Wheat Straw Yield Research Articles

Yield, Nutrient Content and Uptake by Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L) as Influenced by FYM and Sources of Irrigation Water

The multilocation trials were conducted on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with farmyard manure (FYM) and sources of irrigation water at farmers’ fields in Sami and Harij talukas of Patan district, North Gujarat Agro-climate Zone of Gujarat during four successive rabi season of 2014-15, 2015-16, 2016-17 and 2017-18. The experiment consisted of two levels of FYM (0 and 10 t FYM ha-1) and three sources of irrigation water viz., sole tube well water, sole canal water and substitute irrigation of tube well and canal water. The trial was arranged in factorial randomized block design with four replications. The results revealed that application of FYM and source of irrigation had a noteworthy consequence on grain and straw yield of wheat on pooled basis. The treatment 10 t FYM ha-1 and alternate application of tube well and canal water resulted in higher grain and straw yield, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content and uptake by wheat.

Comparative Efficacy of Weed Management Practices on Grain and Straw Yields of Wheat

Wheat is central to Afghanistan's food security. It accounts for 76 percent of the annual grain cereal harvest and 57 percent of the country's total food crop production. Several factors, such as low-yielding varieties, low soil fertility, low-quality agrochemicals, widespread pest and disease infestations, and widespread distribution of weeds, are the leading causes of low wheat productivity in the country. The current study was conducted at the Student Research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture at Kabul University to determine the overall effects of weeds on wheat grain and straw yields and to evaluate and compare different weed management practices in the wheat field. After applying the weed management practices, among the treatments, T1, T3, and T4 showed only 8.3, 5, and 2.3 percent weed populations, respectively, compared to the untreated control. Regarding grain and straw yields, mechanical control (hand weeding) ranked first with a grain yield of 4,867 kg/ha, followed by T1 (4,580 kg/ha), T3 (4,513 kg/ha), T2 (4,133 kg/ha), and T5 (3,416 kg/ha), respectively. The difference in straw yield among the treatments was not significant; however, mechanical control ranked first (7,103 kg/ha), followed by T1 (6,783 kg/ha), T3 (6,700 kg/ha), T2 (6,207 kg/ha), and T5 (5,280 kg/ha), respectively. The study findings concluded that by eliminating weeds, wheat grain and straw yields could be increased by an average of 30 and 26 percent, respectively. As broad-leaved weeds are widely distributed in the wheat fields, applying relative herbicides such as 2,4-D is more effective and recommended for all cultivation methods.

Performance of Late Sown Wheat Varieties to Various Tillage Practices

The present investigation was conducted to the response of tillage practices on growth and yield of different wheat varieties under late sown condition in rabi season of 2019-20 at Research farm of College of Agriculture, Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda. The experiment was laid out in Split plot Design with three replications. Tillage methods were taken in main plot (Zero tillage and conventional tillage) and five varieties (HI1863, HI 1544, Shriram bioseed 2001, Raj 4120 and K 1317) were taken in sub plots. Results revealed that adoption of zero tillage has recorded maximum emergence count, plant height, dry matter accumulation, tillers/m2, root length CGR, and RGR, as compared to conventional method of crop establishment. The 10.38 per cent grain yield advantage was recorded with zero till wheat as compared to conventional method. Similarly, 8.2 per cent advantage was recorded in straw yield of wheat as compared to conventional sown wheat. Similar to this, wheat variety K 1317 was produced maximum growth attributing characters along with higher yield and b: c ratio.

