Street Fighting Research Articles

Street Fights and Social Reproduction: The Role of Health Mutualism in Berkeley’s People’s Park Struggle

Abstract: In the social movement literature, the relationship between the political work of collective survival and the politics of the streets remains undertheorized despite robust research on the significance of direct social actions (DSAs). This article revives the work of the Berkeley Free Church during the People’s Park struggles in 1969. Through waves of intense street conflict, the Berkeley Free Church ran grassroots health programs and helped launch a free healthcare clinic. The Free Church’s health programs served both those with daily needs and those needing urgent care in the streets when police responded to demonstrations with violence. This historical case adds complexity to the social movement literature because the Berkeley Free Church’s work reveals a dynamic, interconnected relationship: health mutualism became central to street protest, and street protest in turn made the goals of building projects of health mutualism more feasible.

Angelo 1563. City of the Council. A Public History Project in Sixteenth-Century Trento

This article describes the walking tours realized for the app Hidden Trento within the project Public Renaissance: Urban Cultures of Public Space between Early Modern Europe and the Present (PURE, 2019-2022). The app, free of charge and available at www.hiddencities.eu, offers four different urban walks through the lesser-known places of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Trento. One of these is set in December 1563 during the final days of the Council of Trent and is narrated by Angelo Massarelli, bishop and secretary of the assembly. The storyboard and thematic insights are based on what Massarelli wrote in his Diari during his almost 20-year stay in Trento. In addition to personal comments on the political situation and the work of the Council, this source offers much information on the city's social and cultural life. Through the app tour, Angelo provides the main elements of the Council's institutional and doctrinal history while drawing the user's attention to aspects of everyday urban life, such as street fighting and public order, hospitality and supplies, public factions, festivals, the production and selling of press prints and the repression of unorthodox religious ideals. The paper discusses the realization of this digital itinerary, presenting its methods of dissemination, highlighting its educational and didactic applications, and describing its uses in a museum context.

Obstetric violence is a misnomer

The term "obstetric violence" has been used in the legislative language of several countries to protect mothers from abuse during pregnancy. Subsequently, it has been expanded to include a spectrum of obstetric procedures, such as induction of labor, episiotomy, and cesarean delivery, and has surfaced in the peer-reviewed literature. The term "obstetric violence" can be seen as quite strong and emotionally charged, which may lead to misunderstandings or misconceptions. It might be interpreted as implying a deliberate act of violence by healthcare providers when mistreatment can sometimes result from systemic issues, lack of training, or misunderstandings rather than intentional violence. "Obstetric mistreatment" is a more comprehensive term that can encompass a broader range of behaviors and actions. "Violence" generally refers to the intentional use of physical force to cause harm, injury, or damage to another person (eg, physical assault, domestic violence, street fights, or acts of terrorism), whereas "mistreatment" is a more general term and refers to the abuse, harm, or control exerted over another person (such as nonconsensual medical procedures, verbal abuse, disrespect, discrimination and stigmatization, or neglect, to name a few examples). There may be cases where unprofessional personnel may commit mistreatment and violence against pregnant patients, but as obstetrics is dedicated to the health and well-being of pregnant and fetal patients, mistreatment of obstetric patients should never be an intended component of professional obstetric care. It is necessary to move beyond the term "obstetric violence" in discourse and acknowledge and address the structural dimensions of abusive reproductive practices. Similarly, we do not use the term "psychiatric violence" for appropriately used professional procedures in psychiatry, such as electroshock therapy, or use the term "neurosurgical violence" when drilling a burr hole. There is an ongoing need to raise awareness about the potential mistreatment of obstetric patients within the context of abuse against women in general. Using the term "mistreatment in healthcare" instead of the more limited term "obstetric violence" is more appropriate and applies to all specialties when there is unprofessional abuse and mistreatment, such as biased care, neglect, emotional abuse (verbal), or physical abuse, including performing procedures that are unnecessary, unindicated, or without informed patient consent. Healthcare providers must promote unbiased, respectful, and patient-centered professional care; provide an ethical framework for all healthcare personnel; and work toward systemic change to prevent any mistreatment or abuse in our specialty.

Does Alcohol Use Influence Hospitalization Outcomes in Adults Suffering Craniomaxillofacial Fractures From Street Fighting?

