Resistance Strategies Research Articles

Screening of rice cultivars against Scirpophaga incertulas Walker : utilising cluster analysis as a tool to identify resistant cultivars

The field experiment was conducted in the Boro season from December 2022 to April 2023 at the Institutional research farm, Institute of Agriculture, Palli Siksha Bhavana, Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan, Birbhum, West Bengal, for the screening of thirty-three rice cultivars for their resistance to yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas Walker. The experiment utilized modified percent damage values to grade these cultivars during both vegetative and reproductive stages. Early-duration cultivars displayed varied reactions, with Jaldi 13 (2) exhibiting consistent resistance (2.53% DH, 12.65% D), while others showed moderate resistance or susceptibility with deadheart percentages ranging from 4.73% to 8.51% and corresponding damage percentages between 23.65% and 42.55%. This trend extended to reproductive stages, where all early-duration cultivars demonstrated moderate to high susceptibility, with damage percentages between 30.8% and 54.5%. The mid-early duration cultivars displayed mixed responses, with Sahabhagi (4) demonstrating moderate resistance (4.92% DH) and Sukumar (3) exhibiting moderate susceptibility (8.21% DH) during the vegetative stage. These diverse reactions continued into the reproductive stage, providing a comprehensive understanding of their responses to the pest. Additionally, in medium and late-duration cultivars, a range of reactions persisted, with cultivars like Pratiksha (20) showing moderate resistance (6.63% DH) in the mid-duration category and Ajith (25) displaying moderate resistance (6.33% DH) in the late-duration category. Cluster analysis categorized the cultivars into distinct groups, showcasing a mix of resistant, moderately resistant, and susceptible types across all growth durations. Notably, cultivars like Gotra 1 (10), Parijat (14), Pushpa (17), PNR 546 (19), Pravat (23) and Gotra 2 (31) consistently demonstrated resistance or moderate resistance across different growth stages, suggesting their potential suitability in tailoring resistant breeding programs and pest management strategies against the stem borer in rice cultivation.

Surviving in the midst of 'Nowhere': Disrupting the conceptualisation of a maternity care desert.

The conceptualisation of 'care deserts' has gained increased public attention in recent years. This paper engages a reproductive justice framework to investigate the (mis)alignment of a maternity care desert within a predominantly Black rural community in the United States. I draw on a case study of Gadsden County, Florida-a community that is perceived by its members to be a maternity care desert but that is not technically defined as one-to demonstrate how Black birthing people are cultivating a reproductive liberatory consciousness. Semi-structured interviews with birthing persons and reproductive health experts reveal three overarching processes-naming barriers to health equity, resisting health inequity and cultivating health equity-that characterise a reproductive liberatory consciousness, which I identify as an analytical tool to outline how local social actors are identifying structural constraints as well as developing strategies of communal care and resistance. This work contributes to sociological research on reproductive justice and health equity by exploring the limitations of 'desert' frameworks. Pointing to the need to carefully consider the mechanisms that actively disrupt and potentially transform spatial stratifications and inequities, this paper advances a new understanding of birthing space that captures the layered movements of those living within a perceived maternity care desert.

Study on the mechanical properties, thermal properties, and microstructure of phase change concrete (PCC): The application of active frost resistance of concrete in frozen soil areas

