Stratigraphic Research Research Articles

DRAFT OF THE UPDATED VERSION OF THE STRATIGRAPHIC CODE OF UKRAINE (2012) ON TYPES OF STRATIGRAPHIC SCALES AND SCHEMES, AS WELL AS RULES FOR THE PREPARATION AND APPROVAL OF STRATIGRAPHIC SCHEMES

Definitions of the concepts “stratigraphic scale” and “stratigraphic scheme”, outlining the scope of their application, establishing the rules for their preparation and the procedure for approval are set out in the provisions (articles) of the current Stratigraphic Code of Ukraine (Stratigraphic…, 2012, see Section 4, pp. 30–31 and Annex 3, pp. 39–42; after this referred to as SCU-2012). This ensures the unification/standardization of stratigraphic information that is mandatory for use in any scientific stratigraphic research and geological survey work on the territory of Ukraine. The analysis of the relevant articles of the 2012 edition of the SCU-2012 has shown that they need to be improved. The basis of this development is the principle of imitation: to preserve the general content of the stratigraphic classification and nomenclature, the updated texts of Section 4 and Annex 3 retain the information contained in the SCU-2012 and its previous editions. That is the terms and content of individual articles, if possible, have been left unchanged (or taken as a basis with minor changes) from previous editions of the Stratigraphic Code (Stratigraphic…, 1977, 1988; Stratigraphic…, 1997, 2012), as well as from the International Stratigraphic Guide (https://stratigraphy.org/guide/). In addition, new separate formulations and provisions were proposed by the current state of development of stratigraphic classification and nomenclature and based on the author’s own experience of conducting stratigraphic studies and participating in geological surveys, e.g., Anistratenko et al., 2006, 2012; Vernyhorova et al., 2009, 2012; Vernyhorova, 2014–2016. Thus, the main changes and additions to Section 4 “Stratigraphic scales and schemes” and Annex 3 “Rules for drawing up and approval of stratigraphic schemes” of the current Stratigraphic Code of Ukraine, 2012 are as follows: the structure of Section 4 has been updated: all definitions of “stratigraphic scale” (and its types), and “stratigraphic scheme” (and its types) are collected exclusively in this section, Fig. 1; the structure of Annex 3 has been updated: it contains only the rules for the preparation and approval of stratigraphic schemes, Fig. 2; the existing provisions set out in Section 4 and Annex 3 of the SCU-2012 were partially corrected;- some provisions from the previous editions of the Stratigraphic Code, which remain relevant and are used in stratigraphic research in Ukraine, were added to the texts; the rules for drawing up and approving stratigraphic diagrams (Annex 3), especially in terms of graphic design of stratigraphic schemes, explanatory notes, and rules for approving stratigraphic schemes were expanded; two figures from the graphic design of scaled and non-scaled stratigraphic schemes were added.

A HISTORY OF 20TH CENTURY GRAPTOLITE STUDIES IN MALAYSIA: THE ROLE OF CLIVE RODERICK JONES

ABSTRACT The stratigraphy of Peninsular Malaysia (formerly Malaya) was first described by Scrivenor (1931) in ‘Geology of Malaya’, which at that time recognized no strata older than Carboniferous age. In 1955, Clive Roderick Jones (1933–2022) discovered the first Malaysian graptolites on the small island of Pulau Tanjung Dendang, Langkawi, consequently demonstrating the presence of much older strata. The Early Paleozoic marine stratigraphy first discovered by C. R. Jones in the NW Malay Peninsula was subsequently recognized in other parts of SE Asia and became a characteristic element of the Gondwana-derived ‘Sibumasu’ terrane. This paper provides an account of the hidden history of the early discovery of graptolite fossils in Peninsular Malaysia after the re-examination of Jones’ graptolite fossils collection. The background to the events that led to this important finding, as well as its consequences for later stratigraphical research in Malaysia, were documented by Jones himself, complemented with the collection of field records, archives of papers and photographs. A biographical outline is presented of Jones and his career as a geologist in the Geological Survey Department of Malaya and his role in the development of geological research in Southeast Asia during the second half of the twentieth century.

