Straw Gasification Research Articles

Chemical looping gasification of biomass with Fe2O3/CaO as the oxygen carrier for hydrogen-enriched syngas production

Biomass-derived chemical looping gasification is a novel technology to convert biomass into renewable hydrogen-enriched syngas. In this study, bimetallic Fe-Ca oxides were synthesized to be used as oxygen carriers to promote the hydrogen production from the chemical looping gasification of rice straw. The effects of Fe/Ca ratio, temperature together with the cyclic performance of oxygen carrier were studies in terms of produced syngas distribution, solid structure evolution and the durability of oxygen carrier. Results found that two types of calcium ferrites (Ca2Fe2O5 and CaFe2O4) were formed with different Fe/Ca ratios, and Fe and Ca were uniformly distributed within oxygen carriers by wet impregnation method. Compared with pyrolysis or steam gasification, the hydrogen production was largely promoted during the steam chemical looping gasification process due to the iron re-oxidation by steam. When the ratio of Fe:Ca was1:1, the formed oxygen carrier (Ca2Fe2O5) produced the highest hydrogen yield (23.07 mmol/g biomass) at 800 °C, which benefited from one step reduction and oxidation properties of Ca2Fe2O5. A temperature of no less than 800 °C was needed for the completed redox of Ca2Fe2O5 during chemical looping gasification with steam. The cyclic stability test for Ca2Fe2O5 showed that the continuously accumulated Si from biomass ash would destroy the bimetallic Fe-Ca structure to generate CaSiO3 and Fe2O3 after 3 times of cycle, and this led to the decreased hydrogen production during chemical looping gasification cycle. The great hydrogen selectivity of Fe:Ca = 1:1 (Ca2Fe2O5) makes it a suitable candidate of oxygen carrier, but the cyclic durability should be enhanced to enable a better application for chemical looping gasification conversion of biomass.

Determination of Energy and Exergy of Syngas Produced from Air-steam Gasification of Wheat Straw in a Dual Distributer Fluidized Bed Gasifier

The energy and exergy of syngas produced from air-steam gasification of wheat straw in a dual-distributor fluidized bed gasifier under different operating conditions were evaluated. Three fluidization velocities (0.35, 0.40 and 0.45 m/s), 3 steam flow rates (0.20, 0.25 and 0.30 kg/min) and 3 biomass: steam ratios (3.00, 4.00 and 5.00 kg/kg) were investigated. The energy values of CO, H2, N2, CO2, CH4, C2H4 and C2H6 varied within the ranges of 1627.09-4646.60, 1543.30-2896.11, 274.75-1742.86, 82.03-574.24, 3225.39-4931.40, 1493.35-3777.44 and 892.74-2319.72 kJ/kg fuel, respectively. The overall energy distribution was (CH4 & CO & C2H4 & H2)>C2H6>(N2 & CO2). The results showed that when the fluidization velocity (FV) was increased from 0.35 m/s to 0.45 m/s (28.57%), the total energy of syngas increased by 1.16-28.59% depending on the steam flow rate (SFR} and biomass: steam ratio (B:S) used. Increasing the SFR from 0.20 kg/min to 0.30 kg/min (50.00%) decreased the total energy of syngas by 27.23-62.35% depending on the FV and B:S used. Increasing the B:S from 3.00 kg/kg to 5.00 kg/kg (66.67%) decreased the total energy of syngas by 11.86-37.33% depending on the FV and SFR used. The exergy values of CO, H2, N2, CO2, CH4, C2H4 and C2H6 were in the ranges of 1486.70-4224.40, 1183.82-2209.00, 60.26-677.26, 54.02-452.97, 2913.74-4448.38, 1404.76-3541.76 and 833.00-2156.42 kJ/kg fuel, respectively. The overall exergy distribution was (CH4 & CO)>(C2H4 & H2 & C2H6)>(N2 &CO2). When the FV was increased from 0.35 to 0.45 m/s(28.57%), the total exergy of syngas increased by 1.45-26.93% depending on the SFR and B:S used. Increasing the SFR from 0.20 kg/min to 0.30 kg/min (50.00%) decreased the total exergy of syngas by 26.78-63.26% depending on the FV and B:S used. Increasing the B:S from 3.00 kg/kg to 5.00 kg/kg (66.67%) decreased the total exergy of syngas by 10.32-36.07% depending on the FV and SFR used. The effect of SFR on the total energy and total exergy of syngas was the highest, followed by B:S and FV. The highest energy (20004.54 kJ/kg fuel) and exergy (16886.06 kJ/kg fuel) of syngas were obtained at the FV of 0.45 m/s, the SFR of 0.20 kg/min and the B:S of 3.00 kg/kg.