This retrospective cohort study utilized the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database for the years 2016-2018. Incidences of street fighting were identified using the corresponding ICD-10 codes. To determine whether alcohol use (measured by blood alcohol content (BAC)) in patients sustaining maxillofacial trauma from hand-to-hand fighting influence hospitalization outcomes. The primary predictor variable was BAC stratified into six categories of increasing magnitude. The primary outcome variable was mean length of hospital stay (days). The secondary outcome variable was total hospital charges (US dollars). Our final sample consisted of 3038 craniomaxillofacial fractures. Each additional year in age added +$545 in hospital charges (P < .01). Non-elective admissions added $14210 in hospital charges (P < .05). Patients admitted in 2018 experienced approximately $7537 more in hospital charges (P < .01). Le Fort fractures (+$61921; P < .01), mandible fractures (+$13227, P < .01), and skull base fractures (+$22170; P < .05) were all independently associated with increased hospital charges. Skull base fractures added +7.6days to the hospital stay (P < .01) and each additional year in patient age added +.1days to the length of the hospital stay (P < .01). BAC levels did not increase length of stay or hospitalization charges. Le Fort fractures, mandible fractures, and skull base fracture each independently increased hospital charges. This reflects the necessary care (ie, ICU) and treatment (ie, ORIF) of such fractures. Older adults and elderly patients are associated with increased length of stay and hospital charges-they are likely to struggle in navigating the healthcare system and face socioeconomic barriers to discharge.

ORAG: SORSOGON VICE OR VIRTUE?

This study finds out the abstraction of the semantic orag by Bicolanos, specifically Sorsogueńos, either being vice or virtue. The study determined the usage, perception and coinage of the term from informants all over the province. Qualitative method was used in this study with an approach utilizing Critical Hermeneutics. The researcher viewed the interpersonal experiences and reactions of the informants to the semantic.There are two common perceptions to the term, positive and negative. Informants referred to it as being matibay or maabilidad (strong and willful). This positive coinage can also refer to a person who is intelligent and good at everything. However, it was perceived with an echoing meaning where the negative connotation arises. Boastfulness, ill-manner, arrogance and meanness are some of the negative connotations. But the prevailing coinage is that it is understood as a term linked to lust and sex.When asked about the origin of the term and how Bicolanos became known as oragon, the respondents perception can be categorized into three (3): (1) that it is a pure Bicol term used by ancient Bicolanos (2) that Bicolanos are known as oragon because of being brute in street fights and that Bicolanos are known to have delicacies and dishes that always include spices such as Bicol Express and (3) because the term was made famous by the well-known actor, Eddie Garcia, a Bicolano actor from Sorsogon who included Bicol terms in almost all of his movies. The historical and cultural aspects of its coinage had been revisited. It was found out that Ancient Bicol holds a rich traditional culture that embodies Bicol mindset prior to the Hispanic era. There are myths that have been believed by the ancient Bicol and one of which is that oragon is maguinoongpanonin boot. They were leaders of tribes who were believed to have acquired the power from Bathalaan hence they are maguinoong-oragon. During the Spanish colonization, however, most of the oragons became leaders of guerrillas. To aid this problem, Spanish friars deprived the oragons with their proper honorific titles and started preaching on the immoralities of polygamous marriage. Hence, maguinoong-oragon became maguinoong-bastos. From there arose all the negative coinage of the semantic: its linkage to sex and lust, boastfulness and badness. The semantic clearly has an innate goodness in its original connotation but was given a negative coinage by history. One thing is clear: it is an emblem symbolizing Bicolanos as fearless warriors, bold yet plain to truth and with dignity, as the regional march stresses. Its pure meaning still echoes and resonates in the different interpretations among Sorsogueńos. Finally, it was perceived that orag or oragon is an emblem that manifests Bicol virtue. This is a call to all Bicolanos, especially Sorsogueńos, to try to regain and muster the authentic meaning of orag. Striving to get back what was lost from history would mean enrichment to a restored culture. People must not be satisfied with the present status of the semantic for if not, it will forever be lost. As a recommendation, Orag as Bicol virtue is a recognition of a deeper understanding of the rich culture and tradition of the once maguinoong-oragon. Whatever meaning it conveys now, it definitely is a virtue that Sorsogueńos symbolize and carry as persons of worth and of values.

«Все мы летим в пропасть». Переписка Ф. Д. Батюшкова, Л. В. Собинова и А. И. Сумбатова-Южина в ноябре – декабре 1917 г.