A hybrid sparrow optimization Kriging model and its application in geological modeling

With the proposal of intelligent mines, the demand for drilling is increasing daily. Therefore, it is particularly crucial to gather more geological data by interpolation of limited drilling data for subsequent three-dimensional geological modeling. In this paper, a hybrid sparrow optimization Kriging model (HSSA), in which chaos theory and Levy flight are integrated into the initial population update algorithm of the sparrow algorithm and the location update algorithm of the entrants, is proposed. Next, the golden sine optimization algorithm is introduced into the reconnaissance and early warning mechanism of the sparrow algorithm to further improve the accuracy and local escape ability. By the correlation optimization of the original sparrow algorithm, the speed and accuracy of swarm intelligence optimization are further improved. In addition, the model solves the parameters of the variation function of the ordinary Kriging interpolation and reduces the generation error of the formation data interpolation. The results of relevant experiments show that the hybrid sparrow optimization Kriging model improves the accuracy and convergence speed compared with other swarm intelligence algorithms and that the accuracy of this model is improved by 8.4% compared with the original Kriging interpolation algorithm. Based on the hybrid sparrow optimization Kriging model, we propose a three-dimensional stratigraphic model for the Yangchangwan Coal Mine, which provides further support for mining operations and three-dimensional stratigraphic research in this area. The accuracy and applicability of the hybrid sparrow optimization Kriging model are further explained using a case study with the stratigraphic model data in the Yangchangwan Coal Mine. HSSA with significant potential for applications in industries such as coal mining and geological exploration. In these fields, the efficient acquisition, processing, and modeling of stratigraphic data are critical for enhancing geological interpretation and optimizing operational workflows.

Palaeontologic and Stratigraphic Research at NIGPAS

The Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NIGPAS) was established to bring together experts in various fossil taxa and geological periods, to conduct both basic and applied research in invertebrate palaeontology and palaeobotany on an integral research platform. Over its 73-year research, NIGPAS has made a lot of milestone discoveries, such as the determination and establishment of the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP), and the research of fossil lagerstätten Chengjiang Fauna and Wuda Tuff Flora, which both were listed in the 100 IUGS Geological Heritage Sites. The enthusiastic scientists, the abundant fossil lagerstätten, and the ideal geological sections in China all welcome scientists worldwide to tackle global geoscience challenges together. Supported by CAS, NIGPAS has a long tradition in domestic and international collaboration for research, and will continue such cooperation in further explorations.

Information extraction and knowledge linkage of geological profiles and related contextual texts from mineral exploration reports for geological knowledge graphs construction

Geological profiles serve as invaluable repositories of data for knowledge extraction and the identification of geological entities, constituting a fundamental resource in scientific investigation. By encapsulating the stratigraphic arrangement and rock characteristics, these profiles offer a visually compelling and efficacious representation of stratigraphy along the vertical axis. Within geological profiles, intricate semantic associations frequently emerge, connecting various objects such as strata, rocks, and minerals across two or more profiles. These relationships often unveil inherent correlations or evolutionary attributes among geological entities. Understanding the general semantic relations between geological objects by manually scrutinizing vast quantities of profiles proves arduous, if not impracticable. In response, this study proposes an innovative framework capable of automated comprehension of extensive geological profiles and their associated contextual textual information. Built upon a natural language processing model and employing image vectorization techniques, this framework enables extraction of semantic information encompassing geological profiles, semantic relationships, and properties. In this article, we propose the comprehensive architecture of the framework, delineating its individual modules and subsequently applying it within a case study. Moreover, we conduct exploratory visualizations utilizing a knowledge graph to depict the extracted semantic information concerning diverse geological objects. The proposed framework presents a promising approach for supporting large-scale content analysis in the realm of stratigraphic research, facilitating advancements in our understanding of the evolution of stratigraphy.

ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ВІДСЛОНЕНИХ РОЗРІЗІВ ТУРОНУ-МААСТРИХТУ ПЕНІНСЬКОЇ ЗОНИ УКРАЇНСЬКИХ КАРПАТ ЗА ДРІБНИМИ ФОРАМІНІФЕРАМИ

Purpose. Micropaleontological characteristics of individual exposed sections of Turonian-Maastrichtian sediments of the Pieniny Klippen Belt in the Ukrainian Carpathians with detailed age determination by foraminifera. Method. Field geological and stratigraphic research, foraminiferal analysis. Results. In the studied sections, Turonian, Coniacian, Campanian and Maastrichtian deposits were identified. The deposits of the Lower Turonian are determined by the disappearance of the genus Rotalipora and the appearance of the species Dicarinella hagni; the Upper Turonian was identified by the distribution of representatives of the genus Marginotruncana. According to the division of the Upper Cretaceous of the Ukrainian Carpathians after planktonic foraminifera, the Dicarinella concavata Zone (top of the Turonian-most of the Coniacian) and the sequence of zones in the Campanian-lower Maastrichtian interval were identified: Globotruncanita elevate Zone; Contusotruncana morozovae Zone, Globotruncanita stuarti Zone. The established subdivisions are correlated with the biochronozones of the modern Geologic Time Scale such as Dicarinella concavata Zone (top of the Turonian – most of the Coniacian), Globotruncanita elevate Zone, Contusotruncana plummerae Zone, Radotruncana calcarata Zone, Globotruncanella havanensis Zone, Gansserina gansseri Zone within the Campanian-lowermost Maastrichtian. Scientific novelty. For the first time, exposed sections of the Turonian-Maastrichtian of the Pieniny Klippen Belt of the Ukrainian Carpathians were studied and correlated with modern regional and international foraminiferal scales for the appearance of index species. Practical significance. The results obtained are important for the compilation of regional stratigraphic schemes and interregional correlation of sediments.

Trends as a tool in stratigraphic research with lacustrine sedimentation as an example

A área de Exploração da Petrobras sempre foi preocupada em formar e atualizar seus geólogos na Geologia de Petróleo. Um trabalho pioneiro, de 1973 destaca a aplicação e discute a metodologia de análise de tendência para a análise estratigráfica de sedimentos límnicos, sendo os exemplos obtidos em 200 poços que atravessaram os sedimentos do Andar Aratu, na Bacia do Recôncavo. Os estratos mapeados foram subdivididos em quatro sequências, compreendidas entre os marcos litológicos 1, 7, 11, 14 e 15, sequências estas evidentemente não isócronas, o que permitiu demonstrar a importância da definição operacional da unidade cronoestratigráfica a ser estudada. Para efeito de comparação, mapeou-se ainda o intervalo total 1-15. O ajuste de uma superfície de tendência à razão arenito/ folhelho, expressa em transformada teta, permite identificar as áreas de ocorrência mais provável dos diferentes tratos faciológicos, indicando-as para posteriores estudos pormenorizados dos Incrementos Genéticos de Estratos (IGE). Tal identificação é possível mesmo quando o controle não fôr suficiente para se reconhecer complexos deltaicos e de barras.

Cyclicity in Earth sciences, quo vadis? Essay on cycle concepts in geological thinking and their historical influence on stratigraphic practices

Abstract. The archetype of a cycle has played an essential role in explaining observations of nature over thousands of years. At present, this perception significantly influences the worldview of modern societies, including several areas of science. In the Earth sciences, the concept of cyclicity offers simple analytical solutions in the face of complex events and their respective products, in both time and space. Current stratigraphic research integrates several methods to identify repetitive patterns in the stratigraphic record and to interpret oscillatory geological processes. This essay proposes a historical review of the cyclic conceptions from the earliest phases in the Earth sciences to their subsequent evolution into current stratigraphic principles and practices, contributing to identifying opportunities in integrating methodologies and developing future research mainly associated with quantitative approaches.

Changes in the Medieval Colour Scheme of the Southern Façade of Wrocław Town Hall—A Case Study

The aim of this article is to discuss the colour transformations of one of the most representative Gothic façades in Central Europe—the southern façade of Wrocław Town Hall. Based on iconographic, architectural, and stratigraphic research, it was possible to find the remains of two stages of medieval colour changes. Based on these discoveries, an attempt was made to reconstruct both phases of the medieval colour scheme. The research findings enable the object to be described with regard to the architecture and colours of late gothic façades in Poland, Czechia and Germany.

