Supply Chain Management Strategies Research Articles

Development Model of Rice Supply Chain Management to Ensure Self-Sufficiency and Food Security

The objectives of this study cover not only the availability of information about potential rice production, the actual information of rice supply chain system, and the concept and strategy of the rice supply chain management but also the formulation of effective and efficient measures to increase the rice distribution chain linkages in Malang Regency. The study design is a combination of descriptive and policy research unit by applying analysis of Rice Milling Unit (RMU) Entrepreneurs, Wholesalers and Retailers, Farmers and stakeholders concerned. The sampling was carried out by non-probability sampling method. The first sampling used purposive sampling method, and then the snowballing sampling method. The data comprised two types of data, primary and secondary data. The primary data were obtained through direct observation and interviews. The secondary data were obtained through literary searches. The data processing was done by the framework of the Food Supply Chain Networking (FSCN). The results indicated that Malang Regency has successfully contributed to the increase of national unhulled rice production. Furthermore, every year Malang Regency has a surplus of rice. The rice distribution pattern consists of the rice traders, millers, wholesalers, Bulog Malang Sub Division, and retailers. The distribution pattern of rice in Malang Regency has five channels of trade distribution system. In general, the market structure of unhulled rice / rice in Malang Regency is competitive. It is characterized by a number of participants of the market not only at the village, district but Regency as well. The distribution pattern has been established and supported by adequate infrastructure. Moreover, the distribution is quite smooth without encountering any major obstacles. The results of this study provide interesting findings because the rice produced by farmers in Malang Regency is mostly sold outside Malang Regency. Most of the people of Malang Regency consume rice from other areas because the price is cheaper than the rice of Malang Regency farmers. This condition should improve the welfare of farmers because the rice produced is of premium quality and is more expensive, but market conditions make this expectation difficult to fulfill because the price is affordable at RMU. To Strengthen the supply chain management of rice, it is needed the growth and strengthening of the system either upstream or downstream of economy through institution of the village. The institution has a bridging function for both the interests and needs of the community. The government should provide sufficient funds through Bulog to buy all rice produced by farmers at a price that supports farmers in making a profit, then distribute it to the community at a price affordable to the purchasing power.

Supply Chain Management for Superyacht Construction in Taiwan

In the last 20 years, Taiwan’s superyacht construction industry has performed well in the global market; however, numerous yacht builders still practice traditional supply chain management (SCM), which is often inefficient and regularly leads to time and cost overruns. This study aimed to answer two research questions: 1) what SCM challenges does the superyacht construction industry face? and 2) what SCM strategies and practices should be adopted to improve the efficacy and profitability of superyacht construction companies?

Impact of Supply Chain Management Strategies on Business Performance

Impact of Supply Chain Management Strategies on Business Performance

Influence of Supply Chain Management Strategies on Performance of Medical Supply Chain Organisations in Kenya

Institutions within the medical supply sector have consistently faced substandard supply chain results because of failure of timely deliveries on the part of suppliers failing to quickly respond to deliver medical shipments. This indicates the procurement role having inadequacies as a key component of an organization since it does not deliver on maximized effectiveness and a reduction of costs based on poor supply chain management plans. A critical purpose of the study was the intention to identify influence of supply chain management strategies on performance of medical supply chain organisations in Kenya. More so, the analysis deals with the degree information integration impacts on Organization performance; to evaluate the impact of warehousing on performance; to examine the impact of outsourcing on performance; and to evaluate the influence of lean supply chain on performance of medical supply entities across Kenya. Direction will through be relying on the resource-based theory as well as the supply chain constraints principle. The analysis will adopt a descriptive study approach; with the targeted size comprising of 30 medical supply entities. The study participants included 2,529 staff of pharmaceutical supply chain entities within Kenya. Determination of the sample group was by Yamane’s concept that led to to a group of 345 participants. Accessing the participants was by stratified and simple random sampling approaches. Towards indicating dispersion and central tendency, standard deviation and respectively, with the inferential statistics being analysed by multiple regression and correlation analysis. The study findings reveal that performance of medical supply organizations in Kenya was significantly related with supply chain information integration (p < 0.05), warehousing (p < 0.05) and outsourcing. Despite this, the association among differentiation strategy and performance was insignificant at p > 0.05 but only significant at p <0.1). It was also found that while lean supply chain had a negative influence on performance (t = -.528, p >0.5) information integration, warehousing and outsourcing had positive influence on performance (information integration: t = 16.461, p <0.05; warehousing: t = 19.671, p <0.05; outsourcing: t = 15.528, p <0.05). The result of these outcomes is that the leadership across medical supply organizations in Kenya need to adopt information integration, warehousing, and outsourcing, which would positively contribute to performance. Medical supply organizations in Kenya should continue emphasizing on supply chain strategies. The outcomes of the study may assist organisations in drawing plans or improving existing strategies governing supply chain management across institutions.

