Street Lighting System Research Articles

MODELING OF SMART CITY BUILDING BLOCKS USING MULTI-AGENT SYSTEMS

Technology has undergone rapid development in the past several decades and nowadays we have gotten to the point where a lot of technologies for making a smart city are available. Many technological companies as well as research institutions and political organizations are discussing this field with the highest priority. One can say that the biggest challenge of the smart city is not the technology itself, but merging all available technologies into one symbiotic unit that fulfils the objectives. Among others, the smart city is about connecting subsystems, sharing and evaluating data, and providing the best actions in order to ensure a perfect quality of life and satisfaction of citizens. We have various models of transportation systems, optimization of energy usage, street lighting systems, building management systems, urban transport optimization and many others. However, such models are dealt with separately. In this paper we provide an overview of the Smart City concept and a discussion of why Multi-agent systems are the right tool for smart cities. The biggest challenge is in connection and linking the particular subsystems within the smart city. In this paper a modeling of smart city`s building blocks is provided and demonstrated on one particular example – smart street lighting system. A decomposition of the system into subsystems and describing particular modules are in focus We propose to build models and since each individual entity can be modeled as an agent with its beliefs, desires and intentions. We suggest to use Multi-agent systems as a tool for modeling of systems` connections within the smart city and assessing how best to use the data from the systems.

Wireless LED street lighting system design

This paper presents a wireless sensor network for LED streetlight monitoring and controlling. The proposed system allows substantial energy saving through adequate controlling algorithm. It regulates the streetlight intensity according to the traffic and daylight state. A LED driver is designed to supply the LED with the required 80 W power. The drivers and the controller enable system controlling, monitoring and protection. The system can be widely applied in all places which need controlled lighting such as streets, stations, buildings.

Optimization with traffic-based control for designing standalone streetlight system: A case study

Standalone street lighting as a preferred application for road lighting faces two important issues: supply performance and energy cost. According to past research, optimization of hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) in street light supply seems the best known approach to deal with these issues. However, the complex design of street light supply with non-linearity of power units and uncertainty of load pattern makes optimization a challenge. This study employs genetic algorithm (GA) optimization to deal with these complex and uncertain systems. In order to optimize streetlight supply, it takes into account the energy cost for a single-objective problem and both the energy cost and supply performance for a multi-objective problem. This study also integrates traffic-based lighting control to overcome the power consumption issue in the load side affecting the optimum design of the streetlight supply. The system including real weather data, real traffic conditions and optimization algorithm are simulated using MATLAB. Based on the results, the proposed method reduces the power consumption by around 47% for a one-year simulation study. Moreover, the optimal design of streetlight supply potentially minimizes power loss by approximately 39% and energy cost by about 29%.

Smart street lighting system: A platform for innovative smart city applications and a new frontier for cyber-security

A wireless networked LED street lighting system with centralized and remote control technology has emerged as an innovative smart city application with great potential to reduce energy cost and enhance public safety. A pilot system integrated within a campus microgrid demonstrates the benefits of two smart city applications for public safety enhancement, while revealing multiple cyber-security challenges.

An Intelligent Street Light System based on Piezoelectric Sensor Networks

Objectives: The project aims at saving energy by detecting the vehicle movement on highways and switching on the block of street light ahead of it and simultaneously switching off the trailing lights. Methods: This project requires a sensor to detect the day and night and an array of piezoelectric sensors to detect the vehicle movements and accordingly switching on the lights ahead of it. So when there are no vehicles on the highway, all the lights remains off. Sensors used on either side of the road-senses vehicle movement and sends logic commands to microcontroller to change the intensity of the lamps accordingly. Findings: In current years, the street light control is automated by changing the resistance using the light-sensitive device. The reliability of this method is less. Though it reduces the man power, it does not conserve energy spent during night time. It cannot meet the needs of the growing street lamp information and intelligent management. The aim of smart street lights is to save energy, and to save cost. In our project we make use of the piezoelectric sensors, which is cost effective. ZigBee technology is used to communicate between the lights and internet of things to calculate parameters as well as store the information about the vehicles. Statistical analysis is also done on the data obtained from the sensors. Experiments were conducted on the road and with different types of vehicles. Sufficient data were obtained and were consolidated to come to the conclusions. All these data were processed using MATLAB Software to obtain the graphical results. The shape of the graph clearly gives us some strong conclusions. Improvements: The entire setup can be connected to the IOT (Internet of Things) for processes like data extraction, warning vehicles and is particularly useful for places like a 4-way junctions etc.