TILLAGE PRACTICES AFFECT THE WATER CONSERVATION BENEFITS OF RAINWATER HARVESTING IN SEMI-ARID CONDITIONS

Livelihood in the Pothwar region of Pakistan is largely dependent on rainwater. Therefore, storing and conserving rainwater for its subsequent use when required is crucial. Amongst various means of in-field moisture conservation, tillage practices play a dynamic role, especially in loose soils of Pothwar area. Under this study, the efficiency of commonly used tillage implements i.e., mould board (MB) plough, disc plough and cultivator, was evaluated for moisture conservation and improvement in wheat (Triticum aestivum L) yield. The three years’ study showed that maximum soil moisture and grain yield were obtained in the field tilled with MB plough followed by disc plough. It has been observed that soil water was improved by 11.3, 10.6, 9.9 and 11.5 % in the treatment of MB plough, while this increase was recorded as 5.7, 9.0, 5.2 and 6.8 % in disc plough as compared to cultivator at sowing, 02 months & 04 months after sowing and harvesting stage, respectively. In the treatment of MB plough, improvements were observed as a wheat grain yield 16%, wheat straw yield 19%, productive tillers 6% and plant height by 2%. Furthermore, MB plough enhanced its productivity and profitability with the highest benefit-cost ratio of 1.83. The role of disc plough in soil water conservation and crop productivity enhancement was observed less than MB plough. The current study observed that use of MB plough is beneficial in soil water conservation and improvement of crop yield.

Potassium Fertilization and Application Time for Wheat Yield Improvement in Cambisols of Enderta Districts, South Eastern, Tigray

Recently the government of Ethiopia has introduced potassium as fertilizer through the introduction of various K containing blended fertilizers. However, the optimum application rate and time of application on specific crop and soil type has not been studied yet. So, a field experiment was conducted to determine the optimum rate of potassium and its application time for wheat yield and yield components in Cambisols of Enderta district South Eastern zone of Tigray. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with 4 levels of potassium (0, 40, 60 and 80 of K2O kg/ha) with and without split application including control in three replications. Results depicted that except harvest index all the yield and yield components of wheat were influenced by potassium fertilization. Moreover, split application of K significantly affected the yield and yield components of wheat as compared to single application of full dose of K. In line with this, the highest grain and straw yields of wheat were obtained at 80 kg/ha K2O levels and statistically similar with the split application levels of 40 and 60 kg/ha K2O. This implies that the 40 kg/ha K2O at split application is economically feasible (optimum) level of K for wheat production in the Cambisols of the area studied. The highest agronomic efficiency and partial factor productivity were also obtained at the level of 40 kg/ha K2O in split forms. Hence, potassium fertilization is important and should be applied in split methods rather than at full single dose at planting for increasing wheat yield and improving agronomic efficiency and partial factor productivity in the Cambisols of Enderta districts.

Optimum Yaramila (N23P10S5) Blend Formulation and Its Fertilization for Growth and Yield of Wheat in Enderta District, South Eastern Tigray

Fertilizer use in Ethiopia has focused mainly on the application of nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizers in the form of di-ammonium phosphate and urea for almost all cultivated crops for the last several years. Such unbalanced application of plant nutrients may aggravate the depletion of other important nutrient elements in soils such as S and micro-nutrients. Present study was conducted in Tigray region Enderta district with the objective of evaluating Yaramila (23-10-5, N: P2O5: S) and its rate on yield of wheat crop. In this trial five treatments were included and it was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The results indicated that biomass, grain, and straw yields of wheat responded to the additional yaramila levels. But, these levels did not beat recommended NP and the maximum grain yield was obtained at the recommended NP. The yaramila@200kg/ha level has almost equal levels of N and P with the recommended NP and additional sulfur levels but the yield and yield components of wheat were not significantly higher than recommended NP even with additional NP adjusted. This implies that either the sulfur or the formulation of blending decreased nitrogen and phosphorus efficiency. Hence, nitrogen and phosphorus are the yield limiting nutrients rather than sulfur for wheat. Moreover, Yaramila blended based on this formulation as source of sulfur is not a suitable fertilizer for wheat growth in the study. So, other alternative sources of sulfur rather than yaramila should be used for wheat production.

