They performed CPR in 16 (80%) events, administered naloxone in 15 (75%) and did one or the other in 19 (95%). All overdose victims survived. Knowledge about heroin overdose management increased, whereas heroin use decreased. IDUs can be trained to respond to heroin overdose emergencies by performing CPR and administering naloxone. Future research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of this peer intervention to prevent fatal heroin overdose.

Quality of health care: the views of homeless youth.

To develop homeless-youth-identified process and outcome measures of quality of health care. Primary data collection with homeless youth from both street and clinic settings in Seattle, Washington, for calendar year 2002. The research was a focused ethnography, using key informant and in-depth individual interviews as well as focus groups with a purposeful sample of 47 homeless youth aged 12-23 years. All interviews and focus groups were tape-recorded, transcribed, and preliminarily coded, with final coding cross-checked and verified with a second researcher. Homeless youth most often stated that cultural and interpersonal aspects of quality of care were important to them. Physical aspects of quality of care reported by the youth were health care sites separate from those for homeless adults, and sites that offered a choice of allopathic and complementary medicine. Outcomes of health care included survival of homelessness, functional and disease-state improvement, and having increased trust and connections with adults and with the wider community. Homeless youth identified components of quality of care as well as how quality of care should be measured. Their perspectives will be included in a larger follow-up study to develop quality of care indicators for homeless youth.

Willa Cather's Lost Boy: "Paul's Case" and Bohemian Tramping

TERRELL SCOTT HERRING Willa Cather's Lost Boy: "Paul's Case" and Bohemian Tramping Put on your slumming clothes and get your car Let's go sightseeing where the high-toned people are Come on, there's lots of fun in store for you See how the other half lives on Park Avenue Let us hide behind a pair of fancy glasses And make faces when a member of the classes passes Let us go do it, they do it Why can't we too? Let's go slumming, nose thumbing, on Park Avenue Irving Berlin, "Slumming on Park Avenue" (1937) ILLA CATHER ALWAYS HAD A SPECIAL INTEREST IN BOYS, but it certainly wasn't sexual. Turn-of-the-century typologies of male adolescence, however, anxiously circulated alongside typologies of (homo)sexual perversion. The paramount instance of this connection occurs in child psychologist G. Stanley Hall's widely popular Adolescence (1904), an encyclopedic overview of "boyology" that practically invents its subject matter ex nihih. Hall argues throughout that "adolescence is a new birth, for the higher and more completely human traits are now born" (xiii); yet various disorders—neuroses, psychoses, and abnormal morphologies—frequently mar the individual's journey Arizona Quarterly Volume 60, Number 2, Summer 2004 Copyright © 2004 by Arizona Board of Regents issN 0004-1610 88 Terrell Scott Herring to adulthood proper. "The momentum ofheredity often seems so insufficient ... so that every step of the upward way is strewn with wreckage of body, mind, and morals" (xiv). As a result, we cannot simply negleet arrested developments, shrug our shoulders, and invoke the folk wisdom that "boys will be boys," for natural bodily changes potentially engender unnatural tendencies. "There is not only arrest," Hall ominously warns his readers, "but perversion, at every stage, and hoodlumism , juvenile crime, and secret vice seem not only increasing, but develop earlier in years in every civilized land" (xiv). In a lightning-quick logical twist, particular acts crystallize into peculiar identities: juvenile delinquency is but a step removed from juvenile delinquents.1 The adolescent, however, was not the only novel type to find itself inclined to perversion, criminality, and abnormal development; these traits also typify the late nineteenth-century white middle-class homosexual male. In a well-known claim, Foucault characterizes the emergent homosexual as "a personage, a past, a case history, and a childhood , in addition to being a type of life, a life form, and a morphology, with an indiscreet anatomy and a possibly mysterious physiology" (43). Just as Adolescence makes the mysterious pubescent body intelligible, so it was the sexologist's goal to make this mysterious body discernible, to make it speak the inverted soul. Consequently, no matter how diligently he may hide or deny them, the homosexual's desires invariably voice themselves through this loquaciously "indiscreet" body. Ifyou are looking for a physically and psychically imbalanced, vice-ridden pervert , you know him when you see him. And given widespread rumors about the prevalence of homosexuality in adolescence, this pervert is oftentimes an arrested—and arresting—young lad. Take, for instance, the opening moments of Willa Cather's 1905 short story "Paul's Case: A Study in Temperament," one of the first literary attempts to question turn-of-the-century discourses on perverse sexuality and male adolescence. "Always smiling, always glancing about him," Paul lives his days in constant paranoia, "seeming to feel that people might be watching him and trying to detect something" (222). These fears are not unwarranted, since Pittsburgh High's faculty and his father have just verbally pounced upon the adolescent like "a miserable street cat set at bay by a ring of tormentors." In their attempts to make sense of—to specify—Paul's particularity, the elders force the adolescent to account for his hoodlumism, "his various misdemeanors" WiIk Cather's Lost Boy 89 (221). Yet throughout this grand after-school "inquisition," we hear only one direct quote from the boy: "? don't know,' he replied, ? didn't mean to be polite or impolite, either. I guess it's a sort of way I have of saying things regardless'" (222). Judging from his claim that he didn't intend to "be polite or impolite," it appears...