This paper addresses the issue of freezing damage to concrete structures in regions with frozen soil and overcomes the limitations of traditional frost resistance enhancement methods by integrating both active and passive frost resistance strategies. A novel low-temperature phase change concrete (PCC) is developed using specially designed phase change aggregates and fly ash to replace gravel and cement, respectively. Macroscopic mechanical tests are employed to investigate the evolution of the mechanical properties of PCC. The temperature control capabilities of PCC are quantitatively assessed through thermal physical parameters, heat storage and release curves, and infrared thermal imaging, alongside the introduction of a temperature damping indicator to elucidate the mechanisms underlying active frost resistance enhancement. Furthermore, XRD NMR, and SEM are utilized to further explore the influence of fly ash and phase change aggregates on the microstructural characteristics of PCC. The results show that the addition of phase change aggregates can reduce the strength, porosity, and ductility of concrete. The PCC prepared by mixing phase change aggregates with fly ash demonstrates effective temperature control performance while maintaining satisfactory mechanical properties. The noticeable temperature plateau around 0 °C in the heat storage and release curve, along with the multi-layered annular flare distribution observed in infrared thermal imaging, suggests that the temperature damping effect significantly mitigates the freeze-thaw impact experienced by PCC. Overall, the A-8 sample, with 20 % phase change aggregate and 30 % fly ash added, exhibits the most favorable comprehensive performance, showing reductions of 2.63 %, 39.57 %, and 33.04 % in uniaxial compressive strength, porosity, and maximum temperature difference, respectively, compared to the control group, along with a 75.62 % increase in relative temperature damping.

Enhancing water management and urban flood resilience using Hazard Capacity Factor Design (HCFD) model: Case study of Eco-Delta city, Busan

This study evaluated future climate scenarios and the changes in urban flood resistance capacity in Busan Eco-Delta City using the hazard capacity factor design (HCFD) model. It analyzed the flood reduction effects of both gray and green infrastructure. Despite existing flood safety systems, there is a growing need to enhance urban flood resilience due to increasing heavy rainfall, unpredictable precipitation, and frequent typhoons driven by climate change. The HCFD model predicted urban flood volumes of Busan Eco-Delta City and analyzed the effectiveness of gray and green infrastructure in flood control. A stormwater management model (SWMM) simulated urban flood resistance capacity under the SSP1–2.6 climate change scenario. Results indicate that for an anticipated 500 mm rainfall over 3 h, green infrastructure can mitigate floods by 9 % to 17.6 %, while gray infrastructure can reduce flooding by 24 % to 32.1 %. The integration of gray and green infrastructure leads to an overall flood mitigation ranging from 47.1 % to 63.3 %. A notable contribution of this research is its predictive analysis of future flood scenarios using model-based scenario analysis and decision support algorithms, offering valuable insights into changes in urban flood resistance capacity and strategies for effective flood control decision-making.

Microhabitat influences on phage-bacteria dynamics in an abandoned mine for ecorestoration

Understanding the complex interactions between bacteriophages (phages) and bacteria within varied environmental niches is critical yet underexplored for improving microbe-assisted ecological restoration. This study investigates the influence of microhabitat heterogeneity within an abandoned mine on phage-bacteria interaction patterns, focusing on Pseudomonas-enriched bacterial communities. By isolating viral communities and purifying bacteria from soils of three distinct microhabitats, we assessed the regulatory role of environmental factors on these interactions, crucial for bacterial success in environmental applications. We characterized microhabitat variability by analyzing soil particle size fractions, minerals composition, and elemental content using X-ray diffraction and energy-dispersive X-ray analyses. 16S rRNA sequencing and cross-infection assays revealed that although bacterial communities across different microhabitats are taxonomically similar, their interaction patterns with phages are distinct. Phage communities showed nonselective infectivity across soil types, while bacterial communities exhibited selective adaptation, facilitating colonization across diverse microhabitats. Minerals such as mica, kaolinite, and hematite were found to increase phage infectivity, whereas mixed-layer clay correlated with early lysis. Additionally, higher levels of iron (Fe) and potassium (K) were linked to bacterial resistance strategies. Our findings highlight the importance of understanding asymmetric adaptive strategies between bacteria and phages, driven by microhabitat heterogeneity, for enhancing microbial-mediated nature-based restoration of degraded ecosystems.

