Strawberry Research Articles

Ground monitoring of the dynamics of the development of fungal diseases of strawberry

A new method of ground-based monitoring of the dynamics of the development of fungal disease of garden strawberry in the field has been substantiated using systems of tetrapolar electrodes. Research has been carried out to determine the reactive electrical resistance of strawberry leaf tissue associated with the effect of three pathogens of fungal diseases of garden strawberry.

DRIED GARDEN STRAWBERRY BERRIES AS AN ALTERNATIVE
 TO THE TRADITIONAL PROCESSING SORTS

The article presents the research results for 2014–2016 according to the assessment of the suitability of five zoned varieties
 of garden strawberry (Vikoda, Vima Rina, Vima Tarda, Zenga-Zengana, Kimberly) for the manufacture of a new product for
 the domestic market – dried garden strawberry berries.
 The content of soluble solids in fresh berries of garden strawberry (9.0–11.4 %), the hardness of berries (1.6–2.2 N/cm2),
 a small proportion of solid waste (sepals and peduncles) (2.0–5.7 %) with a sufficient content of sugars and acids make them
 suitable for the manufacture of a new product – dried berries.
 The overall degustation score of dried berries in all species was high and amounted to 4.6–4.7 points.
 The organoleptic score of a by-product in the production of dried berries – garden strawberry syrup – was in the range
 of 4.6–5.0 points.

COMMERCIAL INDICATORS OF NEW INTRODUCED SPECIES OF GARDEN STRAWBERRY

The article presents the comprehensive studies results of fresh berries of garden strawberry of the introduced species
 Alba, Vibrant, Cupid, Matis, Hanoi, Elsanta in comparison with the zoned species Zenga-Zengana. 
 In terms of hardness, all the studied species surpassed the standard Zenga-Zengana species (the average hardness was
 2.6 N/cm2). The average content of soluble solids was 8.7 %. In terms of berry size (the average berry weight is more than 12 g), the species Alba, Vibrant, Cupid, Mathis, Hanoi, Elsanta are distinguished. The garden waste and losses in the studied
 strawberry species amounted to 2.3–3.5 %, which leads to small losses during processing. The studied species are heartshaped
 or round-shaped; the berry shape index ranged from 0.9 to 1.3. The size of berries in all studied species in terms
 of the largest transverse diameter was 27.4–34.4 mm. Fresh berries of all studied garden strawberry species had an attractive
 appearance and colour, juicy texture, pronounced aroma and good taste. The average degustation score ranged from 4.5 to 4.9.
 In the process of research, it was found that the garden strawberry species of the foreign selection Alba, Vibrant, Cupid,
 Mathis, Hanoi, Elsanta had high commercial qualities.

Effect of the Insect Infestation by Myzus persicae and Trialeurodes vaporariorum on the Annual Production of Strawberry Under Glasshouse Conditions

This study was carried out to study the effect of the insect infestation by The Green Peach Aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and The Greenhouse Whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood)(Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on the quantity of the annual production of the strawberry crop, Fragaria ananassa (L.). This study was carried out at Tokh region (Qaliobya Governorate) during two successive seasons 2020, 2021 under glasshouse conditions. This study was divided into three parts, first part studied the population fluctuation of M. persicae andT. vaporariorum on strawberry plants during the two successive seasons, second part studied the effect of insect infestation by the two insects on the quantity of the annual production of strawberry fruits at the two successive seasons compared to control (which did not infest with any insect) and third part studied the effect of insect infestation by the two insects on the internal components of strawberry fruits. Results obtained showed that the infestation by M. persicae andT. vaporariorum reduced the quantity of annual production of strawberry fruits compared to control (which was non-infested by the same insects). Also, results obtained showed that the infestation bythesame insects reduced both total sugar and total protein on strawberry fruitscompared to control.

