Straw Crude Protein Research Articles

English

In Ethiopia, barley selection has focused on grain yield traits. Limited information is available on straw yield and its nutritive value. The aim of this study was to screen cultivars for grain and straw yield and nutritive value using forty cultivars of food and malt barley types at two locations in Ethiopia (Bekoji and Kofele) in 2018. Food-fodder quality traits investigated were crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and metabolizable energy (ME) of grain and straw. Location, cultivar and their interaction affected the performance in malt as well as food barley types. Wide cultivars differences were observed within food and malt types respectively: Grain CP: 10.2-12.2% and 11.4.1-13.3%, grain NDF: 40-2-52.7% and 38-42.9%, grain ME: 9.9-12.3 MJ/kg and 12.1-14.5 MJ/kg, straw CP: 4.1-5.7% and 4.9-6.2%, straw NDF: 73.5-76.7% and 72.9-76.1%, straw ME: 5-5.6 MJ/kg and 5.3-5.8 MJ/kg. Across locations, IBON174/03 produced most grain (6.95 t/ha), traveller produced most straw (9.1t/ha) and HB1963 was relatively high in both straw 8.4 t/ha and grain yield 6.4 t/ha, making it an interesting food-feed cultivar. Therefore IBON174/03, traveller and HB1963 are promising barley cultivars for the study area. Key words: Food-feed, cultivar, barley, straw.

Farklı Zamanlarda Ekilen Bazı Yem Bezelyesi (Pisum sativum ssp.arvense L.) Çeşitlerinin Tohum ve Kesinin Besin Değerleri

Bu araştırma Iğdır ekolojik şartlarında kışlık ve yazlık olmak üzere 6 farklı ekim zamanı (Ekim sonu Kasım başı ve Kasım sonu, Mart başı, Mart sonu, Nisan başı)’nda, 4 farklı yem bezelyesi (GAP Pembesi, Kirazlı, Özkaynak ve Taşkent) çeşidinin tohum ve keslerinin yem olarak besin değerleri belirlenmiştir. Deneme Iğdır Üniversitesi Tarımsal Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkez Müdürlüğünün deneme sahasında 2018-2019 ve 2019-2020 yıllarında olmak üzere 2 yıl süreyle tesadüf bloklarında bölünmüş parseller deneme desenine göre 3 tekerrürlü olarak kurulmuştur. Araştırmada yem bezelyesi’nin tohumda ham protein oranı (tohum-HP), kes ham protein oranı (kes-HP kes nötr çözücülerde çözünemeyen lif (kes-NDF), asit çözücülerde çözünemeyen lif (kes-ADF), kuru madde sindirilebilirliği (kes-KMS), kuru madde tüketimi (kes-KMT), sindirilebilir enerji (kes-SE), metabolik enerji (kes-ME), ve nispi yem değeri (kes-NYD) belirlenmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, tohum-HP oranı, kes-HP oranı, kes NDF oranı, kes-ADF oranı, kes-KMT oranı ve kes-NYD değeri Nisan ayı başındaki ekimlerde en iyi değerlere ulaştığı görülmüştür. Çeşitler arasında ise en iyi yem değerleri Özkaynak çeşidinde belirlenmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre Iğdır ekolojik şartlarında yem bezelyesi yetiştiriciliğinde tohum ve kes en iyi yem değerlerinin alınabilmesi için Özkaynak çeşidinin ekilmesi gerekmektedir. Diğer taraftan Nisan başında yapılacak ekimlerde kes kalitesinin daha yüksek olacağı belirlenmiştir.