Promoting air gasification of corn straw through biological pretreatment by biogas slurry: An initiative experimental study

The development of biomass gasification is subject to low quality of gas with low heating value and high tar concentration. A new biological pretreatment method by using biogas slurry (BS) with different moisture content (40–80 wt%) and retention time (1–7 days) was advanced for promoting air gasification of corn straw (CS). The considerable NH4+-N, appropriate pH and abundant microbes in BS made it effective for CS pretreatment. The dry matter loss of pretreated CS was recorded, the properties of CS and the pretreated CS were comparatively analyzed, and also the kinetic studies. Air gasification experiments were performed in a horizontal tube furnace at 1000 °C.The delignification reaction of BS made disordered and incompact structure of CS with the improved surface area, and decreased the activation energy for chemical reaction. The higher moisture content and longer retention time contributed to the optimal gasification performance. Considering the time and energy conservation, the intermediate 60 wt% moisture content and retention time 5 days was proposed. Compared with the raw CS, the LHV (7.15 MJ/Nm3) increased 1.15 MJ/Nm3, and tar content decreased 21 wt%. This proved efficient and low cost to produce bioenergy from CS, meanwhile, reducing BS and minimizing its potential pollution.

Gasification of lignocellulosic biomass pretreated by anaerobic digestion (AD) process: An experimental study

Biomass gasification was subject to poor quality of gas with low heating value and high tar concentration. Anaerobic digestion (AD) was a biological process resulting in lignin enrichment and structure change of biomass which were beneficial to further gasification. Without going into any economic details, downdraft fixed bed gasification of corn straw (CS) pretreated by AD process was thus proposed and performed in our lab. The properties of CS and the pretreated CS (ADCS) were comparatively analyzed, and the influence of AD pretreatment with different retention time (7 d, 14 d, 21 d, 28 d) on gasification under 600 °C–800 °C was investigated. The results indicated that by degrading holocellulose, AD pretreatment enhanced the gasification property of CS with enriched lignin and catalytic elements (P/Ca/Fe/Al), and the destroyed structure with increased surface area for reactants transfer. Lower heating value (LHV) and cold gas efficiency (CGE) increased with AD pretreatment retention time and topped at 14 d, and then slightly decreased. Compared with CS, the values of LHV and CGE derived from short pretreatment time (7–14 d) increased by 0.76–0.82 MJ/Nm3 and 8.7–10.69% at 600 °C, 1.21–1.3 MJ/Nm3 and 11.71–13.18% at 700 °C, and 0.54–0.86 MJ/Nm3 and 5.49–8.06% at 800 °C, respectively. Under the optimum pretreatment time 14 d and gasification temperature 800 °C, the LHV and CGE were 6.83 MJ/Nm3 and 73.62%. Tar content of ADCS decreased with pretreatment retention time and gasification temperature. Under 800 °C, with extension of pretreatment retention time, the tar content decreased by 30 wt%, 35 wt%, 45 wt% and 56 wt%. The results seemed to be interesting and valuable in promoting biomass gasification.

Gasification and catalytic reforming of corn straw in closed-loop reactor

A closed-loop gasification and catalytic reforming apparatus was applied for producing syngas from corn straw with upgraded syngas quality. Four nickel based catalysts at 10% and that at 5–15% loadings on γ-A12O3 were synthesized and tested. Effects of reforming temperature (700–900 °C), steam to biomass ratio (S/B, 0.5–2.5), catalyst to biomass ratio (C/B, 0.2–0.6) on the syngas quality and the carbon conversion and gasification efficiency were investigated. Incorporation of reforming reaction with 10% Ni/γ-A12O3 catalyst leads to the highest CO content (50.2%) and lowest CO2 content (7.5%) amongst the four tested catalysts and amongst the Ni/γ-A12O3 catalysts at different Ni loading. The syngas was upgraded by both the decoking reaction in the pyrolytic chamber and the steam reforming and water shift reactions in the reforming chamber.