Plasticity response of desert shrubs to intense drought events at different phenophases under the context of climate change

Global climate change has led to the frequent occurrence of intense drought events in mid-latitude desert ecosystems, coupled with uneven rainfall distribution across phenophases within the year. However, the impact of intense drought events at different phenophases on plant growth and drought resistance strategies still lacks clear conclusions. We selected the typical desert semi-shrubs Artemisia ordosica as our research object, and constructed a rain shelter to simulate intense drought events (without rainfall for 30 consecutive days) during the sprouting, vegetative growth, flowering and fruiting stages. Based on this, we analyzed the differential impacts of intense drought events at different phenophases on the phenotypic characteristics (e.g. shrub height, cover, volume, specific leaf area) and functional traits (ANPP accumulation and allocation) of A. ordosica. The experiment employed a randomized complete block design with three replicates for each treatment. The results indicate that: (1) Under intense drought events at different phenophases, all phenotypic characteristic indicators of A. ordosica significantly decreased. (2) Contrary to the significant negative correlation between twig number and twig size in response to rainfall variations, under intense drought conditions, there is a significant positive correlation between the two, indicating a synergistic effect. (3) The impact of intense drought events at different phenophases on the ANPP (aboveground net primary production) accumulation of A. ordosica varied significantly. The degree of impact is as follows: the flowering and fruiting stage > the sprouting stage > the vegetative growth stage. (4) A. ordosica adapted to intense drought by increasing the proportion of reproductive growth and decreasing the proportion of vegetative growth. Our results reveal the phenotypic and functional trait plasticity response mechanisms of A. ordosica to intense droughts at different phenophases, laying a foundation for predicting the impacts of climate change on desert ecosystems.

Fatigue research of metro car body based on operational loads

PurposeThe principle of infinite life design currently directs fatigue resistance strategies for metro car bodies. However, this principle might not fully account for the dynamic influence of operational loads and the inevitable presence of defects. This study aims to integrate methods of service life estimation and residual life assessment, which are based on operational loads, into the existing infinite life verification framework to further ensure the operational safety of subway trains.Design/methodology/approachOperational loads and fatigue loading spectra were determined through the field test. The material test was conducted to investigate characteristics of the fracture toughness and the crack growth rate. The fatigue strength of the metro car body was first verified using the finite element method and Moore–Kommers–Japer diagrams. The service life was then estimated by applying the Miner rule and high-cycle fatigue curves in a modified form of the Basquin equation. Finally, the residual life was assessed utilizing a fracture assessment diagram and a fitted curve of crack growth rate adhered to the Paris formula.FindingsNeither the maximum utilization factor nor the cumulative damage exceeds the threshold value of 1.0, the metro car body could meet the design life requirement of 30 years or 6.6 million km. However, three out of five fatigue key points were significantly influenced by the operational loads, which indicates that a single fatigue strength verification cannot achieve the infinite life design objective of the metro car body. For a projected design life of 30 years, the tolerance depth is 12.2 mm, which can underscore a relatively robust damage tolerance capability.Originality/valueThe influence of operational loads on fatigue life was presented by the discrepancy analysis between fatigue strength verification results and service life estimation results. The fracture properties of butt-welded joints were tested and used for the damage tolerance assessment. The damage tolerance life can be effectively related by a newly developed equation in this study. It can be a valuable tool to provide the theoretical guidance and technical support for the structural improvements and maintenance decisions of the metro car body.

Enhancing supply chain resilience through risk mitigation strategies: Evidence from smallholder red chili supply chains in East Java Indonesia

The cultivation of red chili in East Java, Indonesia, has significant economic and social impacts, necessitating proactive supply chain measures. This research aimed to identify priority risk agents, develop effective risk mitigation, and enhance supply chain resilience using the SCOR model, House of Risk, Interpretative Structural Modelling (ISM), and synthesis analysis. Examining 238 respondents—including farmers, collectors, wholesalers, retailers, home-agroindustries, and experts—the findings highlight farmers’ critical role in supply chain resilience despite risks from crop failures, weather fluctuations, and pest infestations. Simultaneous planting led to market oversupply and price drops, but accurate pricing information facilitated quick market adaptation. Wholesalers influenced pricing dynamics and income levels, impacting farmers directly. To improve resilience, three main strategies were developed through ten key elements: proactive strategies (real-time SCM tracking, Weather Early Warning Systems, risk management team formation, and training), resistance strategies (partnerships, chili stock reserves, storage and drying technologies, GAP implementation, post-harvest management, agricultural insurance, and Fair Profit Sharing Agreements), and recovery and growth strategies (flexible distribution channels and customizable distribution centers). Furthermore, the study delves into the mediating and moderating effects between variables within the model. This research not only addresses a knowledge gap but also provides stakeholders with evidence to consider new strategies to enhance red chili supply resilience.