Filtering Facepiece Respirator Supply Chain Management Framework in a Disaster Such as COVID-19

Due to the lack of vaccines and treatments, filtering facepiece respirators are a primary and effective tool to dampen the spread of COVID-19. To meet the huge and continuous demand for filtering facepiece respirators, this concept paper suggests a supply chain management framework based on the disaster management principle. This concept paper adopts an exploratory and qualitative literature review to provide managerial insights for the supply chain participants. Due to implementation delay and strategic interdependency, the supply chain management strategies need to be systematically integrated. A viable way to integrate strategies is based on the disaster management cycle: mitigation, preparation, response, and recovery phases. Our model integrates innovative and successful but overlooked supply chain management strategies. First, the production capacity should be flexible so that the production mode in emergency and normal situations can be different. Second, the concept paper and development facilities can utilize their capacities for actual production in emergencies. Third, the quality certification process should accommodate the flexible production capacities. Fourth, inventory stockpiling should be renewable. This concept paper contributes to policymakers, healthcare sector decision-makers, stakeholders throughout the FFR supply chain to cope with future crises caused by pandemics by providing a systematic approach to constructing an effective, flexible, and resilient supply chain.

An industry survey of implementation strategies for clinical supply chain management of cell and gene therapies

Background aimsThe novelty of cell and gene therapies (CGTs) has introduced unique supply chain challenges and considerations not seen by chemically synthesized (small-molecule) drugs. These complexities increase during the clinical phases, where drug safety and efficacy milestones are still underdeveloped. For example, for autologous therapies such as chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapies, in which the treatment is developed from the patient's own cells, supply chain management plays an integral role in chemistry, manufacturing and control processes. Supply chain management requires proactive planning because of the strict cold chain requirements and time sensitivity of CGTs. This research examines strategies and responses to challenges experienced by industry stakeholders (e.g., sponsors and manufacturers) during the implementation phases of clinical supply chain management. This research further evaluates the adequacy of the current regulatory framework for distribution and supply chain management of CGTs in the US. MethodsA survey methodology was used to query subject matter experts from the biopharmaceutical industry who were familiar with the clinical supply management of CGTs in the US. The survey instrument was developed using an implementation framework and disseminated electronically to mid- and senior-level subject matter experts who had experience with clinical trials, supply chain management and CGTs. ResultsA total of 128 respondents accessed the survey, and 105 respondents answered at least one question. Seventy-five respondents completed the survey. Results showed that a lack of harmonization in regulations across the supply chain, limited resources, challenges with vendor management, high costs and complexities in the supply chain due to product specificity and customization proved to be impediments for the industry. In addition, the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic had a significant impact on supply chain implementation. The results revealed that less than half of the respondents had business continuity plans in place. These challenges increased for smaller and mid-size organizations. Thirty percent of small and mid-size organizations were less prepared to scale up than larger companies. ConclusionsSuggestions from industry stakeholders were to adopt and enforce Good Distribution Practices in the US (81%), pre-plan distribution strategies with internal and external stakeholders along the supply chain and develop agile systems and robust processes end to end. Hurdles in scaling up and scaling out from the clinical to commercial phases for time- and temperature-sensitive CGT products make it difficult to predict the supply chain's long-term feasibility. Although there are initiatives to improve these impediments, such as improving industry partnerships and creating global CGT transportation standards, there are still regulatory knowledge gaps present for CGTs. Therefore, it is essential to establish a baseline and foundation for CGT supply chains extending beyond the loading dock.

