Stratified Simple Random Sampling Research Articles

Communication Strategies & Radio Talk Shows

The majority of the consumers of radio stations’ programming are the youth, most of whom are students in high schools, colleges, and universities. The findings revealed that majority of the respondents agreed that radio talk show presenters have effectively analysed their respective audiences so as to communicate effectively. In view of this, the research article seeks to determine the communication strategies that are employed in presenting radio talk shows, as observed, through listening, by university students in the city of Eldoret. Uses and Gratifications theory guided this study. The study utilized a mixed method research approach that made use of both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection and analysis. The target population of the study were students from university campuses within Eldoret, and the sample size was 300. The researcher adopted a stratified sampling and simple random sampling technique to arrive at the sample that would best fit or present the intended purpose of the research. Data was collected using a questionnaire and Focus Group Discussion. The collected data was analysed using descriptive statistical techniques that included frequencies, percentages. The study established that effective communication strategies by presenters are crucial in engaging university students. Radio talk show presenters should analyse their audience effectively and employ communication strategies that foster engagement, such as active listening and utilizing multiple modes of communication.

Fathers’ knowledge of neonatal danger signs and its associated factors in Northwest Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study

ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess fathers’ knowledge of neonatal danger signs and their associated factors in Northwest Ethiopia.DesignCommunity-based cross-sectional study.SettingEnarji and Enawga Woreda, Northwest Ethiopia.ParticipantsThe study was conducted on 613...

Gender Differences in Request Strategies among Graduate Students

Proficiency in request strategies is key in handling social hierarchies and managing interpersonal communication. It is also essential in reducing misunderstandings and enhancing communication efficiency in both educational and professional settings. This quantitative survey investigated the request strategies employed by graduate students in different hierarchical contexts. The sample population consisted of 100 B.Ed. (Bachelor of Education) major English students from ten campuses affiliated to Tribhuvan University (TU). The sample was selected employing stratified simple random sampling method. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire with nine closed-ended questions in the year 2081 BS. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics technique of quantitative data analysis. The result revealed distinct patterns in request strategies when addressing individuals of varying ranks. In higher-to-lower rank scenarios, male respondents predominantly used mood derivable strategies, while females showed a preference for performatives and hedge performatives. For equal-to-equal rank situations, males favored direct mood derivable strategies, while females used a more varied approach with higher incidences of indirect strategies. In lower-to-higher rank contexts, males again showed a preference for direct approaches, whereas females exhibited a higher use of indirect and polite strategies. These findings highlight significant gender-based differences in communication strategies which emphasize the need for personalized approaches in educational and professional settings.

UTILIZATION OF CLASSROOM ENVIRONMENT AND ITS EFFECTS ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN SUB COUNTY LEVEL SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN UASIN GISHU COUNTY, KENYA

School infrastructure is a key pillar for effective learning process in any educational institution. The purpose of this study was to utilization of classroom environment affect academic performance in Sub County level secondary schools in Uasin Gishu County. This study was guided by Production theory. The study was guided by pragmatism philosophy and adopts descriptive survey research design. The study area was carried out in Uasin Gishu County. The target population of the study was 18960 respondents. Stratified simple random and purposive sampling was employed to select the respondents. The sample size was 530 respondents comprising of 48 principals, 97 teachers, 384 students and a Quality Assurance and Standards Officer The data collection instruments were questionnaire, interview schedules and observation check list. A pilot study was carried out in five public schools in the neighboring Trans Nzoia County to check on the consistence of the instruments. The researcher yielded both quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics that resulted in percentages and frequencies that were represented in tables, pie charts and bar graphs and inferential statistics. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically. Therefore, from the research findings based on the multiple regression models, the coefficient of determination (R squared) of 0.441 showed that 44.1% of the variation in student performance was explained by the utilization of selected school infrastructure. The study found out that the classroom environment influenced academic performance. The study concluded that the more conducive the classroom environment the higher the academic performance. The research recommended that sub county level secondary schools management in Uasin Gishu County should develop infrastructural development initiatives to solve the inadequacy of these facilities and enhance their utilization in the schools. There should be consistent routine supervision of quality of facilities in schools done by the government to ensure that schools are operating with good facilities that would help the learners. KEY WORDS: School infrastructure utilization of classroom environment, academic performance