Intra-species variations in yield and quality determinants in Vicia species: 4. Woolly-pod vetch ( Vicia villosa ssp. dasycarpa Roth)

Intra-species variations in phenology, yield and quality determinants of hay, grain and straw were examined in woolly-pod vetch ( Vicia villosa ssp. dasycarpa), and accessions were selected based on yield and quality attributes. Twenty-five woolly-pod vetch accessions were grown over four cropping seasons in a Mediterranean environment in north-west Syria. Days to flowering and pod maturity, hay yield at flowering, as well as yields of grain and straw, and harvest index were determined at maturity. Concentrations of hay and straw crude protein (CP), acid detergent fibre (ADFom), neutral detergent fibre (aNDFom), in vitro organic matter (OM) digestibility (IVOMD), and grain CP were analyzed. Accessions varied (P<0.05) in days to flowering (85–89 days) and pod maturity (131–134 days), harvest index (0.18–0.23), as well as yields (kg/ha) of hay (3310–4855), straw (3224–3746) and grain (820–1099). Concentrations (g/kg DM) of hay CP (174–183), ADFom (264–278), aNDFom (417–433) and IVOMD (683–708 g/kg OM); straw CP (107–122), ADFom (330–388), aNDFom (457–484) and IVOMD (384–435 g/kg OM); and grain CP (280–303) also differed (P<0.05) among accessions. Grain yield and harvest index ( r = 0.64, P<0.001), hay IVOMD and ADFom ( r = −0.68, P<0.001), and straw IVOMD and aNDFom ( r = −0.73, P<0.01) were correlated. Our series of papers on Vicia species show intra-species variations in phenology, as well as yields and quality determinants of hay, grain and straw in bitter vetch, narbon vetch, common vetch, and woolly-pod vetch, implying that promising accessions could be identified based on these criteria. Bitter vetch accessions 508, 2510, 2511, 2514, 2515, 2517, 2519, 2520 and 2522; narbon vetch accessions 2386, 2389, 2390, 2382, 2392, 2463, 2470, 2472, 2561 and 2704; common vetch accessions 2023 and 2567; and woolly-pod vetch accessions 2438, 2439, 2443 and 2445 have better potential for production of hay and grain in Mediterranean environments. Overall, accessions of bitter vetch, narbon vetch and common vetch show better potential for production of grain than accessions of woolly-pod vetch.

Intra-species variations in yield and quality determinants in Vicia species: 3. Common vetch ( Vicia sativa ssp. sativa L.)

Variations in days to flowering and pod maturity, harvest index, as well as yields and quality of hay, grain and straw among common vetch ( Vicia sativa ssp. sativa L.) accessions were examined, and accessions were identified on the basis of yield and quality attributes. Forty-five common vetch accessions were grown over four cropping seasons in a Mediterranean environment in north-west Syria. Crops were harvested at flowering to estimate hay yield, and at maturity to estimate grain and straw yields, and harvest index. Concentrations of hay and straw crude protein (CP), acid (ADFom) and neutral (aNDFom) detergent fibre, and in vitro organic matter (OM) digestibility (IVOMD), and grain CP were determined. Accessions varied (P<0.05) in days to flowering (78–96 days) and pod maturity (132–140 days), harvest index (0.17–0.37), as well as yields (kg/ha) of hay (2245–3383), straw (2572–4028), and grain (808–1743). Concentrations (g/kg DM) of hay CP (141–188), ADFom (262–287), aNDFom (364–435), and IVOMD (725–782 g/kg OM); straw CP (62–127), ADFom (334–353), aNDFom (387–505), and IVOMD (437–511 g/kg OM); and grain CP (266–316) also differed (P<0.05) among accessions. Harvest index was correlated with days to flowering ( r = −0.74, P<0.001), and grain yield ( r = 0.87, P<0.001). Straw CP was correlated with ADFom ( r = −0.87, P<0.001), and aNDFom ( r = −0.74, P<0.001). Grain CP was correlated with straw CP ( r = 0.91, P<0.001), and ADFom ( r = −0.84, P<0.001). Results revealed intra-species variations in days to flowering and pod maturity, harvest index, as well as yields and quality determinants of hay, grain and straw in common vetch, and showed that promising accessions can be selected in terms of yield and quality. Accessions 2023 and 2567 have better potential for hay and grain production in Mediterranean environments.