Peculiarities of Stratigraphic Distribution and Paleoecology of Jurassic Bivalve Mollusks of the Pre-Сarpathian Foredeep


 
 
 
 Pre-Carpathian region is one of the oldest oil and gas producing regions of our country, which is attracting more and more attention of scientists. In the Outer zone of the Pre-Carpathian Foredeep, Jurassic deposits occur at considerable depths (up to 3,000 m), so we obtain almost all geological information about them exclusively during the study of core material selected during drilling. A comprehensive and detailed study of the Jurassic deposits of this zone during exploration drilling in the 1950s contributed to the discovery of the Kokhanivske and Sudovovyshnianske oil deposits and Rudkivske gas deposit, as well as a number of oil and gas manifestations. After that, the interest in the conditions of formation and stratification of Jurassic deposits increased. Researchers have begun to treat them as the promising objects for oil and gas exploration. Jurassic deposits in the Pre-Сarpathian Foredeep fill a single depression – the Stryi Jurassic deflection, covered by a thick layer of Cretaceous and Neogene rocks. The study of their geology and stratigraphy has acquired important applied and scientific significance, because stratigraphic research serves as a basis for clarifying the history of geological development of the region, performing tectonic constructions, reconstruction of paleogeographic and paleoecological conditions, comparison of productive horizons and specification of their stratigraphic position, search for new objects promising for hydrocarbons. Extremely rare finds of paleontological remains (which are not always well preserved) do not allow to unambiguously determining the age of the host rocks. It is still not always possible to clearly stratigraphically distinguish and correlate these rocks due to weak paleontological study and partial uncertainty in the interpretation of the geological structure of these strata. Despite the significant amount of research we have done, there are some debatable issues regarding the completeness of the section of these rocks and the presence of separate stratigraphic units in them. For many years, we have studied in detail and comprehensively bivalve mollusks found in the core of wells drilled in the Outer zone of the Pre-Carpathian Foredeep. As a result, the age of the host strata was specified and confirmed, as well as the thickness of individual stratigraphic units.
 
 
 

Late Palaeozoic‐Mesozoic palaeontology and stratigraphy in China: A tribute to the achievements of Professor Zhuoting Liao

As one of the pioneer palaeontologists, Professor Zhuoting Liao has contributed his lifetime to promoting palaeontological and stratigraphical research in China for 60 years, and he passed away in the field excursion in South China on June 20, 2020. In his palaeontological career, Liao has worked on Late Palaeozoic to Mesozoic palaeontology and stratigraphy of almost all regions across China, and his interests have also extended to the Permian–Triassic (P‐Tr) boundary and mass extinction. He has worked on palaeontology, palaeobiogeography, biostratigraphy, tectonostratigraphy, and their implications in mineral and oil‐gas industries. Liao has established 22 new genera and 172 new species of brachiopods, and, together with his colleagues, proposed 11 new genera and 25 new species of echinoderms. He dedicated his lifetime to work on Late Palaeozoic palaeontology and stratigraphy of the previously remote and tectonically complex Xinjiang and adjacent regions, north‐west China, and established integrated stratigraphical frameworks for the Carboniferous to Permian strata, providing fundamental basis for mineral and hydrocarbon exploration in the poorly understood Central Asian terranes. In addition, he has mentored many young palaeontologists and stratigraphers in various ways. This volume assembles 30 papers addressing the Late Palaeozoic to Mesozoic palaeontology and stratigraphy of China and adjacent regions, which pays tribute to the achievement of Professor Zhuoting Liao.

Geological Modeling Technology and Application Based on Seismic Interpretation Results under the Background of Artificial Intelligence

The development of seismic technology has made seismic data to be widely used in the interpretation of stratigraphic sequence frames, reservoir identification, fluid detection, and other research fields involved in reservoir description. The 3D technology reservoirs have always been the focus, as well as difficulty, of research. With the rapid development of information technology and the continuous improvement of seismic exploration level, people have put forward higher requirements for the accuracy of seismic data interpretation results. Aiming at the large number of structural and unstructured data in seismic, logging, geology, and other disciplines involved in seismic interpretation, how to effectively organize and coordinate analysis to discover the hidden reservoir structure and oil and gas distribution information has always been a geological and important topic for information processing technicians. This thesis is aimed at the current high-water-phase development of Shengtuo Oilfield reservoir and the problems existing in geological research. Based on seismic structural interpretation and attribute analysis, this paper analyzes the reservoir structural characteristics, sedimentary characteristics, and reservoir physical parameter characteristics based on geology, logging interpretation, core analysis, drilling, and seismic interpretation. Using the kriging method with external drift can cooperate with seismic variables to establish a reservoir geological model to study the Shengtuo Oilfield reservoir. We combine artificial intelligence technology with geological modeling technology of seismic interpretation results to explore the best method for predicting earthquakes. The research results in this paper show that the relative error of the model established by the kriging method in the article is relatively small for thinning wells, mainly concentrated around 1%. Examination of the thinning wells of 45 wells shows that the model established is basically good and the example has high accuracy. The research results in this paper have a guiding study of distribution and tapping potentials in the study area, formulating reasonable development and adjustment plans and improving oil recovery.