Co-evolution, organizational capacity building, logistics capabilities and operational agility during health emergencies

PurposeGlobally, health care facilities often fail to respond quickly to health emergencies, resulting in significant deaths. Thus, the study examines the mediating effect of logistics capabilities in the relationship between co-evolution, organization capacity building and operational agility.Design/methodology/approachSmartPLS 4.0.8.3, variance-based structural equation models (VB-SEM) were used to test direct and indirect hypotheses across 45 health facilities. The respondents were 140 nurses and doctors. Disproportionate stratified simple random sampling was used based on government and private health facilities in Kampala City, Uganda.FindingsA significant and positive relationship exists between logistics capability and operational agility. However, co-evolution and organizational capacity are intimately linked to operational agility via logistics capability.Research limitations/implicationsA quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted using self-administered questionnaires. The results did not show any variation in the operational agility of health facilities during emergency management; thus, qualitative approaches are needed.Practical implicationsDuring emergency management, health facilities need to cooperate by sharing information, building capacity to increase their responsiveness and flexibility. This should be done by sharing equipment, tools, drugs and medical supplies, and we hope to encourage joint medical research.Originality/valueA complex adaptive systems (CAS) framework is used in this study to examine how co-evolution, organizational capacity building and logistical capability relate to the operational agility of healthcare during times of emergency.

The Effect of Scaffolding Teaching Strategy on the Achievement and Retention of Lower Basic 5 Special Needs Pupils in Abia State, Nigeria

The study investigated effect of Scaffolding Teaching Strategy on the Achievement and Retention of Lower Basic Five Pupils' in Special Needs Schools in Abia State, Nigeria. The study was a quasi-experimental research design. The study determined the difference in the mean achievement and retention scores of lower basic five male and female students taught Home Economics using scaffolding teaching strategy and those taught using lecture method. Three research questions and three null hypotheses guided the study. The sample consisted of 40 lower basic five pupils drawn from the population of 309 special needs pupils, using stratified simple random sampling technique. Home Economics Achievement Test (HEAT) which contained 34 multiple-choice questions and four options: three distractors and one correct answer, with stability of reliability index of 0.81 was used for data collection. The data collected from the pupils were analyzed using mean and standard deviation to answer the three research questions that guided the study, while the Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to test the null-hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The results revealed that scaffolding teaching strategy independently had increasing effect on the pupils’ academic achievement and retention in Home Economics respectively, having recorded higher mean gain than those in control group. It also showed that scaffolding teaching strategy independently had more increasing effect on the male pupils’ academic achievements and retention in Home Economics respectively than on the female pupils.

Enrollment and Uptake of Health Care Financing Schemes among Adult Inpatients in Baringo County, Kenya

A high burden of healthcare expenditure precludes the poor from access to quality healthcare services. Due to the dearth of studies detailing healthcare financing in rural-based counties in Kenya, the study examined enrolment and uptake of healthcare financing schemes among adult inpatients in Baringo County, Kenya. The study employed a descriptive cross-sectional research design and was situated in Baringo County Referral Hospital with a target population of about 8,400 monthly or more than 100,000 patients annually. A sample size of 398 patients/and or caregivers was selected based on the stratified simple random sampling method. The results indicated age > 35 years (OR = 0.76120, p = 0.004), Occupation (OR = 0.65730, p = 0.000), income levels (OR = 1.67921, p = 0.000), marital status (OR = 0.38342, p = 0.000) and household size > 4 but less than 9 (OR = 3.66847, p = 0.000) and explain about 21.58 per cent in the enrolment in a healthcare insurance scheme. The conclusions are that demographic factors (age, marital status, occupation, income levels and household size) influence enrolment This implies that young unmarried individuals < 35 years, employed with income > Ksh 20,000 and with household size < 5 persons were more likely to enrol for a healthcare financial scheme. The study recommends that a universal healthcare financing scheme should be implemented to make healthcare financing more affordable and accessible through policy interventions