A Design of the Intelligent Streetlights System

The construction of city streetlight is a significant portion of urban construction. While most streetlight systems in our country still put the way of turning off lights in days and turning on them at night to be used. As this manner consumes so much energy and can’t fit the need of development, we get a new design. This design uses the Chip CC2530, also utilizes the technology of ZigBee and GPRS to achieve intelligent controls of lights and address the problem of huge energy consumption of streetlights.

Hardware implementation of auto switching and light intensity control of LED lamps

This paper presents energy efficient lighting control architecture for street lights. The system utilizes auto intensity control technology to be implemented on street lights to make it a smart street lighting system. The proposed system consists of LED Lamps, infrared transmitter and receiver, NE-555 timing IC, SPDT relays, PV panel, etc. Intensity of street lamps is controlled depending upon the movement of vehicles on the road. When any vehicle passes on the road, increases the light intensity of lamps for a few seconds and automatically set in previous position when a vehicle passes out. Also manpower is totally eliminated by the use of auto switching of street light. This is the best and cheapest method for saving energy and also for possible reducing lighting pollution. The PV system is used for charging the batteries, the power of which is used during the night and grid source is also used as a backup of our system when sometimes PV Off-Grid goes faulty.

Energy saving in the street lighting control system\u2014a new approach based on the EN-15232 standard

The street lighting is one of major components in total energy consumption in cities. The paper is focused on a concept of street lamp control systems and function organization with remote monitoring, to reduce maintenance costs and energy consumption. A new approach to the definition of functional strategy organization for outdoor lighting systems is introduced in the paper. Proposed functional strategies are based on four efficiency classes of building automation and control systems (BACS) defined in the EN 15323 standard. They have been formulated, analysed and eventually implemented and verified in real experiment street lighting installation. This outdoor lighting system, designed by the authors, based on LonWorks (the ISO/IEC EN 14908) platform with a power line communication aimed to control high-pressure sodium lamps. The street lamps are integrated nodes of a building management system (BMS). The results of experimental tests for the proposed functional strategies, implemented with various control scenarios, show that they provide a great potential in reducing energy consumption by street lighting installations. In particular, the energy use can be reduced even by 45 % in comparison to conventional street lighting system, especially without the use of monitoring and control.

A Single-Stage Single-Switch LED Driver Based on the Integrated SEPIC Circuit and Class-E Converter

A novel high-power-factor single-stage single-switch light-emitting diodes (LEDs) driver for street lighting system is proposed in this paper. By integrating the single-ended primary-inductor converter (SEPIC) power factor correction circuit and Class-E resonant dc/dc converter, the proposed converter exhibits extreme simplicity and high reliability, as there is only one active power switch. The LED driver could achieve nearly a unit power factor by operating the SEPIC circuit at discontinuous conduction mode. With careful parameters design of a single Class-E resonant converter, the proposed converter can achieve soft-switching characteristics, which could significantly reduce the switching losses and greatly improve the system efficiency. Operational principle, analytical results, and design considerations at 100 kHz are presented, and a 100-W laboratory prototype is proposed to verify the theoretical analysis, whose efficiency is as high as 91.2% in full-load state under 110 VAC input.

Experimental Study of Higher Harmonics Content in Street Lighting System Current

Experimental Study of Higher Harmonics Content in Street Lighting System Current

Future Scope of Solar Energy in India

Generation of solar energy has tremendous scope in India. The geographical location of the country stands to its benefit for generating solar energy. The reason being India is a tropical country and it receives solar radiation almost throughout the year, which amounts to 3,000 hours of sunshine. This is equal to more than 5,000 trillion kWh. Almost, all parts of India receive 4-7 kWh of solar radiation per sq metres. This is equivalent to 2,300–3,200 sunshine hours per year. States like Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, and West Bengal have great potential for tapping solar energy due to their location. Since majority of the population live in rural areas, there is much scope for solar energy being promoted in these areas. Use of solar energy can reduce the use of firewood and dung cakes by rural household. Many large projects have been proposed in India, some of them are: i).Thar Desert of India has best solar power projects, estimated to generate 700 to 2,100 GW, ii). The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) launched by the Centre is targeting 20,000 MW of solar energy power by 2022, iii).Gujarat’s pioneering solar power policy aims at 1,000 MW of solar energy generation, and Rs. 130 billion solar power plan was unveiled in July 2009, which projected to produce 20 GW of solar power by 2020. Apart from above, about 66 MW is installed for various applications in the rural area, amounting to be used in solar lanterns, street lighting systems and solar water pumps, etc. Thus, India has massive plan for Solar Energy generation that may not only fulfill the deficit of power generation but also contribute largely in Green Energy Production to help to reduce the Climatic Changes globally.