Geomechanical properties will constrain CO2 injection into the lower Ordovician Rose Run sandstone deep saline reservoir, Appalachian Basin, Kentucky, USA

The Kentucky Geological Survey (KGS) 1 Hanson Aggregates stratigraphic research well, Carter County, Kentucky, USA, was drilled to a total depth of 1474 m as a field-scale test of potential CO 2 storage reservoir properties in the Central Appalachian Basin. Geomechanical properties of the Rose Run sandstone (upper Ordovician Knox group) were tested for its suitability as a storage reservoir. A 9.8-m thick section of the Rose Run was penetrated at 1000 m drilled depth and a whole-diameter core and rotary sidewall cores were taken. Average porosity and permeability measured in core plugs were 9.1% and 44.6 mD, respectively. Maximum vertical stress gradient calculated in the wellbore was 26 MPa/km. Wellbore fractures in dolomites underlying and overlying the Rose Run follow the contemporary N53°E Appalachian Basin stress field. The Rose Run elastic geomechanical properties were calibrated to values measured in core plugs to evaluate its fracturing risk as a CO 2 storage reservoir. Mean Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio values of the Rose Run were 45 GPa and 0.23, respectively, whereas Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio values were 77.1 GPa and 0.28, respectively, in the overlying Beekmantown dolomite, suggesting the Rose Run may fracture if overpressured during CO 2 injection but be confined by the Beekmantown. Triaxial compressive strength measured in core plugs found the Rose Run and Beekmantown fractured at mean axial stresses of 156.5 MPa and 282.2 MPa, respectively, confirming the Beekmantown as suitable for confining CO 2 injected into the Rose Run. A step-rate test was conducted in a mechanically-isolated 18.6-m interval bracketing the Rose Run. Static Rose Run reservoir pressure was 9.3 MPa, and fracture gradient under injection was 13.6 MPa/km, suggesting step-rate testing before CO 2 injection, and subsequent pressure monitoring to ensure confinement. As the region around the KGS 1 Hanson Aggregates well is underpressured and adjacent to faulted Precambrian basement, further research is needed to evaluate its induced seismicity risk during CO 2 injection.

Acceleration in the rate of the Boreal Sea transgression recorded in the Lower Cretaceous McMurray Formation, Canada

Depositional environments are typified as low-to high-accommodation space settings based on the sediment accumulation rate. In low-accommodation settings, persistent top truncation of regressive units renders it challenging to accurately determine the rate of accommodation space creation. Herein, we analyze a nearly continuous succession of the Lower Cretaceous McMurray Formation, which was deposited during the foreland development of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin in northeast Alberta, Canada (the McMurray Depocenter). Across the study area, the McMurray Formation consists of a vertical succession of 6 discrete regressive depositional units (DU) bounded by flooding surfaces and/or transgressive surfaces of erosion. The sedimentology, architecture and stratigraphy of these DUs are investigated and statistical analysis is used to quantitatively assess variations in DU thickness. Additional statistical analysis is used to quantitatively assess the vertical distribution of transgressive mudstone subfacies in the McMurray Formation.The mean thickness of each DU is 10.4 m, and each DU represents approximately 1.7 million years of deposition. This indicates that the McMurray Formation preserves deposition in a low-accommodation space setting, and that creation of accommodation space was primarily controlled by transgression of the Boreal Sea. An abrupt decrease in DU thicknesses is interpreted to result from concomitant increased erosional truncation of DUs via wave action during transgression and changes in basin morphology. DU thickness variations correlate to a change in the marine expression of the transgressive mudstone underlying each DU. Together, these data suggest an acceleration in the rate of the Boreal Sea transgression, and we hypothesize that the duration of still-stands during which DUs accumulated diminished in the latter stages of McMurray Fm deposition. This study demonstrates that detailed sedimentologic and stratigraphic research tied to statistical analysis can be used to quantify changes in the rate of transgression, especially in low-accommodation space settings.