An investigation of the predictors of credit risk among Ghanaian rural banks

This study investigated the predictors of credit risk in rural and community banks (RCBs), and the effects of rural banking in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. The study examined the correlation between credit risk as the dependent factor and a set of 8 systemic and unsystemic factors of credit risk as independent variables. The systemic variables were GDP growth rate, interest rate, inflation rate and unemployment rate. The unsystemic factors analyzed were branch network, total assets, return on assets and capital adequacy ratio. Secondary data was collected from 15 RCBs which were selected through purposive sampling, stratified random sampling and simple random sampling. Data collected was analyzed using Microsoft Excel and STATA software applications. Dataset ranged from the year 2008 to 2017. Descriptive statistical analysis, correlational analysis and regression analysis were undertaken. The study found that, return on assets, branch network and size were the significant unsystemic predictors of credit risk whilst interest rate, inflation and unemployment were the significant systemic predictors of credit risk in RCBs in Ghana. Furthermore, the study revealed that RCBs have had considerable positive impact on the communities where they operated. Managers of RCBs must consider pursuing a strategy of branch expansion and improving efficiency of staff because of the moderating effects of these factors on credit risk. This study contributed to the understanding of the relationship between unsystemic predictors of credit risk and systemic predictors of credit risk in RCBs, as intervening variables.

Economics and Constraints of Organic Turmeric at Kakching District of Manipur

Background: As the locale of the present study has high potential for production of organic turmeric, so to take the relevant measures for best exploit the resources and to create more income and employment to the rural people. Methods: The present study is based on 200 turmeric growers drawn by adopting a multistage purposive stratified simple random sampling technique from Kakching district; based on the primary data, collected through personal interview method with the help of pre-tested and well structured questionnaire exclusively designed pertaining for the agricultural year 2020-2022. Result: The majority (93.00 per cent) of the respondents belonged to semi-medium land holding with an area of 2.01 to 3.00 ha, total gross return was highest (₹ 1,61,768.44/-) for medium farm size group and benefit-cost ratio was highest (2.64 : 1) for small farm size group. The major production constraint was lack of proper inputs, lack of training, lack of irrigation facility, lack of quality planting material etc.

The Factors Affecting Learning Achievement in English Language Studies of The Students at North Bangkok University

Background and Aims: Research emphasizes the critical role that learners' attitudes and behaviors play in determining their success in acquiring the English language, emphasizing the relationship that exists between mindset and actions. Achieving proficiency objectives and optimizing language learning outcomes requires a focus on the development of constructive attitudes and efficient learning behaviors. Thus, the study of the factors affecting learning achievement in English language studies of the students at North Bangkok University aims to investigate the factors affecting learning achievement in English language studies of the students at North Bangkok University. Methodology: The sample comprises students enrolled in the ENG 101 course, totaling 283 individuals, selected through stratified random sampling and simple random sampling methods. The research methodology involves utilizing a questionnaire as the primary data collection instrument. Statistical analyses employed in the study include percentages, means, standard deviations, Pearson correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression analysis. Results: The results found that the factors of students, teachers, family, and school can collectively predict the factors affecting learning achievement in English language studies of students at North Bangkok University. This predictive set comprises the factors related to students (x1), teachers (x2), and family (x3). These predictor variables can predict the factors that affect the learning achievement in English language studies of the students at North Bangkok University with an accuracy of 42.77%. This can be written as a prediction equation as follows; (1) The prediction equation in raw score format can be expressed as follows: Y = .386+.282X1 +.174X2 + .151X3. (2) The prediction equation in standardized score format can be expressed as follows: ZY = .341X1 +.228X2 + .163X3 Conclusion: According to the study, family dynamics, instructors, and students all have an impact on how well students learn English at North Bangkok University. The accuracy of these predictor variables, which include factors related to students, teachers, and families, in predicting learning outcomes in English language studies is 42.77%.