Long term conservation agriculture impact on soil nitrogen fractions and wheat (Triticum aestivum) yield in subtropical Inceptisol

The present study was carried out at ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi over two consecutive years (2020 and 2021) to evaluate the influence of conservation agriculture (CA) and nitrogen management strategies on wheat yield in an intensified maize (Zea mays L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) cropping system. Results indicated that grain and straw yields of wheat in CA plots were higher, reaching 4829 and 7231 kg/ha, respectively. However, these yields were statistically comparable to those obtained from conventionally tilled plots (4502 and 6611 kg/ha, respectively). Significantly higher wheat grain and straw yields were observed in plots receiving nitrogen fertilizer. Interestingly, the harvest index remained unaffected by both tillage practices and nitrogen management strategies. After two seasons of wheat cultivation, CA plots had significantly higher soil nitrogen fractions, including mineral, alkali-permanganate, potentially mineralizable, microbial biomass N and total nitrogen, compared to conventionally tilled plots. Moreover, all nitrogen-receiving treatments demonstrated significantly higher nitrogen fractions at both soil depths (0–5 and 5–15 cm) compared to the control. Notably, plots treated with urea super granules exhibited superior results in enhancing plant-available nitrogen. In conclusion, this study underscores the importance of CA and various nitrogen management strategies for increasing wheat crop yield and promoting plant-available nitrogen fractions in the soil. These findings providevaluable insights for farmers and researchers looking for sustainable and efficient agricultural practices to optimize wheat production and soil health.

Aggregate-Associated Carbon Fractions Under Forty-Eight Years of Fertilization in North-Western Himalayas

ABSTRACT The present investigation was carried out in an on-going long-term fertilizer experiment, initiated during 1972 at experimental farm of Department of Soil Science, CSK HPKV Palampur, to study the long-term effect of fertilizers and amendments on soil aggregate stability and carbon dynamics in an acid Alfisol under maize-wheat cropping system. The experiment comprised of eleven treatments. The soil of the experimental site was silt loam and classified taxonomically as “Typic Hapludalf” (subgroup). Soil samples were collected from surface (0–0.15 m) layer after the harvest of wheat (rabi, 2019–2020) and were analyzed for different aggerate size and their carbon fractions. The addition of FYM enhanced the macroaggregates (>0.25 mm) as compared to microaggregates (<0.25 mm). Incorporation of FYM alone or in combination with chemical fertilizers enhanced the accumulation of different C pools in all aggregate fractions over unfertilized control. Among the macroaggregates, 1–0.5 mm fraction had higher total organic carbon (TOC), organic carbon (OC), labile carbon (LC) and non-labile carbon (NLC) as compared to microaggregates. Aggregate-associated carbon is less susceptible to physical, microbiological, and enzymatic degradation, and is a potential carbon reservoir that is protected from mineralization. Addition of FYM along with 100% NPK recorded highest SOC stocks, SOC sequestration rate and highest carbon buildup. Different aggregate fractions of TOC, OC, LC and NLC were found to be positively and significantly correlated with available N, P and K and negatively and significantly correlated with bulk density whereas, positively and non-significantly correlated with soil pH and electrical conductivity. Different aggregate fractions of TOC, OC, LC and NLC were positively and significantly correlated with grain and straw yield of wheat.

Effect of Different Levels of Chromium With and Without Organic Sources on the Availability of Primary Nutrients and Yield of Wheat

A pot experiment (2020-21) was conducted with different levels of -1 chromium (0, 10,20,30,40,50 mg kg ) with and without FYM or vermicompost (25g/10 kg soil) in completely factorial redomised block design in net house of the Department of Soil Science &amp; Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. The experiment was conducted in factorial completely randomized design (FCRD). Maximum plant height was recorded in Cr0+VC (21.6 cm) followed by Cr0+FYM (19.8 cm)at 30 DAS. The increasing chromium concentration decrease the chlorophyll content in all the treatments Highest grain and straw yields of wheat were associated with Cr0+VC treatment, highest available N, P, K was recorded with Cr20+VC, Cr30+VC and Cr10+VC respectively.