Production and Disruptions of Prawn and Crab: Basis for Supply Chain Management Strategies

Supply chain management strategies will help the prawn and crab growers mitigate and adapt to the impact of various disruptions such as typhoons, water-borne diseases, and climate change. The study was conducted to determine the production and disruptions and prawn and crab basis for supply chain management strategies of the growers. The study employed a descriptive research design using quantitative data. The study used secondary data for performance and disaster history. A content analysis was used in processing the data. The researchers validated the findings and results of the study, and a random interview was conducted. Findings revealed that disruptions affect the production of prawn and crab, growers have their fishing technique and management practices, supply chain management strategies were not prioritized for value-adding and technology accessibility. A supply chain management strategy may be employed to operate and produce prawns and crabs in the Province of Capiz to achieve profitability and sustainability. It should be noted that the data is from 2011 to 2017. The data coverage is the Province of Capiz and focuses on the volume and value of prawns and crab (tiger prawn, endeavor prawn, and mud crab).

Inovasi Digital Model Rantai Pasok Pada Futuristik E-Commerce

The increasing number of internet users in the world and especially in Indonesia has made traditional businesses start turning to technology such as e-Commerce. Where the increase in internet users by (±16%) and internet penetration by 75.47% between 2021 and 2022 are the main causes of a paradigm shift in society in Indonesia. Technology can play a role in helping management dynamics in a company's supply chain flow and entrepreneurial business activities in real-time. Human resources, cash flow, logistics, low-cost information flow, and efficiency play an important role in the continuity of technology-based business management. The application of Information Technology makes the supply chain process run according to consumer expectations to fulfill product distribution more efficiently and optimally. The concept of Technology-Based Supply Chain Management that has existed in recent years has become a priority for analysis in this journal, so that the qualitative research methodology used is a conceptual review, where this method collects data using library research methods and examines various related matters. information. to supply chains, behavioral changes, consumers, changes in the use of technology in e-Commerce which are the basis for determining innovation solutions to optimize Supply Chain Management (SCM) strategies on the concept of digital e-Commerce technology for future businesses.

The Influence of Reverse Logistics on the Leading Fast Moving Consumer Goods Retailers in South Africa

BackgroundEnterprises endeavoured being competitive in their pursuit for customer satisfaction in provision of product/service in the marketplace. The emergence of supply chain management strategy addressed this objective, as it streamlined the coordination of supply and demand sides of business in enterprises. The forward flow of goods from fast moving consumer goods (FMCGs) suppliers to the end-customers led to accumulation of damaged goods being returned back to the suppliers for replacement through the process of reverse logistics. ObjectivesThis study explored the process of reverse logistics on the leading retailers of fast moving consumer goods in South Africa, to establish how the process influenced their business. MethodThe study pursued qualitative research methodology and constructivism research paradigm and was grounded in the theory of sustainable development and competitive advantage. Non-probability sampling process was used in which 13 participants were interviewed. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, translated, coded and analysed via Atlas ti.8 software to determine the results.ResultsThe outcome of the study indicated that reverse logistics created value for the retailers through replacement of the damaged goods, improved competitiveness and sustainability due to continuous recovery of value, and waste reduction ensured a cleaner environment. Conclusion The recovery of damaged products through the reverse logistics process benefitted enterprises with additional resources as value-added that improved earnings which made them more competitive. As the process was continuous and reduced waste, it ensured the enterprises’ sustainability and spared environmental degradation.

Supply Chain Management as a Driver of Competitiveness for Fast Moving Consumer Goods Smes in South Africa

Introduction The supply chain management strategy adoption by enterprises in the last four decades, has made enterprises more customer-centric, as they focus on product flow from source to the ultimate end-user. Consequently, the phrase ‘customer is king’ has become synonymous with good customer service. The study explored the coordinated supply chain processes as a competitive advantage for the South African small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the fast moving consumer goods (FMCGs). Methodology The study was grounded in the theory of competitive advantage and qualitative research methodology and constructivism research paradigm were used. The grocery SMEs from Gauteng province, which is the South Africa’s leading economic hub provided the sample for the study. Non-probability sampling was used in selecting the participants of the study who were the owner/managers of the SMEs. The interview covered enterprise relationship with suppliers of fast moving consumer goods (FMCGs) and third-party logistics (3PL) transportation service. The recorded interviews were transcribed, translated, coded and analysed via content analysis to determine the outcome of the study. Results The results indicated that SCM improved cost-effectiveness through savings on 3PL transportation service optimisation shared amongst the SMEs, improved customer service through supply chain collaboration and recovered value from reverse logistics management. &nbsp