The Use of Padlet Application for The Integration of Reading and Writing of The Students at A Private University in Pathum Thani Province

Background and Aims: The study on ‘the use of the Padlet application for the integration of reading and writing of the students at a private university in Pathum Thani Province is important as it investigates new methods to boost student involvement, enhance literacy abilities, encourage teamwork, and utilize technology in education. These results have an impact on both theoretical comprehension and practical implementation in educational environments. The objectives of this study were 1) to examine the English writing achievement of the students after using the Padlet application for the integration of reading and writing of the students at a Private university in Pathum Thani province. 2) To investigate the level of student satisfaction with the use of the Padlet application for the integration of reading and writing of the students at a Private university in Pathum Thani province. Methodology: The participants in this study were 50 students from a private university in Pathum Thani province who enrolled in Basic Writing in English in the third semester of the academic year 2023, selected through stratified random sampling and simple random sampling methods. The research instrument consisted of 10 sets of English achievement tests and a questionnaire. The data was analyzed by mean and Standard Deviation, t-test. Results: The research results found that 1) the English writing achievement of the students after using the Padlet application was statistically significantly higher than before taught by using the Padlet application at the .01 level. 2) The level of student satisfaction with the use of the Padlet application for the integration of reading and writing was at a very high level. Conclusion: The research indicates that the use of the Padlet application significantly improved students' English writing achievement and was met with very high satisfaction for integrating reading and writing.

Binge-Watching Behavior and the Strategies Adopted to Overcome This among the Undergraduate Students

Abstract Introduction Binge-watching is a popular activity among people of all ages. It involves watching a television series or movies for a longer duration. The activity pleasures the viewers as it stimulates the “reward center” or “pleasure pathway” of the brain, which releases certain chemicals. However, excessive binge-watching can lead to internet addiction disorders, which is a growing concern among young people. Objectives To address this concern, a study was conducted to identify binge-watching behavior and ways to overcome it among undergraduates in professional colleges. Methodology The study involved 227 participants who were selected through a proportionate stratified simple random sampling technique. A descriptive survey design was adopted to collect data, and the participants were assessed using the “assessing binge-watching behavior—Binge-Watching Engagement and Symptoms Questionnaire” and a self-structured rating scale. Results The results indicated that the majority of participants (78.9%) were engaged in binge-watching behavior. The highest percentage of binge-watching behavior was noted in the desire category (60.0%), and the lowest percentage was in positive emotions (44.0%). The mean percentages of dependency (57.7%) and loss of control (59%) were almost similar to the mean percentages of desire (60%) and engagement (59.2%). These results reflect the negative effects of binge-watching behavior. Moreover, the study revealed that 51.5% of binge-watchers were in the age group of 20 to 21 years, and 85% of them were female. This finding highlights the need to educate young people, particularly women, about the negative effects of binge-watching behavior. Conclusion In conclusion, the study emphasizes the need to address the growing trend of binge-watching behavior among young people. The study recommends various strategies to overcome this behavior, such as limiting screen time, engaging in physical activities, and cultivating hobbies and interests.

Students' Self-Regulated Learning in Physics: Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)

This study aims to develop and validate an instrument that measures students' self-regulated learning in Physics. The pilot study involved 400 randomly selected Form 4 students taking Physics. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was conducted to assess the suitability of the measurement items and to identify the construct dimensions. Three main components were identified through the EFA procedure, namely self-motivation (DP), metacognitive planning (PM), and metacognitive monitoring (PK). The field study involved 435 Form 4 students taking Physics from daily secondary schools. The study population consisted of Form 4 students from daily secondary schools across Peninsular Malaysia. The sample was selected using stratified random sampling and simple random sampling from four states: Perak, Kedah, Negeri Sembilan, and Kelantan. Data from the field study were used to confirm the validity and reliability of the instrument through the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) procedure. CFA results indicated that the developed instrument is valid and reliable for measuring students' self-regulated learning. Once the measurement model was confirmed through CFA, the researchers structured these constructs into a structural model and estimated the necessary parameters using the Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) procedure. This study makes a significant contribution by producing a valid and reliable instrument for measuring self-regulated learning among Form 4 Physics students. This instrument can be used in future research to enhance the understanding of factors influencing students' self-regulated learning in the context of Physics education.