Bioactivity and bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds from Brazilian fruit purees

In this study, the phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, antimicrobial activity and bioaccessibility in different fruit purees were evaluated. Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.), starfruit (Averrhoa carambola) and other fruits native from Brazil, such as açaí (Euterpe oleracea), acerola (Malpighia emarginata), araçá (Psidium guineenses), cambuci (Campomanesia phaea), jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora), murici (Byrsonima verbascifolia), panã (Annona crassiflora) and pitanga (Eugenia uniflora) were evaluated. Among the fruits studied, acerola exhibited high antioxidant activity and high concentration of total phenolic compounds. Individual bioactive compounds were determined by UPLC-QToF-MS. A wide range of organic acids, flavonoids and phenolic acids were found in the samples. Fruit puree extracts (6–25 mg/mL) inhibited bacterial growth, especially those from strawberry, acerola, starfruit and pitanga. Overall, up to 8% of the TPC were bioaccessible after gastrointestinal digestion. The findings support the notable potential of fruit purees as sources of bioactive compounds of industrial interest.

Phytosanitary risk associated with illegal importation of pest-infested commodities to the South African agricultural sector

We evaluated the phytosanitary risk associated with illegal importation of pest-infested plant commodities into South Africa. Samples were collected from different South African ports of entry over 8 years (2011 to 2019) and data were analysed descriptively using Statistical Software Package. Pests were frequently detected on commodity species such as Citrus (18.31%), Zea mays (13.22%), Phaseolus vulgaris (12.88%), Musa spp. (9.15%) and Fragaria ananassa (5.08%). The highest number of pests intercepted occurred on fresh fruits (44.06%), followed by grains (26.44%) and vegetables (14.23%). The most intercepted organisms were Callosobruchus rhodesianus (7.79%), Dysmicoccus brevipes (7.11%), Callosobruchus maculates (6.10%) and Phyllosticta citricarpa (4.74%). The majority of intercepted organisms were non-quarantine organisms (70.50%), followed by pests of unknown status (17.28%), quarantine pests (10.84%) and potential quarantine pests (1.35%). Phyllosticta citricarpa, Bactrocera dorsalis, Spodoptera frugiperda and Prostephanus truncatus were the only quarantine pests intercepted in terms of South African regulatory status. The interception was mainly from southern African countries, particularly Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Eswatini. The findings present the level of phytosanitary risk associated with illegal importation and/or non-compliance in regard to plants and plant commodities from different countries through South African ports of entry. Crop production, biodiversity, food security, existing export markets, and access to new export markets could be threatened as importing countries may impose stringent phytosanitary measures to limit the chances of introduction and establishment of quarantine pests into their territories. Significance
 
 Illegal importation of plant commodities may lead to the introduction, establishment and spread of pests that are of quarantine significance to South Africa.
 Introduction of pest species such as Phyllosticta citricarpa, Bactrocera dorsalis, Spodoptera frugiperda and Prostephanus truncatus into South Africa could result in undesirable impacts on the ecosystem, agriculture, biodiversity and economy of the country.
 Access to new export markets of plant commodities could be threatened as importing countries may impose stringent phytosanitary measures to limit the chances of introduction and establishment of these quarantine pests into their territories.

Productivity of garden strawberry and breeding possibilities to improve it

The information on the productivity trait of garden strawberry Fragaria × ananassa (Duchesne ex Weston) Duchesne ex Rozier has been summarized on the basis of literary sources. The productivity trait has a complex polygenic character. Independent inheritance of individual productivity components allows modeling their optimal combination in a new variety. The creation of highly productive varieties of strawberries is based on intraspecific hybridization. The established positive correlation between the size of berries and the yield indicates the possibility of increasing the productivity of varieties by using large-fruited forms in breeding. At present, in various zones of horticulture, researchers distinguish large-fruited varieties of domestic breeding: ‘Atlas', ‘Bereginya', ‘Vityaz', ‘Grenada', ‘Zabelinskaya', ‘Kemiya', ‘Nashe Podmoscovie', ‘Nelly', ‘Pervoklassnitsa', ‘Rusich', ‘Solnechnaya Polyanka', ‘Solovushka', ‘Festivalnaya Romashka', ‘Fruktovaya', ‘Tsaritsa', ‘Yaponka', and foreign breeding: ‘Alba', ‘Asia', ‘Elsanta', ‘Finesse', ‘Florense', ‘Vivaldi', ‘Galia', ‘Jive', ‘Joly', ‘M. Champion', ‘Merced', ‘Murano', ‘Onda', ‘Roxana', ‘Rumba', ‘Tarda Vicoda', ‘Vima Kimberly', ‘Vima Tarda', ‘Vima Rina', ‘Vima Xima'. It was noted that when using the inbreeding method, it is possible to achieve a heterotic effect on the basis of the productivity trait. The method of genetic modifications of plants is of great importance for breeding of complex quantitative traits of productivity, including yield. Expansion of the genetic base of garden strawberry by means of octoploid and polyploid forms of wild species will ensure an increase in the productivity of new varieties due to the inclusion of traits of adaptability to biotic and abiotic factors in the genotype. The use of modern research methods (screening of the metabolomic and biochemical profile, DNA certification, molecular labeling) increases the objectivity of research and the efficiency of the breeding process.