Selection of Streets from a Network Using Self‐Organizing Maps

AbstractWe propose a novel approach to selection of important streets from a network, based on the technique of a self‐organizing map (SOM), an artificial neural network algorithm for data clustering and visualization. Using the SOM training process, the approach derives a set of neurons by considering multiple attributes including topological, geometric and semantic properties of streets. The set of neurons constitutes a SOM, with which each neuron corresponds to a set of streets with similar properties. Our approach creates an exploratory linkage between the SOM and a street network, thus providing a visual tool to cluster streets interactively. The approach is validated with a case study applied to the street network in Munich, Germany.

Time-constrained Chinese postman problems

The Chinese postman problem was first proposed by the Chinese mathematician Meigu Guan. It says that a postman picks up mails at the post office, delivers it along a set of streets, and returns to the post office. In practice, apart from the requirement of traveling all streets, we consider the street direction, number of postmen, and the capacity of postman, etc. But in the present environment of “time is money”, consideration of a time window constraint is necessary. In this paper, we investigate a Chinese postman problem with time window constraint such that this problem can simulate the real situations. Finally, when time constraints are not certain, we employ the concept of fuzzy set theory to cope with a directed DCPP with fuzzy time windows.

A tale of two policies: the French connection, methadone, and heroin epidemics.

The law enforcement and treatment policies of the Nixon administration are often credited with ending the epidemic of heroin addiction that rose in America's cities in the 1960s. In this article it is argued that although the interventions did in fact cause a major change in heroin distribution and use, the epidemic did not end in any simple way. The decline in heroin and increase in methadone that resulted from the Nixon policies lead to a shift for many addicts in both clinical and street settings from one narcotic to another. The temporary shortage of heroin that resulted from law enforcement was quickly compensated for with methadone, as well as with new distribution systems from Southeast Asia and Mexico. In the end, the interventions caused a change in an enduring "heroin system," a change that left that system in a stronger form in terms of supply and in a situation of continuing growth in terms of the number of addicts.

Opioid drugs: a comparative survey of therapeutic and "street" use.

The prescription of strong opioid analgesics for chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) is described as controversial and can result in misidentification of patients as drug abusers or individuals with an addiction. This study compared the effects of opioid drugs on CNCP patients and "street" users. The groups comprised 36 CNCP patients attending a pain clinic and 39 street users, recruited on London streets. CNCP patients were interviewed in a pain clinic and street users in a street setting. A questionnaire was used to assess drug craving, dose escalation, cessation of use, compulsion to use, effects on career, relationships and activities, experience of "highs," and problems due to intoxication. To assess physiological dependence, subjects answered questions on specific effects e.g. stomach pains, nausea/vomiting, cramps/aches, etc.). Efficacy was assessed in CNCP patients by determining analgesia and physical function. CNCP patients started therapy in the low dose range for oral morphine (</=60 mg/day) and most (83%) did not move into a higher dose range once adequate levels of analgesia were attained. Street users started smoking heroin intermittently, before daily use. Most escalated their dose by increasing the amount used and by switching from smoking to injecting. Unlike CNCP patients, street users demonstrated patterns of compulsive drug use, social problems and intoxication. Only 3 / 31 (9.5%) pain patients that discontinued opioid therapy reported withdrawal symptoms on abstaining from the drug compared to 35 (89.5%) of street users. Findings suggest that CNCP patients prescribed strong opioid analgesics derive more benefit than harm.

Determinants of HIV prevalence amongst female IDU in Madrid.

To explore the multitude possible factors associated with HIV in a population of female injecting drug users (IDUs) in Madrid, Spain. A cross-sectional study was undertaken and because of the lack of sampling frame in this population, a convenience sample was recruited from drug treatment, methadone services and street settings. Face to face interviews were conducted with 304 female IDUs during October 1995-March 1996. HIV status was determined from antibody testing of blood samples or from written confirmation of HIV test results from a physician. A hierarchical logistic regression model was used to identify direct and indirect relationships with HIV prevalence. HIV prevalence in the sample of female IDUs for which HIV status was known (n = 262) was 63%. Factors independently associated with HIV prevalence in the regression analysis included: having a regular HIV positive sexual partner [odds ratio (OR): 12.2], age over 34 years (OR: 3.4), no fixed address (OR: 2.9), co-infection with a sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the last year (OR: 2.8) and ever shared needles (OR: 2.6). The documentation of the context of risk behaviour in female IDU is important to predict the course of the epidemic and to develop prevention strategies. The sexual partners of female IDUs in Spain are important components in explaining the HIV epidemic in this population as other risk factors, including high risk drug taking behaviour. The findings also highlight the need to target homeless IDUs women and inmate women with outreach services offering preventive interventions. More effective STI prevention and control strategies are also warranted.