Evaluating the Impact of Technological Adaptation in Third-Party Logistics on Farming Household Sustainability: The Mediating Role of Supply Chain Robustness

Agriculture is recognized as a key determinant in the economic vitality of Sri Lanka. The prominent challenges faced by farmers include the pervasiveness of middlemen, insufficient storage infrastructure, substandard transportation between supply chain participants, and inadequate mechanization within the agricultural sector. This research primarily investigates the influence of Third-Party Logistics – including warehousing, distribution, and order fulfillment – on optimizing farmers' rewards, a process moderated by technology adaptation and mediated by supply chain robustness. The principal objective of this study is to explore and scrutinize the impact of logistics and its constituents on the optimization of compensations and additional benefits for farmers, which can be achieved by enhancing the supply chain through technological adaptation. To meet this objective, the researcher adopted a pragmatic philosophical position coupled with a deductive methodology. The research was conducted among farmers in the Northern Province of Sri Lanka. A sample of 180 farming households was chosen through a stratified simple random sampling technique that encompassed all Districts within the Province. An explanatory mixed method was employed as the methodological preference for the study, supplemented by a cross-sectional approach under the time horizon. The study's findings revealed that Third-Party Logistics positively impact reward maximization, and further demonstrated the moderating and mediating effects of technology adaptation and supply chain resilience. In conclusion, the paper presents recommended strategies, which include advancements in logistical practices and the implementation of updated technological solutions within agriculture. These recommendations could be adopted by farmers to maximize the monetary and non-monetary benefits.

Evaluating strategies to recruit health researchers to participate in online survey research

BackgroundEngaging researchers as research subjects is key to informing the development of effective and relevant research practices. It is important to understand how best to engage researchers as research subjects.MethodsA 24 factorial experiment, as part of a Multiphase Optimization Strategy, was performed to evaluate effects of four recruitment strategy components on participant opening of an emailed survey link and survey completion. Participants were members of three US-based national health research consortia. A stratified simple random sample was used to assign potential survey participants to one of 16 recruitment scenarios. Recruitment strategy components were intended to address both intrinsic and extrinsic sources of motivation, including: $50 gift, $1,000 raffle, altruistic messaging, and egoistic messaging. Multivariable generalized linear regression analyses adjusting for consortium estimated component effects on outcomes. Potential interactions among components were tested. Results are reported as adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).ResultsSurveys were collected from June to December 2023. A total of 418 participants were included from the consortia, with final analytical sample of 400 eligible participants. Out of the final sample, 82% (341) opened the survey link and 35% (147) completed the survey. Altruistic messaging increased the odds of opening the survey (aOR 2.02, 95% CI: 1.35–2.69, p = 0.033), while egoistic messaging significantly reduced the odds of opening the survey (aOR 0.56, 95%CI 0.38–0.75, p = 0.08). The receipt of egoistic messaging increased the odds of completing the survey once opened (aOR 1.81, 95%CI: 1.39–2.23, p < 0.05). There was a significant negative interaction effect between the altruistic appeal and egoistic messaging strategies for survey completion outcome. Monetary incentives did not a have a significant impact on survey completion.ConclusionIntrinsic motivation is likely to be a greater driver of health researcher participation in survey research than extrinsic motivation. Altruistic and egoistic messaging may differentially impact initial interest and survey completion and when combined may lead to improved rates of recruitment, but not survey completion. Further research is needed to determine how to best optimize message content and whether the effects observed are modified by survey burden.

