Conversion Strategy Research Articles

Women's Communication Strategies in the Barbie Film

This study, conducted in a sociolinguistic setting, looks into the communication strategies utilized by female characters in the animated film "Barbie and the Magic of Pegasus." It looks at how these characters' verbal choices reflect and maybe perpetuate gendered norms and expectations, building on Coates' theory of conversational strategies. The study uses a qualitative analysis minimal responses, tag questions, questions, hedges, commands and directives, swearing and taboo language, as well as compliments used by the female characters in the film. This improves comprehension of the complicated connections between children's stories, language, gender, and social interaction. The goal is to provide a deeper understanding of the communicative preferences exhibited by these characters. Looking at women's words can reveal a lot about how gender identities are constructed and transmitted in animated storytelling. This study not only enriches the sociolinguistic academic discourse but also prompts a profound reflection on the role of language in shaping social norms. By providing a nuanced perspective on the communicative strategies of female characters, this research invites critical engagement with the dynamics of language, gender, and social interactions within the realm of animated narratives. This allows us to think more deeply about societal communication in movies. The results of this study indicate that women show characteristics of a gentler communication style with the use of limited gentle responses, subtle tag questions, and limited application of compliments. This preference prioritizes inclusion and brevity of communication over other techniques such as instructions, hedging, and taboo language. Keywords: Coates Theory, Communication Strategies, Female Characters

Photoelectrochemical conversion for ion-selective electrodes based on CdS semiconductor film

BackgroundThis study presents a novel photoelectrochemical (PEC) conversion method for ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) based on CdS semiconductor film. The motivation stems from the need to enhance the sensitivity and precision of ISEs for various analytical applications. ResultsWe synthesized CdS film on FTO conductive glass via a hydrothermal method and utilized this electrode as the working electrode. Under visible light irradiation, CdS generated photocurrent that is proportional to its applied voltage within a large potential window of ∼0.80 V. Ascorbic acid (AA) effectively inhibited electron-hole complexation, enhancing photocurrent stability. Potential modulation from ISEs acting as the reference electrode further regulated photocurrent generation, demonstrating excellent sensitivity and linearity for a wide range of ion concentrations. The method was validated by detecting serum calcium levels, showing agreement with traditional ISEs potentiometry and ICP-OES methods. SignificanceThis photoelectrochemical conversion strategy offers a promising approach for sensitive and accurate ion detection, with potential applications in clinical diagnostics and environmental monitoring.

Pyrolytic conversion of nylon-6 and red mud into N-doped carbon composite and its application into azo-dye degradation

The continuous growth of the global population and industries has led to the mass generation of plastic and industrial waste, posing significant environmental challenges due to their incompatibility with conventional waste management practices. This study investigates the thermochemical conversion of plastic (nylon-6) and industrial waste (red mud) into value-added products, presenting a waste-to-resource conversion strategy. Nylon-6 and red mud were co-pyrolyzed, resulting in a metal-carbon composite characterized as porous N-doped graphitic carbon with embedded Fe0 particles. Application of the composite to an amaranth solution demonstrated its ability to activate persulfate, facilitating amaranth oxidation at a rate (kobs = 1.78 min−1) significantly higher than other Fe-based catalysts. Quenching experiments verified the generation of OH· and SO4·- radicals during activation, with the latter playing a dominant role in amaranth degradation. The composite exhibited robust reusability, maintaining an amaranth removal efficiency of >80 % after five reaction cycles. Additionally, red mud significantly enhanced syngas (H2 and CO) generation from nylon-6, suggesting a catalytic effect. In conclusion, the proposed thermochemical approach offers a viable method for converting waste materials into valuable products, including environmental catalysts and gas fuels.