Intelligent Trading Agents for Massively Multi-Player Game Economies

As massively multi-player gaming environments become more detailed, developing agents to populate these virtual worlds as capable non-player characters poses an increasingly complex problem. Human players in many games must achieve their objectives through financial skills such as trading and supply chain management as well as through combat and diplomacy. In this paper, we examine the problem of creating intelligent trading agents for virtual markets. Using historical data from EVE Online, a science-fiction based MMORPG, we evaluate several strategies for buying, selling, and supply chain management. We demonstrate that using reinforcement learning to determine policies based on the market microstructure gives trading agents a competitive advantage in amassing wealth. Imbuing agents with the ability to adapt their trading policies can make them more resistant to exploitation by other traders and capable of participating in virtual economies on an equal footing with humans.

Modifications to global supply chain management strategies resulting from recent trade disruptions: an exploratory study

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to explore modifications to the supply chain strategies of international manufacturers resulting from recent momentous trade disruptions, including the US-China trade war, global tariff escalations, Brexit and heightened geopolitical tensions.Design/methodology/approachThe research methodology consisted of a series of in-depth personal interviews with senior supply chain executives of six large US international manufacturers.FindingsThe study identified several short-term reactive strategies taken, including pulling purchase orders or production forward, building inventory and applying for exceptions from tariffs, along with longer-term proactive strategies such as shifting and expanding supplier and manufacturing locations.Research limitations/implicationsThe study’s limitations involve its small sample size and its findings being industry and company-specific to a limited number of firms. While the sample size was deemed sufficient for this exploratory study, larger sample sizes and subsequent industry-specific analyses are recommended.Practical implicationsThe global supply chain modifications effectively used by the firms in the study can offer guidance for practitioners facing similar challenges following major trade disruptions.Originality/valueDue to the very recent emergence of the trade disruptors examined in this study, extant literature is limited. Hence, the findings noted in the paper offer not only guidance for practitioners but also make a strong contribution to research and literature on global supply chain risk management and disruption risk mitigation.

Supply chain management talent: the role of executives in engagement, recruitment, development and retention

PurposeThis paper aims to fill a void in existing research by focusing on in-company efforts to develop supply chain (SC) talent, with a specific focus on the role that executives can play in this process. This study uses the resource-based view (RBV) of the firm and theory of training motivation as theoretical background for the exploration. In addition to that, this paper provides meaningful information for executives aspiring to contribute to the development of supply chain management (SCM) talent including the primary drivers, benefits, barriers and bridges (Fawcett et al., 2008). Using this framework will lead to the development of a conceptual model to facilitate future research efforts.Design/methodology/approachThis paper studies three case companies where there was an active executive engagement in the recruiting, on-boarding and ongoing development of SC talent.FindingsIn all three case companies’ executive engagement was high and the executives acted as champions of the SC talent development program including designing and stewardship of the program. They also got personally involved in recruiting, training and mentoring. In alignment with the RBV of the firm, all three case companies were strongly driven by a need to improve the competitive advantage of their firm through the SC competencies and capabilities. This strategic directive is driven by the executive suite and typically involved a combination of goals including improving functional capability development, internal stakeholder relationships and growth in business value contributions. This leads to the need for attracting new talent, due to talent shortages and developing more future-proof capabilities of the SC talent. Talent that is future-proof can effectively handle the current scope of work and successfully implement changes that the SCM strategy aspires to. Hence, the executive ownership is very much driven by a strategic imperative to improve the knowledge, skills and abilities and critical realization of the importance of talent recruitment and development. This study also finds that there are very specific SCM drivers, benefits, barriers and bridges in play making it important for SCM executives and teams to engage and not rely on generic human resource (HR) processes and frameworks only.Research limitations/implicationsWe found that in the three case companies’ executive engagement in talent development had a positive impact. We also identified specific roles of the executives such as, the benefit of engagement across multiple hierarchical layers of the organization and, the risk of programs being shorter lived when focused on a narrower talent issue. Our research focus contributes to the existing supply chain literature involving talent management. It also suggests actions for supply chain executives, for the educational provision of universities and multiple research opportunities.Originality/valueThere is no evidence of prior research in fields of HR management, talent development or SCM related to the impact of executive engagement in this process. This paper studies three case companies where there was an active executive engagement in the recruiting, on-boarding and ongoing development of SC talent. Findings show the critical impact of personal and extended engagement of senior-level executives and their leadership teams, in SC talent development. This paper offers specific techniques and approaches, generates suggestions for further research, managerial action and university implications.