Natural Approaches to Whiten the Dental Enamel Surface Versus the Conventional Approaches

To the public majority, teeth whitening and appearance is crucial and affect their esthetic qualities. Despite that, in many cultures, home remedies been employed for teeth whitening, there is dearth of solid scientific evidence regarding their effectiveness. This study was conducted aiming to characterize and formulate some of these remedies and to compare their teeth whitening effect to conventional teeth whitening toothpaste after tooth brushing at one and six months’ intervals. Cocos nucifera L. (Coconut) oil, along with the alcoholic extracts of Salvia officinalis L. (Sage) herb, Curcuma longa L. (Turmeric) rhizomes, Psidium guajava L. (Guava) leaves, Citrus limon L. (Lemon) fruits peels and Fragaria ananassa Duchesne (Strawberry) fruits were separately used to prepare toothpastes. The oil and extracts were subjected to GC and HPLC-MS/MS respectively. The formulated toothpastes were of different colors, smooth in nature, foamability around 10, pH-8.2 and extrudability 95%. The best formulations were of S. officinalis (SO), C. longa (CL) and C. nucifera (CN), therefore, their corresponding toothpastes were further investigated. 20 extracted premolars were selected based on orthodontic reasons, randomly distributed into four groups and evaluated using CIELAB measurement system at base line before brushing T0 and after brushing for one month T1 and six months T2. SO showed color changes ( E > 3.3) which can be easily observed clinically. Therefore, it could be concluded that SO toothpaste was effective in changing the color of dental enamel with results comparable to those of the conventional toothpaste.

Plant cell cultures of Nordic berry species: Phenolic and carotenoid profiling and biological assessments

Plant cell cultures from cloudberry (CL), lingonberry (LI), stone berry (ST), arctic bramble (AB), and strawberry (SB) were studied in terms of their polyphenol and carotenoid composition, antioxidant activity, antihemolytic activity and cytotoxicity effects on cancerous cells. High-resolution mass spectrometry data showed that LI, presented the highest antioxidant activity, contained the highest contents of flavones, phenolic acids, lignans, and total carotenoids, while CL, ST and SB presented the opposite behavior. AB and SB presented the lowest FRAP and CUPRAC values, while AB and CL presented the lowest reducing power. SB presented the lowest antioxidant activity measured by single electron transfer assays and the lowest content of lignans, phenolic acids, and flavones. CL and LI decreased the viability of in vitro mammary gland adenocarcinoma while only LI decreased the viability of in vitro lung carcinoma and showed protective effects of human erythrocytes against mechanical hemolysis.

Growth and yield performance of strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) under various doses of vermicompost and NPK fertilizers grown at rooftop of Charfasson area in the southern parts of Bangladesh