Enhancing information literacy skills of undergraduate medical students : a curriculum and policy analysis

With the growing size and complexity of library collections coupled with the explosion of medical information in diverse formats, medical students require competencies in identifying, locating, retrieving, evaluating, synthesizing, and effectively utilizing information. There is a need, therefore, for medical students to acquire Information Literacy Skills (ILS) to master content, extend their investigations, and become more self-directed and life-long learners. The objectives of the study were to: examine the ILS curricula in place to facilitate the delivery of ILS among medical undergraduate students at Moi University and the University of Nairobi, and to assess the methods used to enhance the delivery of ILS among medical undergraduate students at Moi University and University of Nairobi. A pragmatic research paradigm with a mixed-methods approach was employed in the study. The study adopted a descriptive survey design applied within a multiple case study, combining concurrent triangulation in data collection and analysis. The target population was 685 students comprising 6th-year medicine, 5th-year dentistry, and 4th-year nursing students, and 182 lecturers. A combination of stratified simple random and purposive sampling techniques was employed to obtain 353 medical undergraduate students, 62 lecturers in medicine, dentistry, and nursing specializations, 2 university librarians, 2 heads of medical librarians, and 6 heads of departments. Data was collected using questionnaires and interview schedules. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and presented using frequency distribution tables and bar charts while qualitative data was analyzed thematically based on the objectives and research questions and presented as narrative. The findings revealed that although ILS curriculum and policy were available, there was little implementation and accountability, indicating that the ILS curriculum and policy had not been reviewed to incorporate contemporary ILS. The study concluded that students had not acquired sufficient ILS competencies due to a combination of factors such as poor perception of ILS, low pedagogical expertise among ILS trainers, and absence of sustainable ICT infrastructure to facilitate the acquisition and utilization of fourth ICT revolutions’ competencies. The study recommends that institutions of higher learning should introduce four ILS credit-scored course units.

Impacts of Dampness on Structural Stability of Public Secondary School Buildings in Adamawa State, Nigeria

This research assessed the impact of dampness on the structural stability of public secondary school buildings in Adamawa state. Dampness as it were is the infiltration of water through the structural elements (interior and exterior) of an edifice, wetness of structural elements through moisture rise by capillary, or extreme quantity of moisture contained in building materials or the building components (Agyekum, Ayakwa, Koranteng &amp; Adinyira, 2013a; Wilkowska, 2017). A percentage of building structures that deteriorate during wetness, dampness, or excessive moisture movements are perceived, visible, or measurable (Soldatova, Sansone, Stephens &amp; Shah, 2011). A building is described as being affected by dampness when there is moisture that is not wanted to a certain degree in the building than its water- retaining capability such that finishes and structural members are stained or discoloured and certain secondary elements are either upturned or lifted (Ishak, Che Ani, Akashah &amp;Kayan, 2013). The primary sources of moisture in buildings according to Sulaiman and Beithou (2011) are liquid water from precipitation or plumbing leaks; water vapour from the building exterior or activities/processes within the building; liquid and vapour from the soil adjoining a building; and moisture built-in with the materials of construction or brought in with goods and people. Young (2007) and Agyekum et al. (2013), categorise the primary sources of moisture into three types: penetration dampness, condensation, and rising dampness. Specifically, it; determined the common types of dampness and common causes of dampness, it also determined the extent of the impacts of dampness and suggested suitable procedures for treating the impact of dampness. A descriptive research design was adopted for the study. Four purposes and four research questions were raised to guide the study, the population for this study is Grade A public secondary schools in Adamawa State. Three sampling techniques were employed in this study, these are stratified sampling, purposive sampling, and simple random sampling. A checklist and a structured questionnaire were developed.