Exploring Factors Influencing Patients’ Embarrassment and Feelings of Imposition in Objective Structured Clinical Examination Interactions

ObjectiveTo identify factors influencing patient responses in potentially sensitive situations that might lead to embarrassment (defined by politeness theory (PT) as positive face-threatening acts [FTAs]) or a sense of imposition (defined by PT as negative FTAs) during Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCEs) and to assess the participant’s ability to mitigate such situations. MethodsNineteen OSCE video recordings of 10 pharmacy trainees interacting with mock patients were examined using the PT framework. All relevant participants’ speech acts were coded and quantified into type of FTAs and the mitigation strategies used. Patient (assessor) responses were classified then quantified into preferred responses (ie, quick response) vs dispreferred (ie, delayed or hesitant responses) using conversation analysis. The chi-square test was used to identify any association between relevant variables according to predefined hypotheses using SPSS version 27. ResultsA total of 848 FTAs were analyzed. Participants failed to meet patient face needs in 32.4% of positive FTAs, in 11.5% of negative FTAs, and 44.4% of positive and negative FTAs. Although patients disclosing information about any inappropriate lifestyle behavior (as per OSCE scripts) expressed these via dispreferred mannerisms, participants were less likely to provide patients with reassurance when patient face needs were challenged in this way (68.2% of these dispreferred responses were not given reassuring feedback) than when they were maintained. ConclusionImproving educational programs to include the context of patient face needs and conversational strategies for properly dealing with highly sensitive situations was suggested as a way to equip trainees with the skills to effectively build rapport with patients.

Analysis Politeness And Impoliteness Youtube Chanel"Prabowo Subianto Bicara Gagasan Mata Najwa

Politeness and impoliteness are integral aspects of pragmatics, deeply embedded in the fabric of social interaction. This study aims to analyze the manifestations of politeness and impoliteness in the live verbal interactions featured on the YouTube channel "Mata Najwa." Specifically, the focus is on the episode titled "Prabowo Subianto Bicara Gagasan Mata Najwa." By examining the discourse in this episode, the study seeks to elucidate how conversational strategies either adhere to or deviate from societal norms of politeness. Such an analysis is pivotal for understanding the dynamics of communication and the implicit power relations within social interactions. The findings can provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of face-saving and face-threatening acts, contributing to the broader field of pragmatics and its application to real-life media interactions. This investigation underscores the relevance of politeness theory in contemporary digital communication platforms.

Sulfur doping induces internal polarization field in NiFe-LDH for bifunctioanl HER/OER and overall water/simulated seawater splitting

With the development of renewable energy technologies, electrochemical water splitting has been proven to be an effective strategy for energy conversion. Especially, exploring a bifunctional material for electrochemical water splitting devices is vital. Herein, a bifunctional sulfur-doped NiFe-LDH (NFS) through one-step chemical oxidation-assisted etching route was successfully synthesized at room temperature. Moreover, the effects of the component of the etching solution and etching time on the catalytic performance were systematically investigated, so as to explore the optimal synthetic route. The resulted NFS catalyst depicted obvious nanosheets based 3D open structure, which was demonstrated to provide abundant electrochemical active sites, facilitate the rapid diffusion of ions and improve the electrical conductivity as well as the catalytic stability. Electrochemical tests showed that the overpotential of the as-prepared catalyst was 256 mV for OER and 171 mV for HER at 10 mA cm−2 in 1 M KOH solution, which exhibited excellent bifunctional activity. Furthermore, the electrolyzer was assembled using as-prepared catalyst as both the anode and cathode, which expressed good stability either in 1 M KOH (1.67 V@10 mA cm−2) or in alkaline simulated seawater (1.84 V@10 mA cm−2). To better elucidate the crucial role of sulfur doping in the NFS catalyst to boost HER and OER, both theory and poisoning experiment had been proceeded and verified. All in all, the NFS catalyst with excellent bifunctional activity was synthesized by one-step chemical oxidation-assisted etching route at room temperature, which was promising as candidate to be used in commercial water splitting.