A feasibility analysis of distributed power plants from agricultural residues resources gasification in rural China

Gasification is one of the most promising technologies for conversion of biomass into power generation due to its tremendous potential for improving the efficiency of energy conversion and reducing the cost of electricity (COE). In this study, the techno-economic feasibility of distributed power plants via wheat/corn straw gasification in China was investigated, and an economic model was established using a basic discounted cash flow analysis to estimate economic performance of the power plants. The effects of key variables (such as scales, feedstock cost, electricity prices and run time etc.) on economic performance were analyzed, and the results showed that plant scale and straw cost are the most influential parameters on the plant economic performance. It is estimated that a plant with a capacity of 5 MWe can be the optimal option for agricultural straw gasification for distributed power generation, the COE is 0.402 CNY/kWh, and SO2, NOx and dust emission are 2.5, 2.0 and 0.038 g/kWh, respectively. The net present value (NPV) and the annual average of return on investment (ROI) of the plant are 85.9 million CNY and 49.7%, respectively, with a high discount of 0.12 at a current feed-in tariff (0.75 CNY/kWh) for biomass to power in China, suggesting a good economic feasibility and market competitiveness. The deployment of agricultural residues resources gasification to distributed power generation displacing coal-fired power to supply electricity with rural area shows a significant potential in pollutants emission reduction and coal saving. Biomass gasification for distributed power generation serves as a sustainable technique for utilization of agricultural resources in practice, and would be widely applied in the near future supported by renewable energy strategies of Chinese government.

Study on air gasification characteristics of straw in tube furnace

An experimental study on air gasification of straw was conducted in a tube furnace. The effect of the equivalence ratio (0.1-0.4) and temperature (600-900°C) on various gasification results, including gas composition and vaporized residue was investigated. The equivalence ratio(ER) appeared to have a significant effect on the result of gasification, and the experiment demonstrated the optimal gasification parameters (ER is approximately at 0.2, T is at 800°C). Under this operating condition, the residue after gasification of straw air accounts for about 7.39% of the original straw material, the combustible components in the gasification synthesis gas occupy 71.01% of the total volume, the H2 content is 17.49%, the CO content is 38.02% and the CH4 content is 15.49%. The intersection of the CO and CO2 line charts has realistic implications for the selection of the optimal gas conditions (T, ER) and the increase of gasification efficiency.

Experimental Study on Catalytic Biomass Gasification in a Bubbling Fluidized Bed

AbstractA bubbling fluidized‐bed gasification system was selected for catalytic steam gasification of rice straw with four Ni‐based catalysts, i.e., Ni/Al2O3, Ni/CeO2, Ni/MnO2, and Ni/MgO. The effect of temperature, steam/biomass ratio (S/B), and catalyst/biomass ratio (C/B) on the gas composition, char conversion, and hydrogen yield was evaluated. It was found that higher temperature and S/B promote hydrogen production and char conversion. The results also demonstrated that the catalytic activity of Ni/Al2O3 under different S/B values is better than those of the other catalysts. Regarding the catalyst activity, all four catalysts exhibited good performance in terms of tar removal and carbon conversion. However, the performance of Ni/Al2O3 was superior to that of the other three catalysts.

Experimental study into the influence of straw content in fuel on parameters of generator gas

A gasifier of specific design was proposed for gasification of straw containing fuels. Combustion and regeneration zones of this gasifier have the same diameter. A mixture of wood and straw pellets was used as a fuel. It was established that when using up to 40 % or less straw pellets in the fuel for 360 hours of the gasifier operation, there were no deposits on the grate.A study was conducted to assess the effect of content of straw pellets in fuel on concentration and volume of CO in the gas, total gas yield, amount of gas produced per kilogram of fuel and duration of the proposed gasifier operation. The study result is represented by a one-factor equation. A two-factor experiment was carried out to establish the effect of content of straw pellets in the fuel on dynamics of changes in CO concentration in the gas in the course of the gasifier operation. A 2 kg portion of fuel was charged in each series of experiments, operation time and CO content in the gas were recorded at equal time intervals. The content of straw pellets in the fuel was increased from 0 % to 100 % in 20 % increments with each charge of the gasifier with fuel.It has been established that for efficient gasification of straw-containing fuel without formation of solid deposits, it is rationally to add no more than 40 % of straw pellets to the fuel. When 40 % of straw was used in the fuel, concentration and volume of produced CO increased by 25 %, however, the gas yield decreased by 5.3 % compared to the use of wood. Although the 100 % content of straw pellets in the fuel resulted in a 44.3 % increase in CO concentration in the generator gas and a 40 % growth of CO volume, the total gas yield has reduced by 7.7 %. Duration of the gasifier operation (at a 2 kg fuel charge) has increased by 2.8 %. The growth of CO content at a 100 % content of straw in fuel has indicated a 13‒18 % increase in the calorific value of the resulting gas compared to a 100 % wood content.Therefore, it is rational to use up to 100 % content of straw in the fuel although this requires the gasifier design preventing formation of stable deposits on the working surfaces.