In the fonds of the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art and in the Manuscript Department of the Institute of Russian Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences there is stored correspondence of F. D. Batyushkov (who on the days of the revolution held the position of the chief commissioner for state theaters) with commissioners for the Moscow Bolshoi and Maly Theaters L. V. Sobinov and A. I. Sumbatov-Yuzhin over November and December 1917. These letters, most of which haven’t been published previously or introduced into scientific use, show the attitude of the leaders of the Department of Theatres to the Bolsheviks coming to power and to the prospect of cooperation with them. All three correspondents assessed the October Revolution negatively and spoke of their possible resignation (Batyushkov most definitely, Sobinov and Yuzhin with some reservations), but later serious discrepancies emerged in their personal strategies. Batyushkov was an implacable opponent of the Soviet government, rejecting all cooperation with the “terrorists” Bolsheviks and their representative, People's Commissar of Education A. V. Lunacharsky. On these grounds, he wanted to rally the Department of Theatres, at the head of which he stood. Positions of Yuzhin and Sobinov were more complicated. Yuzhin, who headed the Maly Theatre, shared Batyushkov's critical view of the “dominant party,” moreover, he was outraged and shocked by the pogrom of the Maly Theater by the Red Guards during street fighting in Moscow. However, his whole life was dedicated to the Maly Theater and he doubted whether he had the moral right to leave his position at such a crucial moment. Sobinov, on the other hand, was never able to overcome his personal dislike for Batyushkov (formed long before the October Revolution in disputes over the “autonomous” rights of Moscow theaters and their heads). In the emergency of November – December 1917, when the Bolsheviks established their control over banks and money transfers were extremely difficult, Sobinov did not want to put himself in the chief commissioner’s shoes and blamed him for the lack of money for the Bolshoi Theater. In December 1917, when A. V. Lunacharsky began a direct attack on Batyushkov's position in the Department of Theatres, the Petrograd state theaters expressed their support to Batyushkov. In Moscow, the situation was different: because of Sobinov's grievance with the chief commissioner and Yuzhin's attempts to coordinate his position with Sobinov, the Bolshoi and Maly Theaters did not unequivocally declare their confidence in Batyushkov, weakening the latter’s position in his conflict with Lunacharsky. The correspondence of Batyushkov, Sobinov, and Yuzhin over November – December 1917 is an important source on history of the Russian theater, as well as for studying the period of the so-called “sabotage” of civil servants after the October Revolution.

Mediating Indigenous Disputes: Lessons from Africa and Canada

Mediation is not novel to indigenous peoples in Africa and Canada. It has been in existence long before codified regulation of mediation.[i] For instance, the ancient Yoruba peoples of Nigeria have been known to mediate street fights, trade and communal disputes long before the emergence of formal courts and institutional mediation.[ii] Indigenous mediation in Africa and Canada share certain characteristics. First, the recognition of the supernatural and/or ancestry. Secondly, these mediations possess some cultural flavour peculiar to the indigenous peoples represented at the session, particularly reflected in their language, attire and the use of proverbs. [i] ADR Institute of Canada, “Code of Conduct for Mediators” Amended 15 April, 2011 https://adric.ca/rules-codes/code-of-conduct/; In Africa, each country individually make legislative provision for regulating the conduct of mediation. Nonetheless, the African Union Mediation Support Handbook offers guidance towards the conduct of mediation in Africa – See African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD), “African Union Mediation Support Handbook” (2014) https://www.peaceau.org/uploads/06-au-mediation-support-handbook-2014.pdf. Additionally, the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA) member States have enacted a Uniform Act on Mediation, this was adopted on November 23, 2017. The OHADA Uniform Act was inspired by the 2002 UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Conciliation. [ii] Adeyinka Ajayi and Lateef Buhari, Methods of Conflict Resolution in African Traditional Society African Research Review Ethiopia Vol 8 (2) Serial No 33 April 2014:138-157 [143,150]