In situ thermal conversion strategy derived from metal-organic framework for enhanced cathode performance in aqueous zinc-ion batteries

The development of aqueous zinc-ion batteries as innovative energy storage devices has garnered significant attention due to their low cost, high safety, and environmental friendliness. However, achieving high-performance and excellent cycling reliability remains a challenge for cathode materials. This study introduces an innovative in-situ thermal conversion strategy using MIL-100(Fe) as the sacrificial template to introduce Fe metal ions into vanadium oxide. This strategy promotes the formation of FeVOx with reduced particle size and enhanced active surface area, facilitating the rapid diffusion of Zn2+. As a result, the FeVOx-1/2 cathode delivers a high specific capacity of 325 mAh/g at a current density of 0.05 A/g and maintains a high capacity retention of about 94.8 % after 4000 cycles at 1 A/g. In-situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was employed to elucidate the changes in the electrode interface during the charge-discharge processes. Additionally, a series of ex-situ characterization methods were utilized to further deepen our understanding of the reversible structural changes in the cathode during charge-discharge processes, as well as the corresponding reversible insertion and extraction mechanism for Zn2+ storage. The introduction of Fe not only enhances electrical conductivity, but also provides further structural stabilization, as supported by theoretical calculation results. This study presents a novel approach to broaden the doping strategies for vanadium oxide cathodes by utilizing metal-organic frameworks as templates.

Highly Thermally Conductive Super-Aligned Boron Nitride Nanotube Films for Flexible Electronics Thermal Management.

Flexible electronics toward high integration, miniaturization, and multifunctionality, leading to a dramatic increase in power density. However, the low thermal conductivity of flexible substrates impedes efficient heat dissipation and device performance improvement. In this work, we propose a template-assisted chemical conversion strategy for obtaining boron nitride nanotube (BNNT) films with high thermal conductivity and great flexibility. Aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) films have been adopted as templates; a low-temperature chemical conversion followed by a high-temperature annealing has been carried out to produce a highly ordered BNNT film. Benefiting from the high orientation order, the BNNT film exhibits an exceptional thermal conductivity of 45.5 W m-1 K-1 and presents excellent heat dissipation capability, much superior to the commonly used polyimide film. Furthermore, the BNNT film demonstrated excellent flexibility and high insulation resistance. The test of integration with film resistors demonstrated its potential as a thermally conductive substrate for electronics cooling. This work provides a solution for the effective thermal management of flexible electronics.

Highly Reversible Positive-Valence Conversion of Sulfur Chemistry for High-Voltage Zinc-Sulfur Batteries.

Sulfur is a promising conversion-type cathode for zinc batteries (ZBs) due to its high discharge capacity and cost-effectiveness. However, the redox conversion of multivalent S in ZBs is still limited, only having achieved S0/S2- redox conversion with low discharge voltage and poor reversibility. This study presents significant progress by demonstrating, for the first time, the reversible S2-/S4+ redox behavior in ZBs with up to six-electron transfer (with an achieved discharge capacity of ≈1284 mAh g-1) using a highly concentrated ClO4 --containing electrolyte. The developed succinonitrile-Zn(ClO4)2 eutectic electrolyte stabilizes the positive-valence S compound and contributes to an ultra-low polarization voltage. Notably, the achieved flat discharge plateaus demonstrate the highest operation voltage (1.54V) achieved to date in Zn‖S batteries. Furthermore, the high-voltage Zn‖S battery exhibits remarkable conversion dynamics, excellent cycling performance (85.7% capacity retention after 500 cycles), high efficiency (98.4%), and energy density (527WhkgS -1). This strategy of positive-valence conversion of sulfur represents a significant advancement in understanding sulfur chemistry in batteries and holds promise for future high-voltage sulfur-based batteries.