A review of energy efficiency label of street lighting systems

There are very few countries that have provisions addressing the energy efficiency of the whole street lighting system, such as Spain or the Netherlands. Nevertheless, there is not an agreement about how energy efficiency must be assessed. The Spanish Government contemplates it in the Royal Decree 1890/2008 with the goal of improving energy savings and efficiency. However, this has not obtained the expected results. Nowadays, energy efficiency of this kind of systems is assessed using a label. In the case of Spain, this label only assesses one magnitude. The contributions of this paper are two evaluation systems (kiviat diagram and pie chart) which assess five magnitudes: lamps, energy efficiency index, light pollution, renewable energy contribution, and harness of the luminous flux using dimming. After that, a survey was done to study several subjects: (1) if citizens are aware about the efficiency of street lighting systems, (2) whether the sample of colors used in the label is adequate, and (3) if our proposed systems could replace the current evaluation system. Finally, the paper finishes with the conclusions of the survey.

A simple and accurate model for the design of public lighting with energy efficiency functions based on regression analysis

In this study, new relationships between the energy efficiency of street lighting systems, street width, and luminaire height were derived from the analysis of a large sample of outputs, generated with a software application widely used for lighting design. The result was a quadratic polynomial that perfectly fit the relationships obtained and whose coefficients characterize each type of luminaire. This greatly simplifies the design of lighting facilities because it only uses one equation, but at the same time, takes all necessary variables into account. The procedure maximized the energy efficiency of the street lighting systems, as far as conditions allowed, and greatly facilitated the calculation of the parameters of a basic lighting installation, according to CIE (International Commission on Illumination) recommendations.

Trasmission amplitude management in power line communications through a fuzzy logic controller: A real case study

The Power Line Communications (PLC) technology allows the use of the power grid in order to ensure the exchange of data among devices. This technology is particularly useful in those environments where wired technologies are preferable, mainly for reasons related to reliability of communications. However, although the PLC technology has been investigated by researchers in several fields, such as communication protocols and impact due to noise, this paper focuses on a little investigated issue: the power consumption of devices. It is shown an approach, based on fuzzy logic, that dynamically manages the amplitude of the signal, with which each node transmits, by processing the master-slave link quality measured and the master-slave distance. The main objective is to reduce the power consumption during transmissions by managing some very important network information related to noise (link quality) and the distance from which derives the channel attenuation. The controller has been implemented on Matlab/Simulink and subsequently integrated into the ADD1010 microcontroller, a power line System on Chip (SoC). The paper described two test-bed scenarios. The first has been realized in laboratory and the second is a real case study represented by a street lighting system in the city of Castellana Sicula, Italy. In both cases, the TH/WL ratio (number of packets received divided by the number of packets sent) and the power consumption of each device were measured. The obtained results show that network information, like noise and distance among devices, can be positively used in order to reduce the power consumption and the overall TH/WL of the network.

Economic and Environmental Analysis of Converting Grid Supplied HPS Lights to solar PV Powered LEDs in Street Lighting at Khairpur Mirs’ Pakistan

Economic growth is an important factor for the development of any country and mainly it is affected by the energy crises available. Pakistan is among the countries facing the energy threats and shortages. This paper contributes towards reduction of energy crises by moving towards renewable energy resources. The objective of the paper is to utilize the solar energy in replacement of conventional energy resources focusing the street lighting systems. Economic and environmental analysis is made for the replacement of 250W High Pressure Sodium lights with solar powered lights at khairpur Mir’s Sindh, Pakistan. For economic analysis, initial cost, energy consumption cost and maintenance cost of both lighting systems are explored while the environmental analysis is carried out by investigating the carbon emission for both of the systems. In addition to this, simple payback period and internal rate of return are also explored for economic analysis. Resultant data obtained from both types of lighting systems is compared with each other to highlight the effectiveness of solar LED lights. Presented analysis shows the attractiveness of solar powered LED lights in the street lighting systems as the government of Pakistan will be saving more than seventy million rupees in 25 years and more than 13 metric tons of carbon emissions are avoided. The results obtained from the study (economic and environment) reflects towards the implementation of such systems utilizing the naturally available resources in the countries like Pakistan. Based on the data, method and results presented such analysis could be done for different areas for different renewable energy sources available in different countries.