A Review on Molecular Mechanism of Plant Immunity against Fungal Pathogens

The molecular mechanisms of plant immunity, with a particular focus on how plants defend themselves against fungal pathogens. Plant immunity is a complex, multi-layered system involving pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI), which together form a robust defense against a wide array of pathogens. Advances in genomics and transcriptomics have significantly enhanced our understanding of these immune mechanisms by identifying key resistance (R) genes and uncovering the transcriptional networks that regulate immune responses. Proteomics and metabolomics further elucidate the functional aspects of immunity, revealing how proteins and metabolites are mobilized during pathogen attack. The advent of gene editing technologies, particularly CRISPR-Cas9, has opened new avenues for enhancing plant immunity by enabling precise modifications of genes associated with disease resistance. The ever-evolving nature of fungal pathogens, driven by genetic diversity and environmental changes, poses ongoing challenges. Emerging pathogens and the breakdown of existing resistance in crops underscore the need for durable resistance strategies, which can be achieved through the pyramiding of multiple R genes, susceptibility gene knockouts, and the harnessing of beneficial plant microbiomes. As climate change exacerbates the spread and virulence of fungal pathogens, developing climate-resilient crops that can withstand both abiotic stresses and pathogen pressures is becoming increasingly important. Future research should prioritize understanding the molecular dynamics of plant-pathogen interactions, leveraging new technologies for crop improvement, and fostering interdisciplinary collaboration to address these challenges. Ultimately, translating these scientific advances into practical applications will be crucial for ensuring global food security and sustainable agricultural systems in the face of mounting environmental and biological threats.

Extractivism triggering new forms of governance for the rights of nature: The case of Northwest Ecuador

The intensification of resource extractivism around the world poses multiple challenges and fosters the development of new governance structures, especially among communities on the frontlines of resource extraction. Through a narrative inquiry based on narrative interviews with local actors and experts, this article centres on governance as a resistance strategy of local, frontline, communities in the Ecuadorian Northwest Pichincha and Imbabura provinces. The narratives give insights into: a) How new processes of governance are triggered by mining conflict and, in particular, how governance is shaped and manifested; b) Governance challenges faced by local governments and communities; and c) Lessons and recommendations for governance and how these contribute to the discussion of post-extractivism alternatives. New governance processes are shaped through socio-organisational processes and the strengthening of associations and civil society organisations; the institutionalisation of private, civil society, and community conservation initiatives; as well as the actions of the organised community to successfully invoke the Rights of Nature (RoN) through legal litigation. Institutional gaps that reflect competing visions of development are seen as governance challenges by local government and community members. Overall, this study highlights the critical role of governance structures and instruments rooted in frontline community perspectives, offering pathways for the development of post-extractivism alternatives.

Adipocyte inflammation is the primary driver of hepatic insulin resistance in a human iPSC-based microphysiological system

Interactions between adipose tissue, liver and immune system are at the center of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and type 2 diabetes. To address the need for an accurate in vitro model, we establish an interconnected microphysiological system (MPS) containing white adipocytes, hepatocytes and proinflammatory macrophages derived from isogenic human induced pluripotent stem cells. Using this MPS, we find that increasing the adipocyte-to-hepatocyte ratio moderately affects hepatocyte function, whereas macrophage-induced adipocyte inflammation causes lipid accumulation in hepatocytes and MPS-wide insulin resistance, corresponding to initiation of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. We also use our MPS to identify and characterize pharmacological intervention strategies for hepatic steatosis and systemic insulin resistance and find that the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist semaglutide improves hepatocyte function by acting specifically on adipocytes. These results establish our MPS modeling the adipose tissue-liver axis as an alternative to animal models for mechanistic studies or drug discovery in metabolic diseases.