Soil type and integrated nitrogen nutrient-rice straw residue management techniques affect soil microbes, enzyme activities and yield of wheat crop

Sporadic burning of rice straw and the particulate air pollution caused consequently have created a pressing need for identification of practical environmentally sound in situ rice residue management methods. However, the agronomic interventions associated with the agri-inputs particularly the type of nitrogen fertilizer source must be worked out for these interventions. In a two-year field study performed at two different locations representing sandy loam and clay loam soil types, zero tillage with application of nitrophosphate (applied as basal dose through drilling) in combination with urea (applied at 1st irrigation + 3 foliar sprays of urea at weekly interval) significantly enhanced the grain and straw yield of wheat. The soil microbial viable cell counts and dehydrogenase and urease enzyme activities were also recorded to be highest in this treatment indicating the occurrence of higher living microbial population. The treatment × response variable Principle component analysis (PCA) biplot depicted relative variation among the residue management treatments/Nitrogen fertilizer sub-treatments and the enzyme activities as response variables. A variation in the soil organic content components was recognized through Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FT-IRS) studies. Irrespective of the soil types under study, the FT-IR spectra exhibited presence of the aromatic carbon functional groups in residue incorporated treatments as compared to the no residue incorporation treatment.

Phosphate Rich Organic Manure (PROM) – A novel organic fertilizer

A field experiment was conducted at School of Agricultural Sciences, Udaipur, during 2019–2021 to study the outcome of phosphorous rich organic manure in groundnut and wheat during rainy (kharif) and winter (rabi) cropping season on clay loamy soil. Four concentrations of phosphorous rich organic manure, viz. 1, 2 (optimal dose), 3, 4, and 5 kg/ha in addition to the optimum dose of nitrogen and potassium were applied in five replicates. Phosphorous rich organic manure treated and control field (without fertilizer) were considered for comparative study. Appreciably higher yield was observed for groundnut under treatment 3, 4, and 5 over control in all the five replicates. The residual effect of phosphorous rich organic manure was observed in the subsequent wheat crop, as evident with higher phosphorous uptake in comparison to the control field. All the phosphorous rich organic manure treated fields produced noticeably higher grain, tiller number, spike length and straw yield of wheat in comparison to the control field. Therefore, phosphorous rich organic manure has been a proven alternative source of organic phosphorous fertilizer in comparison to other chemical based fertilizers that has several harmful effects on soil, environment, and water resources and also to the plant itself. Hence, time has come to replace chemical based phosphorous fertilizers with organic phosphorous fertilizer which is eco-friendly with low cost fertilization and having residual effect on the subsequent crops as well.

Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Nutritional Quality, Uptake and Yield of Wheat in Vertisol

The present investigation was carried out during rabi season of 2021-22. at Agricultural Botany research farm, College of Agriculture, Nagpur. The treatment tested were T1-GM*+100 % RDF, T2-Ghanajivamrut 5 t ha-1 at incorporation of GM* + 50 % RD of NP through inorganic fertilizers + Jivamrut + Azophos, T3- Vermicompost 5 t ha-1 at incorporation of GM* + 50 % RD of NP through inorganic fertilizers + Jivamrut + Azophos, T4-Neem cake 2 t ha-1 at incorporation of GM* + 50 % RD of NP through inorganic fertilizers + Jivamrut + Azophos, T5-Ghanajivamrut 5 t ha-1 at incorporation of GM*, T6- Vermicompost 5 t ha-1 at incorporation of GM* + Jivamrut + Azophos and T7- Neem cake 2 t ha-1 at incorporation of GM* + Jivamrut + Azophos. The result showed that the grain yield of wheat varied from 21.03 to 31.36 q ha-1 and straw yield of wheat from 27.45 to 41.10 q ha-1 It was noted the N uptake varied from 48.40 to 78.84 kg ha-1, P from 10.38 to 20.52 kg ha-1 and K from 48.80 to 77.82 kg ha-1. The protein content in wheat varied from 10.93 to 11.81 per cent, carbohydrate, crude fibre and calcium in wheat grain varied from 70.82 to 71.92, 2.56 to 2.63 and 0.40 to 0.48 pe cent, respectively. The methionine, cysteine and lysine content in wheat varied from 1.36 to 1.45, 1.41 to 1.47 and 2.42 to 2.53 g / 16 g N. The application of Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 at incorporation of GM* + 50 % RD of NP through inorganic fertilizers + Jivamrut + Azophos was found most suitable treatment in respect of crop yield, uptake of nutrient and quality of wheat.