Considerations about LED Technology in Street Lighting Systems – Power Quality Analysis

In recent years, the public lighting systems in Brazil received investments to expand people's access to this service and increase their quality. With the implementation of smart cities projects, roads lighting technology has also become intelligent. This paper presents a comparison of lighting systems with: sodium vapor lamp, LED (Light-emitting Diode) lamp and intelligent LED lamp (remotely controlled) covering aspects of luminous efficiency, energy efficiency and power quality. All tests were performed in an accredited laboratory in Brazil and the results serve to drive new implementations in this area of study.

An Approach to Intelligent Road Lighting System with Renewable Energy Based Power Supply

This paper presents the approach and study of an intelligent electrical consumer, in the analyzed case a road lighting system, powered by renewable energy sources, to achieve energy efficiency. The consumer is equipped with sensors, controlled by a microcontroller unit and can autonomously working. If one of the main objectives is to achieve a better energy efficiency for the electrical consumer, the supply from a renewable energy source makes the consumer environmental friendly. The first aspect of the study is to present the lighting system and the working principle. The LED based lighting modules represents in the modern days the most efficient and reliable lighting system. The renewable energy power system is based on a solar photovoltaic system and represents an alternative supplying way for the lighting systems. Between these two systems, the lighting and the power supply system, a command and control unit has to operate to ensure an accurate system management. The command and control unit has to monitor the available or stored energy from the solar PV system, to read the sensors values that supervise the environment and traffic behavior, and to command the switching of the lighting system for an optimal lighting level and for energy efficiency.

Smart Street Light System

Smart street light system is not only the one of the easiest but also one of the most efficient technique, in terms of power as well as monetary savings. Relays are used for automatic switching of the system. This releases the manual work to almost 90%. As soon as sunlight goes out of the visible region of our eyes this system automatically switches on the light based on if there is any object nearby. LDR (Light Dependent resistor) is a type of sensor which actually does this work and senses the light as our eyes does. As soon as sunlight comes, visible to our eyes it automatically switches OFF lights. Ultrasonic sensor are used for object detection. As soon as an object comes into the range of ultrasonic sensor the lights will be turned ON automatically. And so it can be also used for regulating traffic signals and also can be used for alarming if any accident has occurred. If the object stays in the range of ultrasonic sensor for more than particular time then it sends the flag signal to server regarding it and based on the flag the server instruct to regulate traffic signals or alarming the officials about the misshaping in highways . This type of the system is very much useful for reducing power consumption and using it for other purposes.

Economic feasibility of replacing sodium vapor and high pressure mercury vapor bulbs with LEDs for street lighting

ABSTRACTThe main aim of this article is to examine the feasibility of an energy audit program. LEDs are used to replace the sodium vapor lamps and high-pressured mercury vapor lamps that are currently used for the street lighting system in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. 44% of the fossil fuels imported into the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is used for electricity generation, which makes the reduction in the consumption of electicity very important. This project will save as much as 36,880,410 kWh on site annually and 111,758,818 kWh from the source. The economic, environmental, and fossil fuels savings of this project are also evaluated.

Sustainable Street Lighting Design Supported by Hypergraph-Based Computational Model

Street lighting systems are significant energy consumers in urban environments. The important step toward the reduction of this energy consumption and, thus, finding a balance between functional requirements and savings-related demands, was introducing LED-based light sources. There still exists, however, a margin for further savings, which is associated with well-tailored designs of road lighting installations. The critical impediment that has to be overcame beforehand is the computational complexity related to preparing such a well-suited design. To make this approach feasible, we propose using the formal graph-based model, enabling efficient heuristic computations. In this article, we demonstrate several real-life cases showing a coarse estimation of potential savings in terms of reduced CO2 emission. The presented results are expressed in kWh of saved energy, metric tones of CO2 , but also as a volume of combusted fuels, to make the assessment more tangible.