A Prototype Downdraft Gasifier Design with Mechanical Stirrer for Rice Straw Gasification and Comparative Performance Evaluation for Two Different Airflow Paths

In this research, a prototype downdraft throatless gasifier was designed with a mechanical stirrer. The gasifier was designed for gasification of rice straw pellets. The diameter of the reactor was 350 mm and a nominal value for the heat power of biomass input was 70 kW. Rice straws which were collected from Thrace Region of Turkey gasified for determination of the designed gasifier performance in Namik Kemal University Biosystem Engineering Laboratories. The effects of airflow path and stirring process on the gasification efficiency during the gasification process were investigated. Temperatures and airflow rates observed and adjusted by controlling the air flow rate in the automation system constantly. Pellets were gasified using two different airflow paths with the same equivalence ratio of 0.2 and these were compared. Air inlet from the top showed better results than air inlet from tuyeres. For the air inlet from the top, the higher heating value of producer gas was determined as 5.047 MJ Nm-3 and cold gas efficiency was calculated as 65.4%. H2/CO ratio was found as 1.385 which was higher than the air inlet from tuyeres.

Experimental Investigation on Rice Straw Gasification in a Cyclone Gasifier

A cyclone gasifier is an effective technology for the gasification of low-density biomass containing a high ash content. The ash removal performance was improved in the gasifier due to being similar to a cyclone dust collector. The cyclone reactor is relatively simple, easy to use, and has low construction costs compared with a traditional fluidized bed gasifier. In this study, the air gasification characteristics of rice straw were investigated in a cyclone gasifier. The results showed that by increasing the equivalence ratio (ER), the gasifier temperature also increased. This, in turn, led to a higher gas quality (higher heating value (HHV) and lower tar content) and enhanced the gasification performance (gas yield, carbon conversion efficiency, cold gas efficiency, and hot gas efficiency). A high ER reduced the amount of the combustible gas component (CO and H2) and caused the HHV of the producer gas to decrease. The optimum value range of ER was observed to be about 0.29 to 0.34. A smaller feedstock size was more favorable for higher producer gas quality and gasification performance. Biomass moisture content parameters played an important role in the cyclone gasification process. Higher moisture content decreased the gasifier temperature, leading to low gas quality (lower HHV and higher tar content), and resulted in lower gasification performance.

Catalytic gasification of wheat straw in hot compressed (subcritical and supercritical) water for hydrogen production

AbstractTo supplement the increasing energy demands and cope with the greenhouse gas emissions, biofuels generated from lignocellulosic biomass are gaining widespread attention. In this study, wheat straw was used as a candidate lignocellulosic biomass to produce hydrogen fuel through hydrothermal gasification. The fluid phases of water investigated for gasification included subcritical (300 and 370°C) and supercritical (450 and 550°C) phases. Along with the effects of temperature (300‐550°C), the influences of feed concentration (20‐35 wt%) and reaction time (40‐70 minutes) were comprehensively studied for wheat straw gasification in subcritical and supercritical water. To maximize hydrogen and total gas yields, the effects of two metal catalysts (eg, Ru/Al2O3 and Ni/Si‐Al2O3) were examined. Hydrogen and total gas yields, as well as lower heating values of the gas products, were comparatively evaluated during the subcritical and supercritical water gasification of wheat straw. Supercritical water gasification of wheat straw at 550°C with 20 wt% feed concentration for 60 minutes of reaction time resulted in higher yields of hydrogen (2.98 mmol/g) and total gases (10.6 mmol/g). When compared to noncatalytic gasification, catalytic gasification using 5 wt% loading of Ru/Al2O3 and Ni/Si‐Al2O3 enhanced the hydrogen yields up to 4.18 and 5.1 mmol/g, respectively, along with respective total gas yields of 15 and 18.2 mmol/g. Nonetheless, wheat straw‐derived biochar produced at high supercritical water temperatures also retained high carbon content and calorific value.