Evolving therapeutic landscape of EGFR-TKIs in NSCLC

Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide and the leading cause of cancer-related death. Over the past two decades, the classification of lung cancer has significantly evolved. Today, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) consists of various molecular oncogenic subsets that impact both prognosis and disease management. EGFR is the first targeted oncogenic alteration identified in 2004. Since then, nearly two decades of research have enabled scientists to understand its biological function and to identify and often overcome the molecular basis of acquired resistance mechanisms to EGFR-TKIs. This article reviews the role of EGFR in NSCLC and the research progress of EGFR-TKIs in patients with EGFR mutant lung cancer, discussing potential treatment strategies for drug resistance to improve survival and achieve precision drug use.

Contrasting survival strategies for seedlings of two northern conifer species to extreme droughts and floods.

Lowland northern white-cedar (Thuja occidentalis) forests are increasingly exposed to extreme droughts and floods that cause tree mortality. However, it is not clear the extent to which these events may differentially affect regeneration of cedar and its increasingly common associate, balsam fir (Abies balsamea). To test this, we measured how seedlings of cedar and fir were able to avoid, resist, and recover from experimental drought and flood treatments of different lengths (8-66days). Overall, we found that cedar exhibited a strategy of stress resistance and growth recovery (resilience) from moderate drought and flood stress. Fir, on the other hand, appears to be adapted to avoid drought and flood stress and exhibited overall lower growth resilience. In drought treatments, we found evidence of different stomatal behaviors. Cedar used available water quickly and therefore experienced more drought stress than fir but cedar was able to survive at water potentials > 3MPa below key hydraulic thresholds. On the other hand, fir employed a more conservative water use strategy and therefore avoided extremely low water potential. In response to flood treatments, cedar survival was higher and only reached 50% if exposed to 23.1days of flooding in contrast to only 7.4days to reach 50% mortality for fir. In both droughts and floods, many stressed cedar were able to maintain partially brown canopies and often survived the stress, albeit with reduced growth, suggesting a strategy of resistance and resilience. In contrast, fir that experienced drought or flood stress had a threshold-type responses and they either had full live canopies with little effect on growth or they died suggesting reliance on a strategy of drought avoidance. Combined with increasingly variable precipitation regimes, seasonal flooding, and complex microtopography that can provide safe sites in these forests, these results inform conservation and management of lowland cedar stands.

Long-term outcomes of caudal epidural steroid injection in failed back surgery syndrome patients with loss of resistance technique

Background: Failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) is a complicated issue with various treatment approaches. This retrospective study assesses the success and safety of caudal epidural steroid injection (CESI) in FBSS patients utilizing the loss of resistance (LOR) strategy, focusing on long-term outcomes lasting up to two years. Methods: The 75 FBSS patients had CESI with triamcinolone and normal saline under local anesthesia. The visual analog score (VAS), Oswestry disability index (ODI), and patient satisfaction score (PSS) were measured at pre-intervention and 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months following the procedure. Result: Majority of patients (57.33%) reported bilateral sciatica, with recurrent disc herniation (54.67%) being the most prevalent MRI finding. Significant improvements (p<0.001) in VAS, ODI, and PSS scores were seen in all subsequent periods. Furthermore, no significant issues reported, demonstrating the safety and effectiveness of CESI with LOR. Conclusions: CESI with the LOR technique is helpful treatment in FBSS at three, six, twelve, eighteen, and twenty-four months. It is easy to perform, less technically demanding, has low complications, and lower costs than surgery. A CESI may offer an alternative approach to managing FBSS for short-term and long-term outcomes.