THE PERCEPTION OF ASJA LACIS IN ITALY: IMPACT ON THEATRE, EDUCATION, AND POLITICS

The 1970s in Italy proved to be the time of both intense cultural renewal and growing political tension, followed by street fights and violent terrorism. The breaking of traditional social and cultural models and high achievements went hand in hand in this stormy environment, facilitated by both the desire of the individual to break free and collective creativity. The latter was sustained by left-wing intellectuals and artists. Also felt was the necessity to secure once again the leading role of theatre in culture and society. In 1976, left-wing editor Feltrinelli published the translation of Asja Lācis's memoirs into Italian, entitled "Professione - rivoluzionaria" (Profession - Revolutionist), with an introductory essay on agitprop theatre in the Weimar Republic by the author of the present paper. Those turbulent years were the fertile soil that ensured the positive perception of the book and its strong impact on theatre and education, as well as the political and cultural domains. The trespassing of officially established theatre boundaries, which developed the ideas of collectivism and overtness of the individual's life, was inspired by Asja's innovative experience - it encouraged numerous theatre artists to rediscover the ethical sense in their routine work.

BACK-UP GROUNDWATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS — A NECESSARY SAFEGUARD FOR HUMANITARIAN DISASTERS IN CONDITIONS OF MILITARY AGGRESSION

Many cities in Ukraine use surface centralized water intakes, connected to a single energy network, which are often located at a considerable distance (30-45 km) from settlements (for example, Mykolaiv, Chernivtsi, etc.), which makes the water supply system extremely vulnerable to military aggression and sabotage. Given Russia’s constant claims to our independence, it is clear that a guaranteed supply of drinking water to the population is as important a factor in its security as a strong modern army. Considering the existing means of emergency water supply and water treatment (imported water, mobile treatment plants designed to prepare existing water sources, pumping stations, etc.) we can conclude that the most secure and sustainable source of drinking water is groundwater. For better protection and access to water, even during street fights, it is proposed to equip local well water intakes with autonomous power supply, designed for 2.0-3.5 thousand users, with compact installations for water purification and disinfection. The organization of such a network has at least five problematic components: 1 — resource - the availability of the required amount of water, 2 — quality - the availability of drinking water sources; 3 — safety - sufficiently high protection of the water source from external influences; primarily from qualitative and quantitative depletion and targeted sabotage; 4 — financial and economic; 5 — energy supply. Separate water supply and sewerage networks for drinking and technical water should be introduced. The drinking water supply system should be arranged in the form of a well-protected local water supply, and domestic and technical water supply should be left centralized. Flow rates of drinking water intakes should be calculated based on human needs for drinking water per day: 1.5-2.0 dm3 for drinking plus 4-5 dm3 for cooking. It is proposed to use renewable energy sources for autonomous energy supply of boreholes. The experience of the Russian-Ukrainian war shows that all other options for drinking water supply to the population in conditions of military aggression are less protected, are unstable or temporary and have significant shortcomings.

The Philosophy of Mixed Martial Arts

Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) is a combat sport incorporating techniques from other combat sports (such as boxing and Muay Thai) and from traditional martial arts (karate, jiu-jitsu, etc.). It is a recent sport, dating only to the early 1980s, although there are historical antecedents in ancient Greece and elsewhere. As originally conceived MMA had relatively few constraints on the techniques that fighters could use. (Only biting, eye gouging, and groin strikes were forbidden.) The sport was sometimes marketed as “no holds barred” fighting, or a close approximation of street fighting. Gradually more rules were introduced, both for reasons of safety and to broaden the sport’s appeal. Fighters wear specialized gloves and other protective gear, and fights take place in a ring or enclosed area that is sometimes (but not always) an octagon shape. Professional MMA fighters have typically trained in a number of different fighting systems or martial arts. In...

ПРИКЛАДНЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ НАЧАЛЬНОГО ОБУЧЕНИЯ ПРИЁМАМ РУКОПАШНОГО БОЯ В ПАРТЕРЕ В СООТВЕТСТВИИ СО СПЕЦИФИКОЙ ПРАВООХРАНИТЕЛЬНОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ

Introduction. The paper aims to find practical aspects of initial professional training in technical and tactical techniques of ground hand-to-hand combat in the context of law enforcement. Materials and methods. The study involves reviewing numerous abstracts of papers focusing on self-defense and various types of martial arts. A comparative analysis of the rules of various sports that are of applied value for the training of law enforcement officers and that embrace groundwork is performed. The questionnaire and pedagogical testing are employed to identify the main tactics and techniques of the initial training in ground hand-to-hand combat, and their variety. The study has determined the specific features of the initial professional training in ground hand-to-hand combat. Research result. The findings have indicated the current degree of the issue coverage and its relevance. The main (basic) technical and tactical methods for initial training of law enforcement officers have been identified using the Brazilian jiujitsu techniques as an example, and their variety has been briefly described. The specific features of initial training in ground fighting for law enforcement officers have been formulated given the features of their professional activities. Conclusion. The relevance of studying and developing positional combat (part of practical hand-to-hand fighting) as one of the areas of professional training of law enforcement officers for the modern realities of one-on-one street fighting, i.e., ground hand-to hand combat, has been determined. The data obtained allows supplementing the theory and methodology of martial arts with new knowledge.