Influence of Long-term Application of Fertilizers and Manure on Growth, Yield Attributes and Yield of Wheat

A fertilizer experiment was conducted on wheat (GW 366) during Rabi session 2020-21 and 2021-22 under all India Coordinative Research Project on Long Term Fertilizer Experiment at College of Agriculture, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, to study the effect of long-term application of fertilizers and manure on growth, yield attributes and yield of wheat. Eight treatments comprised of T1 (50% NPK), T2 (100% NPK), T3 (150% NPK), T4 (100% NP), T5 (100% N), T6 (100% NPK + FYM), T7 (100% NPK - S) and T8 (Control) were replicated four times in a randomized block design. The application of 50% NPK, 100% NPK and 150% NPK successively and significantly increased plant height, number of tillers plant-1, number of effective tillers plant-1, number of grains spike-1 and grain yield. While the test weight and straw yield at 150% NPK was found significantly superior to 50% NPK but it was found at par with 100% NPK in both the cases. The application of 100% NPK was found significant over 100% NPK - S for grain yield. The application of 100% NPK + FYM significantly increased the plant height, number of tillers plant-1, number of effective tillers plant-1, number of grains spike-1, test weight, grain and straw yield over 100% NPK, 100% NPK - S, 100% NP and 100% N, but it was found at par with 150% NPK for all the growth and yield attributes. Growth and yield attributes were found significantly and positively correlated with grain and straw yield of wheat.

The impact of long-term manure and balanced fertilisation on yield and yield attributes of groundnut, wheat and sorghum on Vertic haplustepts under groundnut-wheat-sorghum cropping system

The study has been carried out for showing of yields and yield attributes in a groundnut-wheat-sorghum (fodder) cropping system under a permanent plot experiment (2000-2020) in medium black calcareous soil at the Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh. There were six treatments, viz., T1: control, T2: FYM @ 25 t/ha, T3: ½ NP, T4: ½ NP + K, T5: NP and T6: NP + K. The recommended fertilizer doses for groundnut, wheat and sorghum are 12.5-25-50, 120-60-60 and 80-40-00, respectively. The pooled results of groundnut yield indicated that the half dose of N and P recommended for the respective crops under irrigated condition but with K (T3) increased pod and haulm yield in first 10 years, while, with increasing level of fertilizer application (T6: Full dose of N and P recommended for the respective crops under irrigated condition but with K) increased pod and haulm yield of groundnut in next 10 years. However, increasing level of fertilizer application significantly increased grain and straw yield of wheat and fodder yield of sorghum in groundnut-wheat-sorghum cropping system in medium black calcareous soil of PPE over 20 years, whereas maximum value was found under the treatment of full dose of N and P recommended for the respective crops under irrigated condition but with K (T6). The result revealed that application of inorganic fertilizer improved soil fertility and produces a maximum yield of groundnut, wheat and sorghum in groundnut-wheat-sorghum cropping system.