Visual style conversion strategy for visual media based on MGADNN algorithm

An improved genetic algorithm is proposed to optimize the deep neural network algorithm for visual style conversion in visual media. It consists of two parts: optimizing the deep neural network algorithm design and designing a video style conversion model. The genetic algorithm selection strategy is enhanced to optimize the neural network structure. A non-recursive neural network is used to handle temporal inconsistency in a single frame. Experimental results on the Heart dataset show that the accuracy of the optimized deep neural network algorithm is 0.8913, outperforming other algorithms like the generative adversarial dual neural network (0.8696), ant colony optimization (0.8651), active network (0.8536), genetic algorithm (0.8566), and particle swarm algorithm (0.8558). Moreover, the optimized algorithm achieves high temporal stability and running speed in single and multi-style conversion networks. In conclusion, the proposed strategy using improved genetic algorithms to optimize deep neural network algorithms for visual style conversion offers effective solutions with high application value in terms of accuracy, temporal stability, and running speed.

Brightening microalgal potential: A study on organic fluorescent dyes to increase photosynthetic active radiation

Microalgae hold promise for sustainable biomass and bioactive metabolite production, yet their commercial viability faces challenges due to low productivity, often linked to inefficient light utilisation. Algae absorb light primarily in the 400–500 nm (blue) and 600–700 nm (red) range termed photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), leaving excess light untapped. Optimising incident light spectra is vital for high biomass production. Recent advancements have utilised fluorescent dyes as spectral converters to improve PAR availability in algae. The current study evaluated the solubility and spectral profiles of Diphenylanthracene [DPA], Diphenyloxazole [DPO], Rhodamine 6G [R6G], Rhodamine 8G [R8G], Rhodamine 800 [R800], Fluorescein Isothiocyanate [FITC], Lumogen Yellow [LY], and Lumogen Red [LR] in methanol, ethanol, and acetone across varying concentrations. DPA and DPO absorbed UV light and emitted in violet/blue wavelengths. In contrast, R8G emitted light in the blue-green region (450–500 nm), which could potentially stimulate pigment and lipid production in algae. LY exhibited peaks covering green to red PAR wavelengths. LR dye displayed an excitation/emission range of 320–400 and 590–660 nm, whereas R6G, R800, and FITC showed no PAR-related emissions. Most dyes showed higher fluorescence at 10 mgL−1 in methanol. DPA, LY, and R8G displayed the highest energy emissions, with LR emitting 9.56 × 10−18 J·photon−1, suggesting its potential to supply ample energy for supporting algal growth. This spectral conversion strategy shows promise for enhancing microalgae growth and metabolite production, reducing reliance on artificial light, and potentially cutting energy and cultivation costs. The study contributes to advancing sustainable practices in algal biotechnology.

A novel photovoltaic-thermal system based on spectral splitting of nanoparticle suspensions for simultaneous hydrogen production and seawater desalination

Traditional photovoltaic-thermal systems achieve full-spectrum sunlight utilization while producing only low-grade heat. This study reports an efficient PVT system designed for simultaneous hydrogen production and seawater desalination, in addition to high-efficiency electrical output. Specifically, Ag@SiO2/CoSO4-PG nanoparticle suspensions with varied loadings were prepared for photothermal and photoelectric conversion. Here, desalinated seawater can be directly utilized for electrolytic hydrogen production driven by photoelectric conversion module. System performance was evaluated across a broad range of conditions. The system exhibits peak photothermal and photoelectric conversion efficiencies of 45.57 % and 15.39 % respectively, when the nanoparticle loading is 80.00 mg/L. Using an 80.00 mg/L nanoparticle suspension filter, the system achieves a peak exergy efficiency of 60.71 % and an economic value enhancement of 75.9 % compared to a PV only system, when the worth factor w is 3. Under optimal operational conditions, the photo-hydrogen conversion efficiency reached 7.82 %. This study demonstrates an effective strategy for full spectrum solar energy conversion to hydrogen using sea water and provides a valuable guidance for future study.

Base editing strategies to convert CAG to CAA diminish the disease-causing mutation in Huntington's disease.