BUSHEVE AND PISCHANA — HILL-FORTS OF POROSSYA DEFENSIVE LINE. TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY AND STRATIGRAPHIC RESEARCHES

This paper presents the results of topographic survey, analysis of topography, current state of sites and gives an example of stratigraphic reconstruction of fortifications based on ground drilling. The main steps of the methodology of topographic survey and stratigraphic researches are highlighted.
 The closest hillforts to the Sukholisy one were documented by specialists of the Architectural and Archaeological Expedition of Institute of Archaeology during the campagne of 2020. The purpose of these works was to document the current state of sites and to prepare information for the conservation documentary.
 Busheve hillfort is similar to the Sukholisy one by its construction type and belongs to the early hillforts in the defensive line of Ros River area (Porossia). The study of this site is important for understanding the initial stage of the Old Rus settlement structure of Central Porossia region.
 Due to the stratigraphic research the cross-section of Busheve and Pishchana hillforts was reconstructed. Analyzing the information obtained from the ground drilling it is possible to make some conclusions for Busheve hillfort: 1) the defensive constructions of this hillfort were built in the river floodplain around a large dune; 2) the moat is traced only on one side; 3) drills 16—18 probably indicates the presence of archaeological layers appeared before the hillfort constructions.
 Conclusions by the results of drilling for Pishchana hillfort are the following: 1) the moat was made by deepening of the natural ravine; 2) the defensive wall has the traces of repair; 3) drill 11 found that on the edge of the hillfort the fortifications of World War II period were bult.
 The number of large-scale plans of Busheve and Pishchana hillforts were made with all the necessary descriptions and measurements with designation the constructions of the hillforts; stratigraphic researches; current state of hillforts; areas damaged by human activities. They are made for the preparation of conservation documentary.

PROMINENT ROLE OF ACADEMICIAN PETRO FEODOSIYOVYCH GOZHYK IN ACTIVITIES OF THE PALEONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF UKRAINE

The general information about the Paleontological Society of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, its structure, composition and the main directions of activity are given. The actual problems of the current state of paleontological and stratigraphic research in Ukraine are represented and the role of the Paleontological Society in their development is shown. Various aspects of the Society's activity during the presidency of the academician P.F. Gozhyk are described during 2003–2020. The interrelation of current problems and challenges facing modern geological science and practice and topics of sessions is traced. The dynamics of the topics and the main problems considered during the 18 years at the sessions in connection with international programs and research and production projects developed in Ukraine are shown. The content and main scientific results of the program reports presented by Petro Feodosiyovych at the plenary sessions are described. The huge contribution of Petro Feodosiyovych Gozhyk to the development of the Paleontological Society and the leading role in its successful activity is determined. Emphasis is placed on the significant organizational abilities of Petro Feodosiyovych, the depth and diversity of his scientific interests, as well as his excellent human qualities. The program of priority tasks of the Paleontological Society of NAS of Ukraine and the prospects of further paleontological research in Ukraine are outlined, which were developed under the leadership by P.F. Gozhyk.

Application of Strontium Isotopic Stratigraphy to Dating Marine Sedimentary Units: A Case Study from the Permian Stratotype Section in Southern China