A pot experiment was carried out on the rooftop of a building at Charfasson town Bhola to evaluate the growth and yield performance of strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) as influenced by different doses of vermicompost and inorganic fertilizers in the winter season of 2020-2021. Each pot was filled with ten kg soil and arranged in a completely randomized design having seven treatments with three replications. Treatments were T1: Control (-VC), T2: 5 t VC/ha, T3: 10 t VC/ha, T4: 15 t VC/ha, T5: 20 t VC/ha, T6: 25 t VC/ha, and T7: 50% RDF NPK (40 - 15-25 kg/ha). Different agronomic parameters were measured at the intervals of 30, 60, 90, and 120 days after sowing of seeds. All the treatments of vermicompost showed better responses in agronomic parameters than the control treatment. Among them, T5 treatment tends to show significantly (p<0.05) higher plant height (18.5 cm), number of the leaf (54/plant), root length (15.50 cm), first flowering (at 61 days), fruit length (5.75 cm), fruit diameter (13.75 cm), number of fruits (15/plant), the average weight of fruit (14.50 g), the fresh yield of fruits (13.59 t/ha), fresh weight of root (10.41 g/plant), fresh weight of reproductive structure (3.12 g/plant), weight of the dry reproductive structure (3.12 g/plant) and benefit-cost ratio (9.37). T6 treatment showed significantly (p<0.05) higher leaf area (49.00 cm2), fresh weight of petiole (4,61 g/plant), the weight of dry root (2.20 g/plant), weight of dry leaf (5.87 g/plant), weight of dry petiole (1.42 g/plant) and weight of dry biomass (12.48 g/plant). T2, T3 and T4 treatments showed significantly (p<0.05) higher growth than T7 treatment. The overall findings revealed that the application of vermicompost (20 t/ha) in the strawberry plant might be a suitable method in rooftop gardening to achieve its better agronomic and yield parameters in the southern parts of Bangladesh.
 Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 30(2): 283-292, 2021 (July)

Strawberry and Ginger Silver Nanoparticles as Potential Inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 Assisted by In Silico Modeling and Metabolic Profiling.

SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), a novel coronavirus causing life-threatening pneumonia, caused a pandemic starting in 2019 and caused unprecedented economic and health crises all over the globe. This requires the rapid discovery of anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug candidates to overcome this life-threatening pandemic. Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) methanolic extracts were used for silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) synthesis to explore their SARS-CoV-2 inhibitory potential. Moreover, an in silico study was performed to explore the possible chemical compounds that might be responsible for the anti-SARS-CoV-2 potential. The characterization of the green synthesized AgNPs was carried out with transmission electron microscope (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared, spectroscopy ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, zeta potential, and a dynamic light-scattering technique. The metabolic profiling of strawberry and ginger methanolic extract was assessed using liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. The antiviral potential against SARS-CoV-2 was evaluated using an MTT assay. Moreover, in silico modeling and the molecular dynamic study were conducted via AutoDock Vina to demonstrate the potential of the dereplicated compounds to bind to some of the SARS-CoV-2 proteins. The TEM analysis of strawberry and ginger AgNPs showed spherical nanoparticles with mean sizes of 5.89 nm and 5.77 nm for strawberry and ginger, respectively. The UV-Visible spectrophotometric analysis showed an absorption peak at λmax of 400 nm for strawberry AgNPs and 405 nm for ginger AgNPs. The Zeta potential values of the AgNPs of the methanolic extract of strawberry was −39.4 mV, while for AgNPs of ginger methanolic extract it was −42.6 mV, which indicates a high stability of the biosynthesized nanoparticles. The strawberry methanolic extract and the green synthesized AgNPs of ginger showed the highest antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. Dereplication of the secondary metabolites from the crude methanolic extracts of strawberry and ginger resulted in the annotation of different classes of compounds including phenolic, flavonoids, fatty acids, sesquiterpenes, triterpenes, sterols, and others. The docking study was able to predict the different patterns of interaction between the different compounds of strawberry and ginger with seven SARS-CoV-2 protein targets including five viral proteins (Mpro, ADP ribose phosphatase, NSP14, NSP16, PLpro) and two humans (AAK1, Cathepsin L). The molecular docking and dynamics simulation study showed that neohesperidin demonstrated the potential to bind to both human AAK1 protein and SARS-CoV-2 NSP16 protein, which makes this compound of special interest as a potential dual inhibitor. Overall, the present study provides promise for Anti-SARS-CoV-2 green synthesized AgNPs, which could be developed in the future into a new anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug.