An expanded CAG repeat in the huntingtin gene (HTT) causes Huntington's disease (HD). Since the length of uninterrupted CAG repeat, not polyglutamine, determines the age-at-onset in HD, base editing strategies to convert CAG to CAA are anticipated to delay onset by shortening the uninterrupted CAG repeat. Here, we developed base editing strategies to convert CAG in the repeat to CAA and determined their molecular outcomes and effects on relevant disease phenotypes. Base editing strategies employing combinations of cytosine base editors and guide RNAs (gRNAs) efficiently converted CAG to CAA at various sites in the CAG repeat without generating significant indels, off-target edits, or transcriptome alterations, demonstrating their feasibility and specificity. Candidate BE strategies converted CAG to CAA on both expanded and non-expanded CAG repeats without altering HTT mRNA and protein levels. In addition, somatic CAG repeat expansion, which is the major disease driver in HD, was significantly decreased in the liver by a candidate BE strategy treatment in HD knock-in mice carrying canonical CAG repeats. Notably, CAG repeat expansion was abolished entirely in HD knock-in mice carrying CAA-interrupted repeats, supporting the therapeutic potential of CAG-to-CAA conversion strategies in HD and potentially other repeat expansion disorders.

Base editing strategies to convert CAG to CAA diminish the disease-causing mutation in Huntington’s disease

An expanded CAG repeat in the huntingtin gene (HTT) causes Huntington’s disease (HD). Since the length of uninterrupted CAG repeat, not polyglutamine, determines the age-at-onset in HD, base editing strategies to convert CAG to CAA are anticipated to delay onset by shortening the uninterrupted CAG repeat. Here, we developed base editing strategies to convert CAG in the repeat to CAA and determined their molecular outcomes and effects on relevant disease phenotypes. Base editing strategies employing combinations of cytosine base editors and guide RNAs (gRNAs) efficiently converted CAG to CAA at various sites in the CAG repeat without generating significant indels, off-target edits, or transcriptome alterations, demonstrating their feasibility and specificity. Candidate BE strategies converted CAG to CAA on both expanded and non-expanded CAG repeats without altering HTT mRNA and protein levels. In addition, somatic CAG repeat expansion, which is the major disease driver in HD, was significantly decreased in the liver by a candidate BE strategy treatment in HD knock-in mice carrying canonical CAG repeats. Notably, CAG repeat expansion was abolished entirely in HD knock-in mice carrying CAA-interrupted repeats, supporting the therapeutic potential of CAG-to-CAA conversion strategies in HD and potentially other repeat expansion disorders.

Conversation analysis as a speech-language research method in Polish-foreign bilingualism studies

The article concerns conversation analysis (CA) as a method derived from sociology, and also used and developed in psychology, linguistics, and speech and language therapy. The article aims at presenting the potential of the method in describing various types of verbal interactions. The text presents the use of CA to explore the dialogic abilities of bilingual children. The authors study code switching (CS) patterns occurring in bilingual children’s speech, the features of these patterns, and conversational strategies that appear in interviews with children. It was found that CS is closely linked to lexical deficits in Polish. The features of conversational negotiation were noticed when using English. Moreover, due to deficiencies in the Polish linguistic repertoire, the speakers used repairs, and the statements of the interlocutors would often overlap.

Progress and Perspective for "Green" Strategies of Catalytic Plastics Conversion into Fuels by Regulating Half-Reactions.