Medicine, myths and magic the folk healers of a mexican market

There is a street set apart for the sale of herbs, where can be found every sort of root and medical herb which grows in the country. There are houses like apothecary shops, where prepared medicines are sold, as well as tinctures, ointments and poultices.

Sex- and drug-related risk among populations of younger and older injection drug users in adjacent neighborhoods in San Francisco.

The objective of this study was to compare drug injection- and sex-related risk behaviors of younger and older injection drug users (IDUs) in two adjacent neighborhoods. IDUs were recruited from street settings in two adjacent neighborhoods in San Francisco in April, 1997. All participants were interviewed using a standardized questionnaire and were tested for HIV antibodies. Drug injection- and sex-related risk behaviors were compared between younger IDUs (< 30 years; n = 56) and older IDUs (> or = 30 years; n = 116). Younger IDUs were more likely to be white, be homeless, have injected amphetamines, and have been arrested in the past year. Older IDUs were more likely to be African American and smoke crack cocaine; they had injected a mean of 18 years longer. Younger IDUs were more likely to have shared syringes in the past month (52% versus 10%; p < .05), report drug overdose in the past 15 months (39% versus 7%; p < .05), and to have had unprotected vaginal intercourse in the past 6 months (77% versus 53%; p < .05). After controlling for confounding factors using logistic regression analysis, all these associations remained significant. There is an urgent need for innovative prevention programs that target younger, homeless IDUs.

Commercial sex between men: A prospective diary‐based study

This paper describes the results of a self‐reporting dairy completed by 186 male sex workers (MSWs) over a 2‐week period in Brisbane, Sydney, and Melbourne, Australia. The diary was completed following each commercial sex encounter by the MSW. The results reveal that MSWs reported 2088 commercial sex encounters during the study period, with an average of 11.2 encounters per MSW. The majority of sex encounters took place in either the client's or the MSW's residence, with significant variations by city. The average sexual encounter lasted 70 minutes, and comprised two sexual acts, masturbation and oral sex. Condom use was reported in 67.4% of all the encounters. Using the AIDS Council safe‐sex classification system, the majority of the commercial sex encounters fell in the “safer sex” category; however, there were significant differences by source of clients and place of the encounter. Use of drugs and alcohol reveal interesting patterns: Clients were more likely to use alcohol, while MSWs had significant differences of usage of the different drugs. This study demonstrates that the majority of MSWs are offering and practicing safe sex behaviours, however, MSWs working in the street setting are still likely to be practising unsafe sex. Male sex work is becoming an organised business and this provides opportunities to implement further public health interventions.

A partial susceptibility approach to analysing the magnetic properties of environmental materials: a case study

SUMMARY An approach to expressing the magnetic properties of environmental materials in terms of the contributions of the magnetic susceptibilities of specific magnetic components is reported. The approach links the partial susceptibilities of discrete particles, domains or mineral fractions with the concentration-dependent parameters by means of multiple linear regression methods. The case study, using the Liverpool street dust data set, demonstrates that the technique is able to model the contributions of the main magnetic components satisfactorily. Several factors may have a significant impact on the regression results. These include the validity of the linear proportional relationships between partial susceptibilities and the relevant concentration-dependent parameters, the adequacy of the variable selection procedure and the regression model, and the suitability of certain magnetic parameters.

The behaviors of aids patients toward their nurses

The purpose of this study is to identify the behavioral responses of hospitalized patients with HIV⧹AIDS to nursing care providers. The critical incident technique, developed by Flanagan, 1954was used to obtain a listing of the behavioral responses. Patients were asked to recall brief descriptions of caregiving events. A purposive sample included 118 men and women with HIV⧹AIDS from broad socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds. A total of 273 critical incidents yielded a listing of 393 behaviors. The analysis of data was facilitated by a computer program which allowed for the creation of coding systems and refinement of coded items into behavioral response categories. The inductive content analysis yielded 10 major response categories: participate, anger, appreciate, come close, stay away, match respect, match disrespect, dependent, complaint, and self care. In the largest category, 41% of the patients described ways in which they participate actively in their nursing care. These behavioral responses sharply contrast with current literature which continues to place a negative emphasis on the attitudes and behaviors of nurses. One third of the patients listed angry behaviors which were directed at nurses. Behavioral descriptions of anger reflected increased irritability with advancing illness, intense psychological responses toward an AIDS diagnosis, or a violent and angry style of relating to others in street settings. Two of the response categories describe the reciprocal nature of nurse–patient interactions. By becoming aware of patient responses, nurses will obtain a greater understanding of what changes would influence outcomes in patient behavior.

Mean Streets: Youth Crime and Homelessness

1. Street and school criminologies 2. Street youth in street settings 3. Taking to the streets 4. Adversity and crime on the streets 5. The streets of two cities 6. Criminal embeddedness and criminal capital 7. Street youth in street groups 8. Street crime amplification 9. Leaving the street 10. Street crime redux.