Genetic diversity in wild species and cultivars of strawberry for the FanAAMT gene controlling fruit flavor volatiles

Background. An important consumer trait of strawberry fruits is their aroma. Methyl anthranilate makes a considerable contribution to the fruit flavor. The methyl anthranilate content in strawberry fruits is controlled by the FanAAMT (аnthranilic acid methyltransferase) gene. Identification of genetic determinants for this trait facilitates targeted selection of promising forms based on diagnostic DNA markers. The purpose of this study was to study the allelic diversity of the FanAAMT fruit flavor gene in wild strawberry species and strawberry cultivars for identification of promising genotypes.Materials and methods. The objects of this study were wild species of Fragaria L. as well as F. × anaschata Kantor. and F. × ananassa Duch. cultivars of different ecogeographic origin. The FanAAMT gene was identified with the dominant marker FanAAMT.Results and conclusion. In the analyzed collection of strawberry genotypes, the FanAAMT gene was identified in 36.4% of the forms, including the wild species F. vesca L., F. moschata Duch. and F. virginiana subsp. platypetala (Rydb.) Staudt, and cv. ‘Kupchikha’ (F. × anaschata). Among the analyzed F. × ananassa cultivars, the FanAAMT gene was found in 31.6% of the tested forms, specifically in 27.3% of the 22 Russian cultivars, and 37.5% of the analyzed foreign ones. Promising sources of high methyl anthranilate content in fruits were identified: wild spp. F. moschata, F. vesca, and F. virginiana subsp. platypetala; cv. ‘Kupchikha’ (F. × anaschata); Russian garden strawberry cvs. ‘Bylinnaya’, ‘Zenit’, ‘Lastochka’, ‘Neznakomka’, ‘Feyerverk’ and ‘Tsarskoselskaya’; and foreign garden strawberry cvs. ‘Karmen’, ‘Ostara’, ‘Samson’, ‘Symphony’, ‘Troubadour’ and ‘Vima Tarda’, in which the functional allele of the FanAAMT gene was found. In the remaining studied strawberry genotypes the marker FanAAMT was not detected, which presumably indicates that the FanAAMT gene is absent. cells (R9.4.1).

Determination of Pesticide Residues in Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) from Upper Punjab Districts of Pakistan

Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) is grown from mid-October to the end of April in Lahore, Sheikhupura, Sialkot and Gujranwala Districts of the Punjab. A huge amounts of pesticides especially fungicides are sprayed on it indiscriminately to protect it from different diseases and fungal attacks. Present experiment was planned for determination of pesticide residues in strawberry. For this purpose, 40 samples of strawberry were collected from Sheikhupura, Lahore, Sialkot, and Gujranwala districts of Punjab, Pakistan for determination of residues of Malathion, Chlorpyrifos, Profenofos, Atrazine, Carbofuron, Tricyclazole, Difenoconazole, Azoxystrobin, Tebuconazole and Cypermethrin in strawberry. The accuracy, precision, specificity, linearity, limit of detection and quantification were measured. The recovery ranged from 89.3 % to 108% with RSD ranging from 1.66 % to 14.2 %. The linearity showed reliable range (0.995–0.999). The limit of detection ranged from 0.006 to 0.04 μg g-1. Data showed that all the samples contain multi-residues of different pesticides. Among these 40 samples pesticide residues were most often found. All the samples contained multiresidues of different pesticides. The percentage of samples having pesticides residues are , Carbofuron (50 %), Malathion (37.50 %), Profenofos (32.50 %), Chlorpyrifos(25 %), Cypermethrin (20 %), Difenoconazole in (47.50 %), Tricyclazol in ( 52.50 %), Tebuconazole in (50.00 %), and Azoxystrobin in (20 %) of the samples analyzed.