AbstractThe calibration of sedimentary rock absolute dates is one of the difficulties in sedimentological and stratigraphic research. Since strontium (Sr) resides in seawater much longer (≈106 a) than the seawater intermixing time (≈103 a), the Sr isotopic composition of global seawater is uniform at any time and results in a stable system throughout geological history, based on which a global Sr isotope composition dating database has been established for age‐calibration of marine strata. The Permian stratigraphic sections in the northern part of the Upper Yangtze block, southern China, record continuous marine sediments with clear stratigraphic boundaries and is suitable for stratigraphic dating of Sr isotopes. Based on sampling and Sr isotopic compositions of Permian carbonate strata in the northern part of the Upper Yangtze, a Permian Sr isotope evolution curve was established. According to the basic principles of Sr isotope stratigraphy, the global Strontium isotope age database can be used to calibrate the Permian stratigraphic dates in the northern Upper Yangtze. The results show that the Sr isotope evolution curves for the marine carbonate rocks in the Permian stratigraphic section of the Upper Yangtze present a decreasing trend from the mid‐Qixia stage (P2) to the mid‐Wujiaping stage (P3), and then rise from the middle Wujiaping stage to the end of Changxing stage (P3). When the Permian Sr‐isotope evolution curve is compared with the global Sr isotope evolution curve in the northern Upper Yangtze, the two are consistent in their long‐term evolutionary trend, indicating that Permian global geological events are important controlling factors for the composition and evolution of Sr isotopes. The 87Sr/86Sr value decreased gradually in the background of large‐scale regressions at the turn of middle to late Permian period, revealing that the Emeishan basalt eruption occurred near the Maokou/Wujiaping boundary (GLB). Sr‐isotope stratigraphy dating was performed on the boundaries of the Qixia Formation/Maokou Formation, Maokou Formation/Wujiaping Formation (GLB), Wujiaping Formation/Changxing Formation (WCB) and the Permian/Triassic (PTB) using the Global Strontium Isotope Age Database. The results are 270.4 Ma, 261.2 Ma, 254.5 Ma and 249.7 Ma, respectively. Based on this, the eruption age of the Emeishan basalts is defined at about 261.2 Ma., which is more coincident with that acquired from other previous dating methods on the eruption age of the Emeishan basalts, and therefore proves that the application of Sr isotopic stratigraphy to dating marine sedimentary units is an effective method.

ПЕРВАЯ И ВТОРАЯ КРЕПОСТИ Г. ОМСКА - ВОПРОСЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ МУЗЕЕФИКАЦИИ

The present article summarizes research related to demarcating the first and second Omsk fortresses. Fortifications of these landmarks have long been destroyed, the cultural layer only and partially complexes of buildings of the late 18th - first half of the 19th centuries have been preserved, but they are at risk in connection with active modern urban development. Active archaeological research during the last ten years has yielded an expanded informational database and new evidence illuminating the use of the territory in antiquity and providing insight on the cultural layer of the fortresses. The authors of the present paper have ascertained and precised on the city map the borders of both sites, using stratigraphic research, historical cartography, and archival record. The conclusion provides insight on the main problems of conservation of the researched objects of cultural significance, and on perspectives of their museum commitment within the current framework of development of the historical center of Omsk. Keywords: Omsk, the first and second Omsk fortresses, archaeological sites, historical center, research, museum

A status report on a section-based stratigraphic and palaeontological database – the Geobiodiversity Database

Abstract. Big data are significant for quantitative analysis and contribute to data-driven scientific research and discoveries. Here a brief introduction is given to the Geobiodiversity Database (GBDB), a comprehensive stratigraphic and palaeontological database, and its data. The GBDB includes abundant geological records from China and has supported a series of scientific studies on the Paleozoic palaeogeography and tectonic and biodiversity evolution of China. The data that the GBDB has including those that are newly collected are described in detail; the statistical results and structure of the data are given. A comparison between the GBDB; the largest palaeobiological database, the Paleobiology Database (PBDB); and the geological rock database Macrostrat is drawn. The GBDB and other databases are complementary in palaeontological and stratigraphic research. The GBDB will continually provide users access to detailed palaeontological and stratigraphic data based on publications. Non-structured data of palaeontology and stratigraphy will also be included in the GBDB, and they will be organically correlated with the existing data of the GBDB, making the GBDB more widely used for both researchers and anyone who is interested in fossils and strata. The GBDB fossil and stratum dataset (Xu, 2020) is freely downloadable from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4245604.

Two Types of Iron Smelting Furnaces in Ancient Mongolia

We excavated the Iron smelting furnaces, belonging to the Xiongnu Age (209BCE-155CE), in Mongolia. These furnaces can be divided into three types by structures. By the stratigraphic research and the radioactive carbon dating of charcoal, the transition from Type 3 to Type1 occurred from late BC1c. to around the beginning of AD1c.