Intra-species variations in yield and quality determinants in Vicia species: 1. Bitter vetch ( Vicia ervilia L.)

Variations in days to flowering and pod maturity, harvest index, as well as yields of hay, grain, and straw among 25 bitter vetch ( Vicia ervilia L.) accessions were examined over four cropping seasons in a non-tropical dryland environment in north-west Syria. Crops were harvested at flowering to determine hay yield, and at maturity to determine grain and straw yields. Concentrations of hay and straw crude protein (CP), acid detergent fibre (ADFom), neutral detergent fibre (aNDFom), in vitro organic matter (OM) digestibility, and grain CP were analyzed. Days to flowering and pod maturity, harvest index (0.26–0.35), as well as yields (kg DM/ha) of hay, (2738–3435), straw (3408–4033), and grain (1285–1959) varied (P<0.05) among accessions. Concentrations (g/kg DM) of hay CP (146–178), ADFom (200–230), aNDFom (335–395), and IVOMD (742–777 g/kg OM); straw CP (82–120), ADFom (282–321), aNDFom (464–508) and IVOMD (483–591 g/kg OM); and grain CP (273–285) also varied (P<0.05) among accessions. Grain yield was correlated with days to flowering ( r = −0.83, P<0.001; Y Grain yield = 5976.38–45.75 Day to flowering , r 2 = 0.69), and harvest index ( r = 0.90, P<0.001; Y Grain yield = 69.41 Harvest index − 495.78, r 2 = 0.81). Straw CP was correlated with ADFom ( r = −0.78, P<0.01; Y Straw ADFom = 374.42 − 0.738 Straw CP , r 2 = 0.59,) and IVOMD ( r = 0.87, P<0.001; Y Straw IVOMD = 269.47 + 2.78 Straw CP , r 2 = 0.76), while straw IVOMD was correlated with ADFom ( r = −0.79, P<0.01; Y Straw IVOMD = 1333.64 − 2.64 Straw ADFom , r 2 = 0.53). Results provide quantitative data on intra-species variations in phenology, as well as yields and quality determinants of hay, grain, and straw in bitter vetch, and demonstrated that yields and quality of hay, grain and straw can be used to identify promising bitter vetch accessions. Accessions 508, 2510, 2511, 2514, 2515, 2517, 2519, 2520 and 2522, have better potential for hay and grain production in non-tropical dry areas.

Intra-species variations in yield and quality in Lathyrus species: 2. Dwarf chickling ( L. cicera L.)

Variations in days to first flowering and pod maturity, as well as yields of hay, grain and straw and hay and straw concentrations of crude protein (CP), acid detergent fibre (ADFom), neutral detergent fibre (aNDFom), and in vitro organic matter (OM) digestibility (IVOMD), and grain CP and β-N-oxalyl diamino propionic acid (β-ODAP) among 25 dwarf chickling ( Lathyrus cicera L.) accessions grown over five cropping seasons in north-west Syria were examined. Accessions varied (P<0.05) in days to flowering (81–88 days) and pod maturity (124–134 days), yields (kg/ha) of hay (2689–3385), straw (2873–3330), and grain (1357–1881). Concentrations (g/kg DM) of hay CP (172–198), ADFom (156–180), aNDFom (268–295) and IVOMD (741–779 g/kg OM) and straw CP (65–75), ADFom (298–332), aNDFom (508–610) and IVOMD (512–568 g/kg OM) and grain CP (295–311) differed (P<0.05) among accessions. Grain yield was correlated with days to pod maturity ( r = 0.63, P<0.001) and harvest index ( r = 0.65, P<0.01). Hay IVOMD and aNDFom ( r = −0.84, P<0.01), and straw IVOMD and ADFom ( r = −0.73, P<0.01) were correlated. Yields and quality of hay, grain and straw could be used to promising dwarf chickling accessions. In terms of yield and quality, dwarf chickling accessions 629, 632, 641 and 643 have better potential for hay and grain production in non-tropical dry areas.