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ДИУРЕТИЧЕСКОЙ И ПРОТИВОВОСПАЛИТЕЛЬНОЙ АКТИВНОСТИ НАСТОЯ И ЭКСТРАКТА СУХОГО ЛИСТЬЕВ ЗЕМЛЯНИКИ САДОВОЙ

The search for new sources of medicinal plant raw materials for the production of drugs is one of the urgent tasks of modern pharmacy. The expansion of the range of medicinal plant raw materials is possible, first of all, due to the types systematically close to the official ones. In medical practice, wild strawberry leaves are used. Wild strawberry leaves are used in medicine as a diuretic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, choleretic, hypoglycemic, antipyretic, hypolipidemic, antimicrobial and appetite-enhancing agent. Earlier studies of strawberry leaves have shown that they have a rich chemical composition and are widely cultivated in Russia, being an affordable source for mass procurement of raw materials, and are not used in scientific medicine. At the same time, in folk medicine, strawberry garden leaves are used similarly, and sometimes instead of wild strawberries. The proximity of the composition of biologically active substances of wild strawberries and garden strawberries. To expand the modern nomenclature of medicines, studies on the comparative study of the toxicity and pharmacological activity of infusions and extraction forms from medicinal plant raw materials of strawberry leaves are relevant. In this regard, the study of the toxicity, diuretic and anti-inflammatory activity of the infusion of garden strawberry leaves and the extract of dry strawberry leaves is of practical interest for the formation of a scientific justification for their use in medical practice.

Yield and quality of strawberries when applying fertilizers

Relevance. One of the most important elements of the technology of cultivation of strawberries for increasing productivity and improving the quality of berries is the use of fertilizers that can regulate the growth, development, yield and quality of products.Methods. During 2016-2018, the impact of pre-planting application of complex mineral fertilizers on the yield and quality of strawberries in the Udmurt Republic was studied. The analysis of meteorological conditions during the growing season of the crop according to the research results is carried out.Results. The results of the use of complex fertilizers Azofoska, Perm-yagodnoye and Fusco-yagodnoye on garden strawberries when grown in the conditions of the Udmurt Republic are presented. It was found that the use of these fertilizers in comparison with the control (Azofoska) contributes to an increase in yield and has a positive effect on the quality of berries. The aftereffect of the studied fertilizers on the second and third year of fruiting of wild strawberries is noted. According to the results of research, the highest yield of berries of the garden strawberry was obtained in 2016 in the first year of fruiting when applying Chamfer-berry (1.33 kg/m2 ). The pre-planting application of the FaskoYagodnoye fertilizer provided a reliable increase in yield at all times of berry harvesting, and on average for three years by 0.13 kg/m2 with an NSR of 0.04 kg/m2 . The content of dry matter, water-soluble sugars and vitamin C in the berries corresponded to the characteristics of the Darenka variety and to a greater extent depended on the meteorological conditions of the growing season of strawberries.

An Overview of Antioxidant and Pharmacological Potential of Common Fruits

Current study was performed to evaluate the antioxidant and pharmacological potential of numerous common fruits. Prunus Domestica (Prunes) are excellent sources of dietary antioxidants and cause lowering of LDL cholesterol plasma level. Strawberries (Fragaria Ananassa) have ascorbic acid content (5-50 mg/100 g of fresh weight) and are effective in in oral cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Citrus fruits (Citrus limon) are rich in flavonoids (naringin and hesperidin), polyphenols and vitamin C; the extracts of citrus peels are effective against food borne bacteria. Lime oil from Citrus aurantifolia has been used as a component of skin care products and to impart tase and flavor in food industry. Grapes (Vitis Vinifera) are rich in phenolic compounds and are active against cancer, cholera, smallpox, nausea, eye infections and skin/kidney/liver diseases. Blackberry (Rubus ulmifolius) contains polyphenol ingredients and possesses neuroprotection potential against age-related diseases. Different parts of Jamun or Java Plum (Syzygium Cumini) demonstrate excellent antioxidant and antimicrobial potential and used as a remedy for diabetes mellitus, leucorrhea, fever, constipation and gastropathy. Ziziphus mauritiana (Ber) consists of cyclopeptide alkaloid, lupine and ceanathone triterpenes; it displays sedatives, analgesic, antibacterial and excellent antioxidant potential. Vaccinium oxycoccus (cranberries) has 10mg/100g of ascorbic acid content; its extract can prevent urinary tract infections.