Nowadays, plastic waste threatens public health and the natural ecosystems of our lives. It is highly beneficial to recycle plastic waste in order to maximize the reuse of its contained carbon sources for the development of other valuable products. Unfortunately, traditional techniques usually require significant energy consumption and result in the generation of hazardous waste. Herein, the up-to-date developments on the "green" strategies under mild conditions including electrocatalysis, photocatalysis, and photoelectrocatalysis of plastic wastes are presented. During the oxidation of plastics in these "green" strategies, corresponding reduction reactions usually exist, which affect the property of catalytic plastics conversion. Particularly, we mainly focus on how to design the corresponding half reactions, such as the water reduction, carbon dioxide reduction, and nitrate reduction. Finally, we provide forward-looking insight into the enhancement of these "green" strategies, the extension of more half reactions into other organic catalysis, a comprehensive exploration of the underlying mechanisms through in situ studies and theoretical analysis and the problems for practical applications that needs to be solved.

In Situ Fabrication of High Ionic and Electronic Conductivity Interlayers Enabling Long-Life Garnet-Based Solid-State Lithium Batteries.

Garnet-type Li6.75La3Zr1.75Ta0.25O12 (LLZTO) is a promising solid-state electrolyte (SSE) because of its fast ionic conduction and notable chemical/electrochemical stability toward the lithium (Li) metal. However, poor interface wettability and large interface resistance between LLZTO and Li anode greatly restrict its practical applications. In this work, we develop an in situ chemical conversion strategy to construct a highly conductive Li2S@C layer on the surface of LLZTO, enabling improved interfacial wettability between LLZTO and the Li anode. The Li/Li2S@C-LLZTO-Li2S@C/Li symmetric cell has a low interface impedance of 78.5 Ω cm2, much lower than the 970 Ω cm2 of a Li/LLZTO/Li cell. Moreover, the Li/Li2S@C-LLZTO-Li2S@C/Li cell exhibits a high critical current density of 1.4 mA cm-2 and an ultralong stability of 3000 h at 0.1 mA cm-2. When used in a LiFePO4 battery, the Li/Li2S@C-LLZTO/LiFePO4 battery exhibits a high initial discharge capacity of 150.8 mA h g-1 at 0.2 C without lithium storage capacity attenuation during 200 cycles. This work provides a novel and feasible strategy to address interface issues of SSEs and achieve lithium-dendrite-free solid-state batteries.

Chemotherapy plus EGFR antibody as conversion treatment in RAS wild type, right-sided metastatic colon cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

e15568 Background: The optimal conversion strategy for right-sided RAS wild type (WT) metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) remains a contentious issue, especially regarding the role of EGFR antibodies. EGFR antibody treatment might be an attractive option in patients with contraindications to bevacizumab or in hyperselected patients with microsatellite stable subtypes and without RAS/BRAF/HER2 alterations, potentially allowing a shorter time to conversion surgery. Methods: We performed a systematic search of PubMed/MEDLINE and EMBASE for randomized trials reporting the overall response rate (ORR) and resection rate following chemotherapy (CT) plus anti-EGFR agents (cetuximab or panitumumab) for right-sided mCRC. Studies were selected regardless of whether the resection rate was a study endpoint or not. We used a random-effects model with generic inverse variance to compute pooled ORR and resection rates and to compare CT regimens combined with anti-EGFR or anti-VEGF agents. Results: Ten randomized trials with a total of 4465 mCRC patients were included; seven trials reported the resection rate as a secondary endpoint. 828/4465 (18.5%) patients were right-sided, of whom 419/828 (50.6%) patients received CT doublet or triplet plus anti-EGFR, 263/828 (31.8%) treated with CT plus bevacizumab, and 146/828 (17.6%) patients with CT alone. The ORR was significantly higher in the anti-EGFR group compared to CT alone (50.89% vs 31.03%, OR: 2.23 [95% CI: 1.50-3.32], p < 0.01). No significant difference in ORR was observed between the CT plus anti-EGFR and CT plus bevacizumab groups (50.89% vs 53.32%, OR: 0.89 [95% CI: 0.65-1.21], p = 0.44). Resection rates were 8.08% for CT plus anti-EGFR, 4.79% for CT plus bevacizumab, and 12.24% for CT alone, with no significant differences among the three arms (χ2= 2.15, p = 0.34). Subgroup analysis of RAS/BRAF WT patients with right-sided tumors from the PARADIGM and PEAK trials showed no difference in progression-free survival (PFS) between the CT plus anti-EGFR or bevacizumab groups (11.01m vs 11.60m, HR = 1.04 [95% CI: 0.58-1.50]), but there was a trend toward improved overall survival (OS) with anti-EGFR treatment (30.66m vs 28.67m, HR = 0.81 [95% CI: 0.45-1.17]). Conclusions: The data indicate that augmenting chemotherapy with anti-EGFR could be a viable conversion therapy for patients with RAS/BRAF WT right-sided mCRC, underscoring its potential utility in this subset of patients.