ANALISIS PENGUKURAN KINERJA SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT (SCM) TERHADAP KINERJA DAN DAYA SAING PADA CV POLACINDO BEKA

In terms of business development, both individual companies and legal entities cannot avoid the performance of supply chain management and information strategies to be able to promote the development of the company itself. The purpose of this study is to examine how the performance of supply chain management and how information strategy CV Polacindo Beka in the company. Lots of food in Manado. What is done is the translation of achievements or work results. Even if the information is news or news. Information also This is real information or material that can be used as a basis for analysis and research or conclusions. This learning is classified as a qualitative type using raw data from interviews and direct observations. The results of the study conclude that the performance of supply chain management and information strategy is good because there is a complete and effective information and communication interaction among the participants in terms of supply chain management performance and information strategy

ANALYSIS INFLUENCE RELATIONSHIP OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ON STRATEGY AND SUSTAINABLE SUPPLY CHAINS MANAGEMENT ON OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF FOOD AND BEVERAGES AGRO-INDUSTRIES

This research examines the influence of the relationship between internal and external factors on operational performance, beforehand an effective strategy supply chain management is needed to improve operational performance as a core strategic competency for better competitive advantage but companies need to evaluate actions that have environmental impacts, it is necessary practice sustainable supply chain management in a business. SEM-PLS analysis to examine the effect of the relationship between internal and external factor using a sample of 100 food and beverage agro-industries in the Province of East Java. The results showed that internal and external factors have a positive and significant effect on supply chain management strategy while on operational performance, although the influence of internal factors cannot be direct and external factors have a direct influence on operational performance, the practice sustainable supply chain management also has a direct effect as a mediating variable, between supply chain strategy variables on operational performance. This research is not only to find the right strategy for the food and beverage agro-industries but also to develop research on the importance of sustainable supply chain management practices in the food and beverage agro-industries.

Pengaruh Supply Chain Management (SCM), Manajemen Kualitas dan Strategi Inovasi Terhadap Kinerja Operasional pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Di Kawasan Delta Silicon Cikarang

This study aims to determine: (1) the influence of Supply Chain Management (SCM) on Operational Performance at manufacturing companies in the Delta Silicon Cikarang Industrial Area (2) the effect of Quality Management on Operational Performance at manufacturing companies in the Delta Silicon Cikarang Industrial Area ( 3) the influence of innovation strategies on operational performance in manufacturing companies in the Delta Silicon Cikarang Industrial Area (4) the influence of supply chain management (SCM), quality management and innovation strategies on operational performance in manufacturing companies in the Delta Silicon Cikarang area. This research is a quantitative descriptive study that aims to create a systematic, factual, and comprehensive picture of the facts and characteristics of a population or area. The population in this study were companies in the Delta Silicon Cikarang area. Sampling in this study using nonprobability sampling technique, namely saturated sampling method. Saturated sampling is sampling that is done using everything in the population. 74 questionnaires have been submitted to all companies aimed at company production managers in the Delta Silicon Cikarang area, with a return rate of 65 questionnaires. Based on the results of hypothesis testing using the SPSS V 26.0 t test device and simultaneously it shows that SCM has a significant positive effect on operational performance in manufacturing companies in the Delta Silicon Cikarang Industrial Area.

The study of multi-objective supplier selection problem by a novel hybrid method: COA/ε-constraint

Today, paying attention to the interests of suppliers in supply chain management strategies is one of the important points in the success of long-term and strategic relationships with suppliers. Not paying enough attention to these points sometimes causes irreparable damage to the overall structure of the organization. In response to this need, researchers have developed and proposed different models according to different approaches. This research has presented a special model with the approach of answering these problems. This approach, which is based on the cuckoo optimization algorithm (COA), can solve the problems in multi-objective methods in addition to single-objective problems. This method based on the COA and the e-constraint method named COA/e-Constraint. The general approach of this method is to turn a multi-objective problem into a single-purpose problem, which is associated with increased efficiency. The model studied in this paper, with the aim of creating coordination between buyers and suppliers in the problem of supplier selection, is a three-objective model of cost, quality and delivery time, which is implemented to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. The results show the superiority of the proposed method over similar approaches in terms of creating a Pareto frontier.