Enhanced trace pollutants removal efficiency and hydrogen production in rice straw gasification using hot gas cleaning system

This study investigates the enhancement of tar and trace gaseous pollutants (e.g. hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and hydrogen chloride (HCl) removal efficiency derived from rice straw gasification using an integrated hot-gas cleaning system. A bubbling fluidized bed gasifier was used by controlling the temperature at 800 °C and equivalence ratio (ER) ranging 0.2 to 0.4. The hot gas cleaning system was operated at 250 °C and designed to combine three types of absorbents including zeolite, calcined dolomite, and activated carbon. Tar, H2S, and HCl removal efficiency and enhanced hydrogen production were also discussed. The experimental results indicated that light fraction tar removal efficiency was higher than 90% and the overall tar removal efficiency was approximately 70%. In the case of ER 0.4, the syngas tar content was decreased from 71.88 g/Nm3 (without hot gas cleaning system) to 16.53 g/Nm3 (with hot gas cleaning system). The tar removal efficiency is nearly 77% using the hot gas cleaning system. The HCl and H2S removal efficiency ranged from 94% to 98% and from 80.7% to 83.92%, respectively. In the case of ER 0.3 and with the hot gas cleaning system, the HCl and H2S concentrations in cleaned syngas gas were less than 40 ppm and 100 ppm, respectively. Meanwhile, the hydrogen concentration of produced gas was also increased from 6.82% to 9.83% with hot gas cleaning system used. It means that the hot gas cleaning system can effectively remove HCl and H2S from produced gas in gasification, but also it has good potential for improving syngas quality and enhancing gas turbine application in the future.

Using chemical looping gasification with Fe2O3/Al2O3 oxygen carrier to produce syngas (H2+CO) from rice straw

The chemical looping gasification of rice straw using Fe2O3/Al2O3 as oxygen carrier was studied at reaction time of 5–25 min, steam-to-biomass (S/B) ratio of 2.0–4.8, reaction temperature of 750–950 °C, and oxygen carrier-to-biomass of 1.0. The gasification can be regarded completed in 20-min reaction. There exist an optimal S/B ratio of 2.8 and reaction temperature of 900 °C leading to maximum performances yielded are 1.22 Nm3/kg gas yield at 54.6% H2+24.2% CO. The studied Fe2O3 oxygen carrier/rice straw is a feasible platform for syngas production from an agricultural waste.

Syngas production by chemical-looping gasification of wheat straw with Fe-based oxygen carrier

The iron-based oxygen carriers (OC’s), Fe2O3/support (Al2O3, TiO2, SiO2 and ZrO2), for chemical looping gasification of wheat straw were prepared using impregnation method. The surface morphology, crystal structure, carbon deposition potential, lattice oxygen activity and selectivity of the yielded OCs were examined. The Fe2O3/Al2O3 OCs at 60% loading has the highest H2 yield, H2/CO ratio, gas yield, and carbon conversion amongst the tested OC’s. Parametric studies revealed that an optimal loading Fe2O3 of 60%, steam-to-biomass ratio of 0.8 and oxygen carrier-to-biomass ratio of 1.0 led to the maximum H2/CO ratio, gas yield, H2 + CO ratio, and carbon conversion from the gasified wheat straw. High temperature, up to 950 °C, enhanced the gasification performance. A kinetic network interpreted the noted experimental results. The lattice oxygen provided by the prepared Fe2O3/Al2O3 oxygen carriers promotes chemical looping gasification efficiencies from wheat straw.

Catalytic effect of oil shale ash on CO2 gasification of leached wheat straw and reed chars

Oil shale ash is a material that could be used as a low cost catalyst for biomass gasification processes. This article analyses the catalytic effect of oil shale ash on CO2 gasification of reed and leached wheat straw chars. A thermogravimetric analyser operated at atmospheric pressure and two different partial pressures of CO2 such as 0.09 atm and 1 atm were applied. The results indicate that oil shale ash has positive effect on char reactivity at the CO2 partial pressure of 0.09 atm: the addition of oil shale ash by 30% to reed char lowered the reaction time by 1.3 times and to leached wheat straw char by 1.4 times. At the partial pressure of CO2 1 atm, the addition of oil shale ash resulted in the negative effect on the char conversion due to the binding of CO2. The average calculated CO2 binding capacity of oil shale ash was 13.7 mg CO2 per 100 mg of oil shale ash.