Efficient and comprehensive utilization of sugarcane bagasse components through vanillic acid pretreatment

Lignocellulosic biomass, being a renewable carbon-based resource, holds paramount practical significance in terms of its comprehensive conversion and utilization for effectively substituting petroleum-based energy sources. Herein, we present a sustainable and environmental-friendly vanillic acid (VA) pretreatment approach for efficient and comprehensive utilization of sugarcane bagasse (SCB). The xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS)DP2-6 yield of 60.4 % (wt.% of xylan) was achieved under the conditions of 180 °C/15 min/6% VA (wt.% of SCB), while lignin condensation was simultaneously inhibited in this initial biorefinery stage. Subsequently, the enzymatic saccharification of the pretreatment residue was significantly enhanced due to the reduced cellulase adsorption of lignin. Lignin structural characterization demonstrated that VA could effectively incorporate to the lignin structure, resulting in the lignin exhibiting high preservation of β-O-4′ linkages (39.38/100 Ar), low molecular weight (2410 Da), abundant phenolic hydroxyl groups (3.70 mmol/g), and less degree of condensation (0.33). Importantly, the resulting less-condensed lignin (LCL) could effectively undergo melt-blending with poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) owing to its low glass transition temperature, thereby facilitating the establishment of enhanced intermolecular interactions (π–π interaction and hydrogen bond) between LCL and PBAT. These interactions enhanced the plasticization of PBAT on LCL, and as a result, the prepared P/LCL30 composite film possessed excellent tensile properties without requiring lignin modification or additional additives. The study presents a straightforward and efficient biorefinery conversion strategy for lignocellulosic biomass, wherein hemicellulose was degraded into XOS, cellulose was enzymatically hydrolyzed to glucose, and the remaining lignin with lower condensation was utilized as a filler of PBAT composite film.

A High Nucleus Cu-Incorporated Giant Phosphotungstate with Photocatalytic Oxidation C-H of Toluene.

Exploring a novel photocatalyst for catalytic oxidation of toluene is a sustainable strategy for energy conversion in times of an energy crisis. However, designing an effective photocatalyst for the conversion of toluene remains challenging. Herein, a novel organic monophosphonate-modified high nucleus Cu-incorporated polyoxotungstate, K8H33[{Cu0.5(H2O)4}{Cu2(O3PCH2COO)(1,4,9-α-P2W15O56)}]4·Cl·60H2O (1), has been intentionally synthesized by a self-assembly process utilizing conventional aqueous method. It reveals that 1 contains a polyanion of [{Cu0.5(H2O)}4{Cu2(O3PCH2COO)(1,4,9-α-P2W15O56)}]440- composed of four Dawson-type {1,4,9-α-P2W15} subunits, forming an oval-shaped structure and further connecting into a three-dimensional (3D) framework by lateral {Cu(H2O)4}2+. Interestingly, the trivacant {1,4,9-α-P2W15} subunits were observed in the organophosphonate acid-functionalized polyoxometalates for the first time. Notably, 1 exhibits a wonderful performance in catalytic oxidation of the recalcitrant C(sp3)-H bond of toluene to benzoic acid with a conversion as high as 97% under visible light utilizing O2 as an oxidant.