Intra-species variations in yield and quality in Lathyrus species: 1. Grasspea ( L. sativus L.)

Variations in days to flowering and pod maturity, hay grain and straw yields; and concentrations of crude protein (CP), acid detergent fibre (ADFom), neutral detergent fibre (aNDFom), and in vitro organic matter (OM) digestibility (IVOMD) in hay and straw; and grain CP and β-N-oxalyl diamino propionic acid (β-ODAP) were examined in 25 accessions of grasspea ( Lathyrus sativus L.) grown over five cropping seasons in a non-tropical dry area in north-west Syria. Days to flowering (92–103 days) and pod maturity (145–157 days); and yields (kg/ha) of hay (1927–2658), straw (2891–3421), and grain (657–978) varied ( P<0.05) among accessions. Concentrations (g/kg DM) of hay CP (193–212), ADFom (195–211), aNDFom (338–368) and IVOMD (707–747, g/kg OM); straw CP (73–97), ADFom (245–278), aNDFom (523–613) and IVOMD (510–575 g/kg OM); and grain CP (280–296) also varied ( P<0.05) among accessions. Days to flowering was correlated with grain yield ( r = −0.54, P<0.01) and harvest index ( r = −0.73, P<0.01). Straw CP was correlated with hay CP ( r = 0.64, P<0.001) and IVOMD ( r = 0.68, P<0.001), and straw IVOMD was correlated with aNDFom ( r = −0.73, P<0.001). Overall, days to flowering and pod maturity, as well as hay, grain and straw yields, and quality, varied among grasspea accessions. Yields and quality of hay, grain and straw could be used to identify promising grasspea accessions, and grasspea accessions 528, 535, 553, 559, 561 and 563 have greater potential for production of hay and grain in non-tropical dry areas.

The effect of agronomic improvement and urea treatment on the nutritional value of Malaysian rice straw varieties

The objectives of the study were to estimate the effect of agronomic improvement on rice straw nutritional value and to compare the response of straw varieties to urea treatment. The agronomic characteristics (i.e. grain yield, days to maturity, culm height and morphological composition) and straw characteristics (i.e. chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVD)) before and after 4% urea treatment of two single-crop and six double-crop rice varieties were measured. The single-crop varieties were taller, 89 cm versus 78 cm, late maturing, 130 days versus 122 days, lower in grain yield, 1450 kg/ha versus 4382 kg/ha and contained more stem, 48% versus 28%, than the double-crop varieties. The total ash, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), insoluble ash, IVD and crude protein (CP) of the single-crop varieties averaged 18.0, 60.9, 6.2, 41.2 and 6.0%, respectively, in comparison with 17.8, 63.5, 5.2, 54.0 and 3.3%, respectively, for the double-crop varieties. Covariance-adjusted means of the single-crop varieties after urea treatment were 20.4, 64.5, 6.5, 64.4 and 11.6%, respectively, and corresponding estimates for the double-crop varieties were 19.5, 61.7, 9.2, 59.6 and 5.2%, respectively. The IVD and CP of straw, respectively, improved and declined ( P<0.05) with improvements in agronomic characteristics. The relationship between IVD ( y) and grain yield ( x) was explained by the equation: y=35.9+0.004 x ( P<0.001, R 2=0.91). Varietal response to urea treatment was not uniform with respect to IVD and CP. The relationship between IVD after ( y) and before ( x) urea treatment was explained by the equation: y=41.5+0.38 x ( P<0.01, R 2=0.77) indicating that the single-crop varieties of lower initial IVD responded better to urea treatment. Principal component analysis ranked the single-crop varieties lower than the double-crop varieties based on their agronomic and untreated straw characteristics, but higher in their straw characteristics after urea treatment. Cluster analysis classified the single- and double-crop varieties separately. Consequently, the genetic distance between them was larger than within them. Results show that improving the agronomic qualities of rice may concurrently improve straw characteristics and that urea treatment may be suitable for improving straws of poor quality only.