Evaluation of differnt sowing methods for enhancing productivity and water use efficiency of wheat under limited water condition

Drought is a serious threat for food security worldwide. Wheat is most popular staple crop of world severely affected by drought at water sensitive crop growth stages. Selection of appropriate sowing method is very important for improving water use efficiency. A field trial was conducted in winter season of 2018-19 to investigate the impact of different sowing methods on water use efficiency of spring wheat exposed to water deficit at anthesis. Wheat was sown with three different sowing methods viz. broadcast sowing, drill sowing and augmented furrow sowing and two different irrigation regimes i.e. normal irrigation and water deficit at anthesis stage. All agronomic practices were kept uniform throughout the experiment. Different sowing methods and irrigation regimes significantly affected grain and straw yield of wheat. Among different sowing methods, wheat crop sown with augmented furrow method produced maximum plant height (111 cm), no. of tillers per m2 (427), 1000 grain weight (37.93 g), grain yield (4.73 t ha-1) and straw yield (4.24 t ha-1). Maximum irrigation water use efficiency (17.72 kg ha-1 mm-1) and benefit cost ratio (1.34) was recorded in augmented furrow method of sowing of wheat exposed to water deficit at anthesis stage.

Improving and Sustaining some Soil Properties by Application of some Soil Amendments and N- Fertilizer and its Effect on Productivity of Wheat and Rice Crops under Salt-Affected Soils

Two field experiments were conducted at El-Hamoul, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, Egypt, over two seasons, winter 2020/2021 and summer 2021, to improve and sustain some soil properties and productivity both of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) by adding phosphogypsum (PG), vermicompost (VC), and different rates of nitrogen fertilizers to salt-affected soils. Split plot design was used to arrange the experimental designs. Soil amendments were used in the main plots: T1: Control, T2: PG (10.39Mg ha-1)equivalent to 100% gypsum requirement (GR), (Mg = 1000kg), T3:VC(10Mg ha-1)and T4: PG (10.39Mg ha-1)+ VC (5Mg.ha-1). The N-fertilization subplots were N1: 50%, N2: 75% and N3: 100% of the N-recommended dose. The obtained results revealed that soil amendments significantly (P ≤ 0.01) reduced electrical conductivity (ECe, dSm-1), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP, %), soil bulk density (kg m3), and soil penetration resistances (Mpa), while PG + VC treatment had the lowest values afterharvesting both of wheat and rice. In addition, the combination treatment (PG + VC) showed significantly increased for cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil porosity (%), and soil basic infiltration rate (IR, cm h-1) after harvesting both of wheat and rice. 1000-grain weight, grain, and straw yield of wheat and rice were highly significantly increased by application of PG , VC and increased up to 100% from N recommended and they attained the highest values due to the interaction of 100%PG + 50%VC + 100% N, which may be suggested to be applied under this circumstance.

Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, BAU, Ranchi, Jharkhand-834006

The study was conducted under long term fertilizer experiment (LTFE) to assess the impact of nutrient management practices on biological health of acid soils under soybean-wheat cropping system at Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand. Ten treatments were evaluated in randomized block design with three replications. The integrated nutrient management involving the use of organic manure together with inorganic fertilization exerted a significant positive effect on soil microbial biomass carbon, CO2 evolution, dehydrogenase activity (DHA), urease and microbial population. Similarly, use of lime along with NPK also showed improvement in enzymatic activities, soil microbial biomass carbon, and CO2 evolution compared to 100% NPK and control. The microbiological properties were drastically reduced in 100% N only treatment. Application of 100% NPK was found to superior over 100% NP, 100% N and 50% NPK and 100% N(S)PK while the same was significantly at par with 150% NPK. The effect between weedicide applied and hand weeded treatments was also statistically at par for the grain and straw yield of wheat as well as for the biological properties of the soil. Long term application of FYM/lime with NPK significantly increased the mean grain and straw yield of wheat over the years (1972-2019) compared to only inorganic fertilization and control. Overall, continuous application of FYM or lime along with 100% NPK improved the soil biological health and increased the crop yield in acid soil under wheat based cropping system.