Tinea capitis and its associated factors among school children in Gondar town northwest, Ethiopia

IntroductionTinea capitis is a global public health concern with a unique therapeutic challenge and mostly affects children. The burden is double in developing countries. There is no study on school-going children from the urban residence in Ethiopia.ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of Tinea capitis and its associated factors among school children in Gondar town northwest, Ethiopia 2021.MethodsAn institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among school children in Gondar town from November 20 to December 20, 2021. Data was collected through an interviewer-administered structured questionnaire. A stratified simple random sampling technique was employed. Then data were entered into EPI Info version 7.22 and transferred to Statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 22 for further analysis. The binary logistic regression model was employed to identify factors associated with tinea capitis, and the strength of association and statistical significance was declared using the adjusted odds ratios with its corresponding 95% CI, and p-value ≤ 0.05 respectively.ResultThe prevalence of tinea capitis among school children in Gondar town was found to be 29.4%. Public school student (AOR = 2.79 95% CI: 1.34–5.87), widowed mother (AOR = 6.09, 95% CI: 1.83–11.23), students in the age group of 5–8 years (AOR = 3.79 95% CI: 1.68–8.55), animal contact (AOR = 2.61 95% CI: 1.15–5.90), and family similar illness category (AOR = 8.49 95% CI: 3.73–11.39) have risen the likelihood of tinea capitis among school children.ConclusionsThe prevalence of tinea capitis was higher. Young age, children from widowed marital status, illiterate mother, history of share blades, animal contact, a family similar illness, and lower number of living rooms are important factors contributing to tinea capitis among school children. Health education for the mother on the mode of transmission, prevention, and improve the low socioeconomic status of the parent is crucial.Key termsChildren, Ethiopia, Gondar, School age, Tinea capitis

Reading Comprehension Ability of Tharu and Non Tharu Students

Reading comprehension is crucial because it enables students to understand, interpret, and engage with texts, fostering critical thinking and effective communication skills. This study investigates the reading proficiency of Tharu and non-Tharu students within a multilingual educational framework. The data was collected from a sample of 30 grade four students (15 Tharu and 15 non-Tharu) who studied at a community school in Kohalpur Municipality, Banke District during the academic year 2080/81 B.S. The researcher employed stratified simple random sampling method to ensure representativeness. Data collection included reading comprehension tests, vocabulary assessments, and other skill-based tasks aligned with the multilingual education curriculum. Basic statistical tools were used for analysis. The findings indicate marginal differences in overall academic performance between Tharu and non-Tharu students. Tharu students showed strengths in specific skill domains such as comprehension of unseen texts and vocabulary application. Despite this, it underscores the influence of educational backgrounds and cultural factors on academic outcomes. This highlights the need for tailored pedagogical strategies for teaching reading in diverse linguistic contexts.

Pedagogical Practices of Speaking Skill Instruction in Secondary Schools

Effective speaking skills are crucial in language education as they enhance communication and boost confidence in various social and professional settings. The research attempts to identify the various techniques, methods, and strategies employed by secondary level English teachers in teaching speaking skills at secondary level. The study employed descriptive survey design with a quantitative approach to investigate speaking skill instruction in Lumbini province, Nepal. The target population included 480 secondary-level English teachers with a minimum of five years of teaching experience. Stratified simple random sampling ensured representation from community and institutional schools. Data collection utilized a structured questionnaire with 45 open-ended questions, distributed electronically to ensure anonymity. Findings revealed disparities in time allocation for speaking instruction between community and institutional schools. Most teachers allocate one or two periods per week, with institutional schools dedicating more time. Emphasis on fluency, accuracy, or both varies, with a majority focusing on both aspects. Learner-centered techniques are favored for engaging students, with role play and prepared talks common activities. Motivational techniques include questioning, classroom discussions, and role assignment. Preferred pronunciation improvement techniques involve imitation and recording exercises. Materials like pictures and newspapers are frequently used, while audio devices are favored for teaching. Testing techniques focus on oral questions and picture description. Preferred teaching techniques include picture describing and dialogue/interview/prepared talks. Effective classroom environment and management emphasize well-managed classrooms and limited student numbers. Overall, practices in institutional schools show a greater emphasis on learner-centered approaches and varied activities compared to community schools.