Estimation of irrigation water requirement of strawberry crop under polyhouse and shadenet house conditions

Strawberry is a commercial crop with high added value, which was extended to new cultivation zones of India.Therefore, it is important to know the suitability of climate condition for growing strawberry in Indian condition. Protected cultivation structures are used to cultivate crops under partial controlled climatic condition to get higher yield and better quality harvest. There are different kinds of protected cultivation structure normally adopted in India such as greenhouse, shadenet house and low tunnels. Exact of amount water and nutrients required to applied to get higher yield through minimizing loss of quality. The objective of the study is to assess the effect of protected cultivation structure on ambient temperature, relative humidity and crop water requirement of strawberry with drip irrigation system grown during winter season (November-February). Reference evapotranspiration was calculated using the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith equation considering the locally recorded weather parameters. Monthly average of daily reference evapotranspiration values are ranging between 1.3 to 3.3 mm day-1, 1.4 to 3.7 mm day-1 and 2.0 to 4.9 mm day-1 for polyhouse, shadenet house and open field, respectively. The total water requirement of drip irrigated straw berry in protected cultivation structure is reduced by about 35.2 % under polyhouse and 25.5 % under shade net house in comparison to open field cultivation.

Secondary product from strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) fruit for extended preservation and value addition.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-021-05171-9.

App for smartphone for detecting fungus diseases of plant leaves

The symptoms and biophysical processes occurring in garden strawberry plants when they are affected by the dominant type of disease (up to 80%) caused by pathogenic fungi have been described. The ineffectiveness of the visual assessment of the degree of damage to strawberry diseases by a conventional 5-point scale or as a percentage of the leaf plate area affected by fungi, with the involvement of qualified specialists, has been shown. To create diagnostic tools that allow early detection of fungal diseases of garden strawberries, one of the methods of computer vision was proposed by counting image pixels in the space of color channels of red, green and blue (R, G, B), which makes it possible to determine the degree of fungal diseases affecting an individual plant leaf. The algorithm includes capturing an image with a digital camera by focusing on a plant leaf placed on a substrate with a uniform background providing a contrasting selection of the object; converting a color image to black and white; dividing the image between areas with necrotic spots and healthy areas of the plant leaf by masking and removing pixels; counting the number of pixels in these two areas and calculating their ratio. Information about a computer software for determining the degree of damage to a strawberry leaf by garden fungal diseases has been given. Java programming language (operating system Android Studio 3.4.1) was used as a language for the development of the logical part of the information system. In order to build a graphical interface, the software facilitating the development and integration of various modules of the LibGDX software project was used. The proposed algorithm is implemented for a personal computer and can be installed on a smartphone in the form of a software application, with the help of which any agricultural producer can carry out early diagnosis of fungal plant diseases.

Terpenoid and lipid profiles vary in different Phytophthora cactorum – strawberry interactions

Specialized metabolites are essential components in plant defence systems, serving as signalling molecules and chemical weapons against pathogens. The manipulation of plant defence metabolome or metabolites can thus be an important virulence strategy for pathogens. Because of their central role, metabolites can give valuable insights into plant-pathogen interactions. Here, we have conducted nontargeted metabolite profiling with UPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS to investigate the metabolic changes that have taken place in the crown tissue of Fragaria vesca L. (woodland strawberry) and Fragaria × ananassa (Weston) Duchesne ex Rozier (garden strawberry) during 48 h after Phytophthora cactorum challenge. Two P. cactorum isolates were compared: Pc407 is highly virulent to F. × ananassa and causes crown rot, whereas Pc440 is mildly virulent. In total, 45 metabolites differentially accumulated between the treatment groups were tentatively identified. Triterpenoids and various lipid compounds were highly represented. The levels of several triterpenoids increased upon inoculation, some of them showing distinct accumulation patterns in different interactions. Triterpenoids could either inhibit or stimulate P. cactorum growth and, therefore, triterpenoid profiles might have significant impact on disease progression. Of the lipid compounds, lysophospholipids, linoleic acid and linolenic acid were highly accumulated in the most compatible Pc407 - F. × ananassa interaction. As lysophospholipids promote cell death and have been linked to susceptibility, these compounds might be involved in the pathogenesis of crown rot disease. This metabolite analysis revealed potential factors contributing to the outcome of P. cactorum – strawberry interactions. The information is highly valuable, as it can help to find new breeding strategies and new solutions to control P. cactorum in strawberry.