Soukaz in space: visuality, protest and appropriation in the films of Lionel Soukaz

ABSTRACT Since the 1970s, Lionel Soukaz has deployed his camera as a sledgehammer against the limits of bourgeois pseudo-toleration and its normative models of identity and citizenship. Yet the relatively disparate nature of scholarly and curatorial engagement with his œuvre has largely occluded analysis of the evolutions in his filmic practice, and, notably, his engagement with the politics of space. Bringing his films into dialogue with the writings of Henri Lefebvre, the author analyses the treatment of spatiality across Race d’ep (1979), La Marche gaie (1980) and the Journal Annales (1991–2013). Drawing on Edin Kinkaid’s reading of Lefebvre, Montgomery approaches film as a medium for reframing and dismantling the abstract space of modern capital. Soukaz’s critique of republican universalism reveals the cis- and heteronormative logics of abstract space, operative in an illusory binary between public and private. His films blur the boundaries of the embodied subject, at once opposing the creeping co-optation of queer lives by capital, and the pathologising discourses to which they have been historically subjected. Yet this revolutionary project often falls short of its own liberatory promise. Montgomery asks how we might engage with Soukaz’s challenging legacy, at a time when new strategies of visual resistance are urgently needed.

Double friction pendulum-based isolation optimization for transformer-bushing systems

Transformers and their bushings are critical equipment pieces in power substations, which are often exposed to significantly high seismic risk. To enhance the seismic performance of the transformer-bushing system, isolation through double friction pendulum (DFP) bearings has been considered. However, the selection of appropriate isolation parameters lacks theoretical guidance and efficient analysis methods. A theoretical model for the transformer-bushing system isolated with DFP bearings has been proposed. Based on this model, isolation parameters that ensure acceptable displacement response while achieving optimal acceleration isolation efficiency can be determined. Taking a high-voltage transformer isolated by DFP bearings as an example, a set of isolation parameters is optimized and used to design a shaking table test. The results demonstrate that the proposed model exhibits reliable calculation accuracy for the seismic response of the transformer-bushing system, regardless of whether it is isolated or not, within the range of peak ground acceleration(PGA) of 0.1–0.6 g. Moreover, at 0.4 g, the experimental results indicate that the isolation efficiency remains consistent with the parameter optimization, approaching 50 %. This research contributes to the understanding of seismic resistance and isolation strategies for transformer-bushing systems, providing valuable insights for the selection and optimization of isolation parameters in practice.

The dynamic roles of intracellular vacuoles in heavy metal detoxification by Rhodotorula mucilaginosa.

Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (Rho) can develop a range of strategies to resist the toxicity of heavy metals. This study aimed to investigate the physiological responses and transcriptomic regulation of the fungus under different heavy metal stresses. This study applied transmission electron microscopy and RNA-seq to investigate the fungal resistance to Pb, Cd, and Cu stresses. Under Pb stress, the activated autophagy-related genes, vesicle-fusing ATPase, and vacuolar ATP synthase improved vacuolar sequestration. This offsets the loss of lipids. However, the metal sequestration by vacuoles was not improved under Cd stress. Vacuolar fusion was also inhibited following the interference of intravacuolar Ca2+ due to their similar ionic radii. Cu2+ showed the maximum toxic effects due to its lowest cellular sorption (as low as 7%) with respect to Pb2+ and Cd2+, although the efflux pumps and divalent metal ion transporters partially contributed to the detoxification. Divalent cation transporters and vacuolar sequestration are the critical strategies for Rho to resist Pb stress. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is the main strategy for Cd resistance in Rho. The intracellular Cu level was decreased by efflux pump and divalent metal ion transporters.