COVID-19 Pandemic and Street Crimes in Nigeria: Hindrances to Sustainable Development

Every emergency has its security implications, corona virus 2019 is not an exception. This health emergency with its policy implications like lockdown of social and economic activities has implications for national security. One of the consequences of COVID-19 pandemic is street crime. The health emergency resulted in street crimes like theft, snatching of bags, phones, jewelleries and other valuables, robbery, burglary, street fighting and assaults and battery. These led to loss of lives and properties. Hence, this paper addresses the significant relationship between COVID-19 emergency and street crimes in Nigeria. The study applies qualitative and quantitative research methods. Data were sourced secondarily through the content analysis of edited textbooks, peer-reviewed journals and credible online resources. Findings showed that COVID-19 emergency and its policy measures like total lockdown of the economy and social activities, movement restriction and consequential loss of means of livelihood instigated street crimes. The paper recommends equitable distribution of palliatives, effective social safety net and adequate preparation for health emergency and increased human capacity building. This study will be useful to individuals, governments at all levels, National Centre for Disease Control, World Health Organization, non-governmental organizations and researchers in social and health sciences.

‘Give me liberty or give me Covid!’: Anti-lockdown protests as necropopulist downsurgency

ABSTRACT This paper examines the ‘anti-lockdown’ protests in the US beginning in April 2020 through the concepts of necropolitics (Mbembe) and microfascism (Deleuze and Guattari). The paper argues that these protests are examples of what it coins, necropopulism. What if the libertarian, hyper-individualistic, and reactionary populism we witness in these and other manifestations (e.g. mass shooters, alt-right street fights) are both fixated on their identity as a ‘people,’ yet simultaneously indifferent to their own persistence? Examining the anti-lockdown and anti-masking protests and their precursors, the paper argues that microfascism is infused with homi-suicidal aesthetics. The essay seeks to refine our analysis when it comes to the cultural (necro)politics of this ‘downsurgency,’ in which decline accelerates rapidly and might even be detached, ultimately, from its own demise. This analysis matters if we are to antagonize this necrotic force, not simply through a battle of ideas but by preventing a fascist social body from being fully activated and mobilized.

English Law of Consent to Harm: Outline and Case Summaries

This paper outlines the English law of consent to criminal harm. Through case summaries, it explains the rules regarding consent to assault, battery, actual bodily harm (ABH), and grievous bodily harm (GBH). Relevant cases date from 1934 to 2019. Quotations from the cases, including famous judicial pronouncements, are incorporated into the discussion. The outline and case summaries are intended to succinctly and accurately explain the law. Consent can legalise acts that would otherwise amount to assault or battery. ABH and GBH cannot lawfully be consented to, according to a general rule. However, the law recognises exceptions for sport, dangerous exhibitions (daredevils), horseplay, surgery, tattooing and piercing, religious ritual (flagellation or circumcision), and knowingly risking the contraction of sexually transmitted diseases. The law explicitly disallows consent to sadism and street fighting. The courts have also suggested that consent by its nature must be free and informed, not made in an atmosphere of fear, desperation, deception, or by one who lacks legal capacity. In particular, fear and desperation can mean that apparent consent is “mere submission” and not legally real. Finally, the paper offers readers a one-page summary of the case law.