Phosphorus bioavailability in ash from straw and sewage sludge processed by low‐temperature biomass gasification

AbstractReuse of phosphorus (P) from waste streams used for bioenergy conversion is desirable to reduce dependence on nonrenewable P resources. Two different ash materials from low‐temperature biomass gasification of wheat straw and sewage sludge, respectively, were investigated with regard to their P bioavailability. A set of pot experiments with spring barley was carried out to compare the ash P fertiliser value with mineral P fertiliser and the sewage sludge feedstock. An indirect radioactive labelling approach with 33P was used to determine the amount of P taken up from the fertiliser materials. Depending on the application rate, straw gasification ash produced a fertiliser response comparable to mineral P. However, P uptake from the ash was generally less than uptake from equivalent amounts of mineral P, and the calculated relative effectiveness was 44% after 6 weeks of plant growth. In contrast, the P fertiliser value of Fe‐rich sewage sludge after low‐temperature gasification was practically zero. These results suggest that ash from low‐temperature gasification could be developed into alternative P fertilisers; however, as the P bioavailability depends greatly on the feedstock used, a greater emphasis on feedstock composition is required.

Catalytic gasification characteristics of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin

Abstract In this paper, catalytic gasification experiments of three major biomass components (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin), straw, and pine were performed with dolomite and Na2CO3 as catalysts on a small-scale entrained-flow gasifier. We focused on the differences of catalytic gasification characteristics among three major biomass components. Sodium carbonate and dolomite largely positively promoted hemicellulose gasification, significantly improved the gasification efficiency, calorific value of gas, and carbon conversion, and significantly reduced the tar yield. Sodium carbonate showed the optimal catalytic effect. Dolomite positively catalyzed the gasification of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, straw, and pine. Sodium carbonate significantly catalyzed the gasification of hemicellulose, but it inhibited the gasification of cellulose, lignin, straw, and pine. Sodium carbonate is suitable to catalyze the gasification of biomass with a high content of hemicellulose. The influences of different catalysts on the catalytic gasification characteristics of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin were different. Therefore, the selection of biomass gasification catalyst should be based on the components and properties of biomass.

The Effect of Rice Straw Gasification Temperature on the Release and Occurrence Modes of Na and K in a Fluidized Bed

Rice straw gasification was carried out in a laboratory fluidized bed reactor system from 600 to 800 °C in order to well-understand the release and occurrence mode of alkali metals as a function of temperature during the gasification process. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) was applied to analyze the original rice straw and obtained fly ash at different temperatures. The results show that the Water-Soluble, Ammonium acetate-Soluble, Hydrochloric acid-Soluble, and Aluminosilicate Combination-Soluble modes of the Na and K contents in rice straw decreased in sequence. The content of Water-Soluble salts of Na and K accounts for more than 50%, while the content of the Aluminosilicate Combination-Soluble mode is the lowest: less than 5%. The release rate of Na appears to be consistent but nonlinear, increasing with gasification conversion ranges between 50.2% and 70.8%, from which we can deduce that temperature is not the only factor that impacts Na emission. The release of K can be divided into two stages at 700 °C. At the first stage, the release rate of K is almost invariable, ranging from 23.3% to 26%. At the second stage, the release rate increases sharply: up to 55.9%. The concentration and the proportion of the Water-Soluble, Ammonium acetate-Soluble, and Hydrochloric acid-Soluble modes of Na in fly ash decrease with a temperature increase. The release of K can be explained as follows: one path is an organic form of K converted into its gaseous phase; the other path is a soluble inorganic form of K that is volatile at a high temperature. With a temperature increase, the Aluminosilicate Combination-Soluble mode of both Na and K increases.

Multi-Fuel and Multi-Mode Grain Drying Equipment

Grain-drying technology is the main technology to ensure the healthy development of food industry in the future, and more and more attention has been paid to it. We introduced many kinds of fuel in the grain drying technology for the first time in this study. At the same time the use of straw gasification, biomass pellets and other clean energy combustion to provide heat, and then use hot water, warm- air drying two ways to achieve high-quality grain and efficient drying.