Glottopolitics of Prophecy

Abstract This article examines the secular use of prophecy and its appearances in Spain during the 2020 pandemic. It argues that prophecy functions as a cultural and political gesture with prescriptive potential over the future. As a glottopolitical tool (i.e., one that imbricates language and politics), it is contested between elites and subalterns articulating class warfare. Here, prophecy from above is analyzed through the concept of the “new normal,” which allowed Spanish politicians to predefine immediate future and safeguard the integrity of the capitalist system. As an example of prophecy from below, the article analyzes Lengua o muerte, a poetic text by Dani Zelko and the Movimiento por la lengua, which denounces the death of Mohammed Hossein during the pandemic as a case of linguistic discrimination. The author concludes that the discursive undertaking deployed in the book involves prophecy as a strategy of resistance against dispossession and projects a future of inclusion and emancipation.

A new perspective on antiangiogenic antibody drug resistance: Biomarkers, mechanisms, and strategies in malignancies.

Drug resistance of malignant tumor leads to disease progression be the bottleneck in clinical treatment. Antiangiogenic therapy, which aims to "starve" the tumor by inhibiting angiogenesis, is one of the key strategies in clinical oncology treatments. Recently, dozens of investigational antibody drugs and biosimilars targeting angiogenesis have obtained regulatory approval for the treatment of various malignancies. Moreover, a new generation of bispecific antibodies based on the principle of antiangiogenesis are being advanced for clinical trial to overcome antiangiogenic resistance in tumor treatment or enhance the efficacy of monotherapy. Tumors often develop resistance to antiangiogenesis therapy, presenting as refractory and sometimes even resistant to new therapies, for which there are currently no effective management strategies. Thus, a detailed understanding of the mechanisms mediating resistance to antiangiogenesis antibodies is crucial for improving drug effectiveness and achieving a durable response to antiangiogenic therapy. In this review, we provide a novel perspective on the tumor microenvironment, including antibody structure, tumor stroma, and changes within tumor cells, to analyze the multifactorial reasons underlying resistance to antiangiogenesis antibodies. The review also enumerates biomarkers that indicate resistance and potential strategies for monitoring resistance. Furthermore, based on recent clinical and preclinical studies, we summarize potential strategies and translational clinical trials aimed at overcoming resistance to antiangiogenesis antibodies. This review provides a valuable reference for researchers and clinical practitioners involved in the development of new drugs or therapeutic strategies to overcome antiangiogenesis antibodies resistance.

Evidence for a constitutive cost of host resistance on body fat growth in ewe lambs from lines selected for resistance or susceptibility to experimental infections with Haemonchus contortus

Although benefits of selection for host resistance to gastro-intestinal nematodes have long been recognized, its costs on production traits remain unclear. A main difficulty when studying those costs is to disentangle genetic effects due to selection from plastic responses induced by infection. Putative costs of host resistance have been extensively investigated in growing sheep. However, while most of those studies have relied on live weight to assess body growth, more comprehensive assessments accounting for body composition are advocated to detect trade-offs. In this study we used 90 female lambs from lines divergently selected on resistance to Haemonchus contortus that we experimentally infected (n = 60) or not (n = 30) under controlled conditions. As those conditions were defined to enable uninfected lambs to fully express their growth potential, we sought to precisely identify the effects of selection for host resistance on health traits and on growth traits. We assessed muscular and fat growth based on repeated measurements with dorsal ultrasonography for all lambs on farm, and with whole-body computed tomography (CT) scans for a subgroup of 18 infected lambs. Lambs achieved a high growth rate, including infected ones despite their high worm burden (confirmed at necropsy in the subgroup). As expected, lambs from the resistant (R) line were less infected than those from the susceptible (S) line. However, the clear pathogenic effects observed on muscular growth and voluntary feed intake were similar between lines. In contrast, a line difference in body fat was supported both by dorsal and volumetric CT measurements. Specifically, lower fat in the R line compared with the S line was observed equally in infected and uninfected groups, thus providing evidence for a constitutive cost of host resistance. Although this cost is not necessarily disadvantageous in nutrient-rich environments exposing animals to excess fat deposition, its consequences in nutrient-scarce environments may be important to promote sustainable breeding strategies for host resistance.