A ‘Historical Reconciliation.’ The Romanian‑Hungarian Treaty of 1996

This article analyses Romania’s foreign policy during the transition from communism to democracy, between 1990 and 1996, through the lens of its relations with Hungary. These were conditioned by the historical background, antagonistic feelings best describing public opinion attitudes in the two states. The analysis considered the situation of the Hungarian minority in Romania and the way in which inter-ethnic tensions (such as the street fights in Târgu-Mureş in March 1990) influenced diplomatic cooperation, as well as the way in which the political class positioned on this issue. The study focuses on the adoption of the ‘Treaty of understanding, cooperation and good neighborliness concluded between Romania and the Republic of Hungary,’ a condition for the acceptance of the two countries in the negotiations for accession to NATO and the European Union. The tortuous process that led to the signing of this document was analyzed through the lens of specialized literature, but also by reference to some decision-makers at that time, such as the US ambassador to Romania, Alfred H. Moses, or President Ion Iliescu. As regards the reactions of politicians and the media in both states to the signing of the treaty, in the context of the Romanian electoral campaign that was taking place at that time, sources from the written press were used, Evenimentul Zilei and Adevărul being the most widely read dailies.

Ludność cywilna polskiego Lwowa wobec walk polsko‑ukraińskich w listopadzie 1918 r.

[The civilian population of Polish Lviv in the face of Polish‑Ukrainian fights in November 1918] The Battle of Lwów in November 1918 is considered one of the most important events of the Polish‑Ukrainian War, which subject was the possession of the Eastern Galicia. In contrast to most of the existing studies devoted to the conflict, the article attempts to scrutinize the attitudes of the Polish population of Lwów towards street fights. Although in such circumstances, the boundary between civilians and soldiers were often smooth, many sources indicate that a significant part of the city’s Polish community were passive. Such behaviors, though should not be identified with the acceptance of the Ukrainian governments in Lwów, contributed to the extension of the fights and made their result uncertain. It seems that, contrary to the common assessment, the Polish reactions were diverse and subject to the influence of many occurrences. In particular, they were shaped by earlier Polish‑Ukrainian relations, the involvement in the independence movement, the fatigue of the experience of the Great War, the intensity of street skirmishes, the actions of the Ukrainian and the Polish military and political management, the material poverty, the plague of crime and the prolonged expectations for a relief. As a result, it can be considered that the Polish success was a work of, diverse in a social origin, the groups of insurgents and the Polish units, which arrived from the Western Galicia, supported only by the part of the civilian inhabitants of Lwów.

‘Voiceless Victims’: Children Living in the Red-Light Areas of Ibadan, Nigeria

Much research work on victims of sex work, including studies employing feminist perspectives, focuses on sex work as either being a ‘victimless crime’, or women as victims, leaving the victimization of children as direct and proximate victims relatively unexplored. The practice of commercial sex work in Nigeria is illegal; however, sex business thrives in most urban centres with considerable prevalence of red-light districts. Brothels, strip clubs and other sex-oriented businesses that constitute red-light districts are usually located in neighbourhoods where people that have no business with sex work live with their families. This present study, therefore, moves to expose the risks and vulnerabilities of children living in red-light areas. Drawing on social disorganization and learning theories, an analytical cross-sectional survey of residents of neighbourhoods where commercial sex work thrives within the city of Ibadan was conducted. Fifty-seven family men and women living in red-light areas with their children were purposively selected to provide data for the qualitative study. The rate of children’s engagement in premarital sex, consumption of illicit drugs, alcoholic intake, stealing, street fighting, and school dropout was found to be a factor of their intimacy with sex work and workers in red-light areas. The study concludes that children who grow up in red-light areas are more vulnerable to being physically, emotionally, sexually abused and exploited than children who do not live in such areas. Regulation of sex work activities and prioritizing of child protection issues were suggested.

The Code of the Street Fights Back! Significant Associations with Arrest, Delinquency, and Violence Withstand Psychological Confounds.

Since Anderson’s now classic, Code of the Street: Decency, Violence, and the Moral Life of the Inner City, an increasing number of researchers have found a significant association between the code of the street and antisocial behavior. Less researched, however, is the relationship between the code of the street and cognate psychological factors. Building on the hypothesis that the code of the street is simply a reflection of elements of the population who exhibit antisocial traits, our aim in this study is to empirically test whether the observed association between the code of the street and antisocial behavior can withstand psychological confounds among a sample of institutionalized juvenile delinquents. Negative binomial regression models show that the code of the street remained a significant predictor of antisocial behavior despite the specification of psychopathy and temperamental traits and other controls. Moreover, as theorized, differential effects were found for African American delinquents compared to non-African American delinquents. We discuss theoretical and practical implications.