Influence of Different Levels and Methods of N P K Fertilizer Application on the Growth and Production of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Arid Region of Rajasthan

A field experiment was conducted at Instructional Farm, Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner during rabi season of 2019-20 to find out the Influence of different levels and methods of N P K fertilizer application on the growth and production of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Arid Region of Rajasthan. The experiment was laid out with 20 treatment combinations comprising in a split plot design and replicated three times. The treatment consisted of four fertility levels in main plot, viz. F0 - control, F1 - 50% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), F2 - 75% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), F3 - 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) and five foliar fertilization with soluble N P K in the sub plot viz. S0- control (no spray), S1- one spray (60 DAS), S2- two spray (45 &amp; 60 DAS), S3- three spray (45, 60 &amp; 75 DAS), S4- four spray (45, 60, 75 &amp; 90 DAS). The results revealed that 100% recommended dose of fertilizer resulted in significantly higher growth and yield attributes as well as grain and straw yield over all other fertility levels. Application of 100% RDF recorded significantly maximum gross and net profit (₹ 108568 ha-1 and ₹ 76682 ha-1) with B:C ratio of 2.40 over the other applied treatments. Similarly, three foliar spray of soluble N: P: K recorded maximum growth and yield attributes as well as grain and straw yield of wheat over rest of treatments but remained statistically at par with four foliar spray. The same treatment also recorded significantly higher gross &amp; net returns (₹ 98116 ha-1 and ₹ 67326 ha-1, respectively) with B: C ratio of 2.16 in comparison to rest levels of foliar fertilization except four foliar spray of soluble N: P: K.

Antagonistic effect of copper and zinc in fertilization of spring wheat under low soil phosphorus conditions

Sound micronutrient management requires an understanding of nutrient interactions and transformation processes in soil–plant systems which can regulate bioavailability and plant uptake. A series of studies were conducted under controlled environment and field conditions to evaluate wheat response to Cu and Zn fertilization on P-deficient soils from western Canada. The grain and straw yields of wheat were reduced in two (Waskada and Tisdale) of three soils used in the controlled environment study, while yield was not affected at the Echo field site in 2016 when both Cu and Zn sulfate fertilizer were applied at 5 kg·ha–1 rates. Zinc concentration in soil and plant tissues was increased to apparent toxic levels with fertilizer addition in Waskada soils. An imbalance in tissue P:Zn concentration related to micronutrient fertilization was observed in Waskada and Tisdale soils. The availability of Cu and Zn in post-harvest soils was increased with increasing rate of these fertilizers' addition. Chemical and spectroscopic speciation using sequential extraction and X-ray absorption near edge structure, respectively, revealed that Cu and Zn were mostly speciated as carbonate phases, and complexation of these elements with carbonate and phyllosilicate minerals is likely the process controlling bioavailability in the soils.

Interaction Effect of Organic Manures and Alkali Water on Yield of Wheat

Field experiment were carried out to investigate “Interactive effect of organic manures and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) water on yield of wheat” in rabi season (November-April) 2019-20 and 2020-21 in the Field of Agronomy, SKN Agricultural University, Jobner, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India using Split Plot Design. The treatment consists three levels of alkali water (2, 6,10 RSC mmol L-1), three organic manures (Control, FYM @15 t ha-1 and vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1) in main plot and four levels of iron (Control, 50 kg, 100 kg and 150 kg FeSO4.7H2O ha-1) in sub plot were tested with three replications. Result showed that the irrigation with 10 mmol L-1 residual sodium carbonate (RSC) water significantly decreased grain (26.02 q ha-1) and straw yield (38.15 q ha-1) of wheat in comparison to lower levels of RSC in water in wheat crop. Application of organic manures significantly increased grain yield of wheat during both the years and in pooled analysis. The highest grain (34.06 q ha-1) and straw yield (51.60 q ha-1) were obtained under vermicompost application and the effect of vermicompost (M2) and FYM (M1) application remained statistically at par with each other Interactive effect of RSC water and organic manure application on grain and straw yields of wheat was found significant and maximum being with W2 (2 mmol L-1 RSC), M2 (vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1) treatment combination indicating the magnitude of reduction in yields (grain and straw) being less with vermicompost and FYM at all the levels of RSC water.