A scalable real-time solution strategy for supply chain management of fresh produce: A Mexico-to-United States cross border study

Inefficiencies in the food supply chain account for up to 60% of food wasted in the United States, significantly inhibiting efforts to tackle food insecurity. In this work, this problem is addressed by developing a supply chain decision-making framework that explicitly considers complex biochemical product quality degradation processes as a function of environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, humidity, atmospheric composition). The resulting optimization problem is solved online in real-time to mitigate demand uncertainty, reducing operating costs, and inventory spoilage. We demonstrate that this approach is equivalent to a data-driven, feedback-based control strategy that relies on manipulating environmental conditions at storage facilities and in transportation equipment. Since large-scale supply chain network instances result in computationally prohibitive optimization problems, a novel and highly efficient heuristic is introduced, that allows for obtaining solutions in practical amounts of time and with negligible degradation in the value of the objective function. The performance of our proposed approach is benchmarked with extensive numerical simulations based on a realistic, large-scale study of the produce supply chain from Mexico to the United States.

Optimizing inventory decisions for a closed–loop supply chain model under a carbon tax regulatory mechanism

Green supply chain management encompasses every level of the supply chain. The core green supply chain management strategies include closed–loop manufacturing and reduction of carbon footprint. These strategies enable firms to improve their environmental profile and to comply with environmental regulations. This paper deals with a supply chain system integrating manufacturing, remanufacturing and repair activities (closed–loop manufacturing) to face a time-varying demand under the regulatory framework for carbon tax. Initially, the total cost of the system is provided and then a mixed integer nonlinear programming problem is formulated aiming to determine the optimal policy i.e. the manufacturing, remanufacturing and repairing cycles. After decomposing the original problem into two pure manufacturing and remanufacturing sub-problems, the existence of their optimal solution is proved and then a simple method, which relies on a finite search scheme, is used to determine the overall optimal solution. Through a variety of numerical examples and a sensitivity analysis, the effect of the different system parameters on costs and environmental efficiency are provided, such as: returns, carbon emissions generated per activity and rates of any activity. The main result of this analysis indicates that the proposed model is fairly robust to the parameters’ changes, however the tax on carbon emissions has a serious impact on the system optimal cost.

SUPPLY CHAIN PERFORMANCE OF ORGANIC VEGETABLES (EVIDENCE ON SMES IN MALANG CITY)

The role of supply chain management strategies in the organic vegetable business is to createcompetitiveness by prioritizing fulfillment of consumer demand appropriately. One of the companiesengaged in the organic vegetable business in Malang City is Abang Sayur Organik (ABS) SMEs. Theorganic broccoli commodity is a superior product from ABS SMEs which continues supplied to retailand manufacture. Common problems that occur in the organic broccoli supply chain are fluctuations indemand and mismatches in the quality of products shipped. Measurement of supply chain performanceis needed to answer the existing problem. This study aims to describe the condition of supply chainmanagement and measure the performance of organic vegetable supply chains in ABS SMEs. The dataused are primary data obtained from questionnaires distributed to all ABS organic broccoli supply chainactors. Supply chain performance measurement uses the benchmark score method of Supply ChainOperation Reference (SCOR) performance indicators that include reliability, responsiveness, agility,costs, and assets with a value classification of parity, advantage, and superior. The results showed thatsupply chain actors involved were suppliers, distributors, manufacturers, retailers, and consumers.Measurement of Perfect Order Fulfillment performance indicators at the position of advantage at the supplier level and superior at the distributor level to retail. The value of Order Fulfillment Cycle Timeand flexibility are superior at each actor, while the value of inventory days of supply at the supplier,distributor and manufacturing level is at a position of advantage but at the retail level at a superiorposition. Cash To Cash Cycle Time value is superior position in each supply chain actor, but for theTotal Supply Chain Management Cost value in each organic broccoli supply chain actor is in a gap-parity position