Federacion Argentina de Entidades Democraticas Anticomunistas: the Moral Panic in Argentina of the 1960s

This article concentrates on the Federación Argentina de Entidades Democráticas Anticomunistas (FAEDA, Argentine Anti-Communist Democratic Entities Federation), one of the most important anti-communist organization in Argentina in the sixties. FAEDA reacted in a very authoritarian and violent way to the appearance of new alternative social behaviors in the country during those years, particularly among the youngsters and the avant-garde artists. In that sense, FAEDA’s political activities were supported by the belief the nation was living a wide moral degeneration, caused willingly by the soviet infiltration in Argentina. FAEDA displayed its political purposes through two different channels: one was more formal and solemn and included public meetings and official statements against the Soviet Bloc countries, and the other one was more clandestine and violent such as street fights and bomb attacks against youngsters and leftists. Gender studies concepts and methodologies permitted to shed light on some activities, fears, and beliefs of these anti-communist activists. This article is based on the consultation to journals and intelligence documents.

"Making room in Heaven for all sorts of souls": Temperance Rhetoric and Maggie: A Girl of the Streets"

"Making room in Heaven for all sorts of souls":Temperance Rhetoric and Maggie: A Girl of the Streets" Robin Jeremy Land (bio) In Stephen Crane'S Maggie: A Girl of the Streets, alcohol, violence, and the promise of violence is in every part of Maggie's home and neighborhood. Immediately after her older brother Jimmie fights with other wayward youth in the ominous Rum Alley, the boy's father finds him in the street, kicks him, and drags him home to his mother, who is an equally violent drunk. The following domestic disturbance in the Johnson home is filled with violent imagery as husband and wife fight with one another; Jimmie threatens his sister, and the mother severely beats Jimmie for his street fighting. Even the infant Tommie goes to sleep "with his fists doubled,"1 implying the stress he is under and foreshadowing the violence that awaits him when he is older. This is far from a happy home, and, throughout the entire scene, alcohol fuels the violence and dysfunction. Alcoholism and intemperance permeate every aspect of the titular Maggie's world. Alcohol is symbolically represented in the street names around her house; both her parents are constantly inebriated, her lover is a bartender, and even her final sexual partner is apparently drunk. Alcohol and its impact is an inescapable part of the characters' environment, and this environment and its influence on a person's life was one of Crane's more pressing concerns when he penned Maggie. In 1893 when Stephen Crane wrote to his friend and fellow author Hamlin Garland about Maggie,2 he enclosed the now famous description of his intent "to show that environment is a tremendous thing in the world and frequently shapes lives regardless,"3 and his hope was that Maggie would persuade his audience to make "room in heaven for all sorts of souls . . . who are not confidently expected to be there by many excellent people."4 Crane intended Maggie to convince his audience that the lives of the working poor in New York's Bowery district were greatly influenced by the world they inhabited, and that middle-class readers should reconsider some of the value judgments they impose on the working poor. For many readers the most obvious environmental factors contributing to Maggie's tragedy are the sexual double standards between men and women and the decay of middle-class morality in the slums. My study of Maggie does not disagree with those arguments that focus on [End Page 60] the novel's discussion of gender roles, the moral failings of New York's Bowery district, or those works that place the novel in the slum literature tradition. Instead my intent is to expand on the critical understanding of the novel's structure by examining a second narrative structure that lies beneath the already well-established slum narrative. While Maggie contorts the established slum narrative and the story of a fallen women, it also builds on the other well-known temperance narrative to reflect the lives of women living in New York's slums and ultimately challenge middle-class conceptions of the working poor by subverting a rhetorical strategy largely developed by middle-class temperance workers. These narratives, adopted by the Women's Christian Temperance Union and other temperance workers, were a combination of fictional and nonfictional accounts of alcoholism and its impact on families. Although ostensibly these were works of fiction, these narratives employed a common set of rhetorical practices designed to influence their audience's behavior, practices which Crane manipulated in order to challenge his middle-class audience's understanding of the working poor and in doing so, reworked the temperance narrative into naturalist novel. In effect, Maggie upturns middle-class expectations of the temperance narrative by repositioning alcohol and its abuse as an environmental factor contributing to Maggie's destruction, thus removing the sentimentalism so closely associated with traditional temperance narratives while still maintaining a strong sense of sympathy for Maggie that could encourage middle-class audiences to reconsider their opinion of women living in poverty. The temperance narrative was a well-known part of the American temperance movement by the end of the nineteenth...