Poverty Alleviation Strategies Research Articles

Experience of Pro-Poor Tourism (PPT) in China: A Sustainable Livelihood Perspective

Pro-poor tourism is a powerful tool in China’s poverty alleviation strategy, helping the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 1, no poverty. Thus, the Chinese experience in tourism poverty reduction could be instructive. Considering the dominant role of the government in PPT, this study examines the government’s PPT scheme within a sustainable livelihood framework, uncovering the usefulness of PPT in poverty alleviation. With thematic analysis, 18 cases are systematically coded, and several findings are discovered. Rural development is co-evolutionary with PPT, while livelihood capitals change correspondingly. Specifically, human capital is mentioned as the top priority, followed by economic capital, institutional capital, social capital, and natural capital. Analysis of the cases indicates that livelihood capital comprises multiple themes, and a variety of livelihood strategies are applied conditionally. Additionally, livelihood outcomes are in accord with the criteria of Beautiful Village, characterized by good quality of life. In summary, the success of the PPT in China is a comprehensive project, contributed to by a government-led model, a well-organized community system, effective community participation, and whole-of-society synergy. The study demonstrates that a paradigm shift has been seen in China’s PPT model and sheds light on tourism development in poverty alleviation globally.

POVERTY PERSPECTIVES AND REDUCTION STRATEGIES IN INDONESIA

The purpose of this study is to identify the poverty perspective and poverty alleviation strategies in Indonesia. Poverty is one of the problems still facing Indonesia. Given that the problem of poverty in Indonesia is a complex and multifaceted problem, poverty reduction efforts should be carried out in a comprehensive manner, covering various aspects of people's lives and implemented in an integrated manner. It is important to know what factors influence poverty for the benefit of society, people and the state. The aim of this study was to identify the factors that cause poverty and ways to overcome them. The results of previous literacy studies show that poverty is influenced by many factors. One of them is micro-poverty caused by unequal distribution of resource ownership, which leads to unequal distribution of income. The problem of poverty is a challenge that has been going on for a long time until today. In fact, many poverty reduction programs have been implemented by the government, but have not brought significant changes. Poverty reduction programs are implemented in many countries around the world. The development strategy elaborated by the Indonesian state has so far been based on high rates of economic growth. According to the forecasts of high rates of economic growth, income is distributed unevenly among all segments of the population, there is an imbalance between growth and equity. Observing some mistakes of the poverty reduction paradigm, where the analysis should bring to the forefront the variables that are significant for poverty reduction, exactly those variables that are not significant, so the strategies that should be adopted to overcome poverty: should also not only prioritize the economic aspect, but also pay attention to other dimensions; to increase the capacity and productivity, the chosen strategy is to increase the basic ability of the poor to increase income; involvement of the poor in the whole process of poverty reduction; empowerment strategy. People-centered development approach as a paradigm of decentralized policy is very relevant in overcoming social problems, including poverty.

Multidimensional poverty alleviation effect of different rural land consolidation models: A case study of Hubei and Guizhou, China

Eradicating all forms of poverty is the goal of sustainable development in the world, and the problem of returning to poverty has received widespread attention from international organizations and various countries around the world. Rural land consolidation (RLC) has achieved sustainable land use by combining with land system reform and policy innovation, thus RLC has become an important means to consolidate the achievements of poverty eradication in China. Under the sustainable livelihood approach, this study reveals the pathways to alleviate multidimensional relative poverty of different RLC models. Based on questionnaire data of rural households from poor areas of Guizhou and Hubei provinces in China, this study constructs a multidimensional poverty indices (MPI), including five dimensions of relative poverty measurement indicators (income, education, livelihood, housing, and employment) and the corresponding critical values, and measures the multidimensional relative poverty status of rural households as well as the change before and after RLC. In addition, the effects of multidimensional poverty reduction of different RLC models on poor households were investigated by the quasi-experimental PSM-DID method. The results show that different RLC models exhibit different poverty reduction effects. A comprehensive analysis of the multidimensional relative poverty indices demonstrates that public-private partnership (PPP) model of RLC can significantly alleviate poverty status of rural household, whereas the government-led model has no significant multidimensional poverty reduction effects. The investigation of each of five dimensions reveals that the PPP model has a significant poverty reduction effect on all the five dimensions (income, education, livelihood, housing, and employment), but the government-led model has a significant poverty reduction effect only on income dimension. Accordingly, this study proposes related policy recommendations, which provides Chinese experience for other developing countries to formulate RLC poverty alleviation strategies.

The Organic Connection of Rural Revitalization and Poverty Alleviation from the Perspective of Spillover Effect

To fully implement the rural revitalization strategy, it is required to strengthen the effectiveness of consolidating and expanding poverty alleviation and effectively link the rural revitalization strategy. Following the three-dimensional overall framework of subject content tool, through analyzing the external effects of poverty alleviation achievements on public governance beyond the policy objectives, it is recognized that the poverty alleviation strategy has produced extensive spillover effects. Based on the current situation of rural development, this paper proposes that the spillover effect of poverty alleviation can help the practical obstacles in the process of rural revitalization, and fully recognizes the internal mechanism of the problems. Finally, it is proposed to give full play to the spillover effect through multi subject linkage, multi content coordination, and multi tool integration to help explore the path of rural revitalization and development.

Integration of mRNA and miRNA analysis reveals the differentially regulatory network in two different Camellia oleifera cultivars under drought stress.

Camellia oleifera Abel. (C. oleifera) is an edible oil tree species that provide an important guarantee for targeted poverty alleviation strategy in China. Severe difficulties in irrigation leading to drought stress have become a major obstacle to the development of the C. oleifera planting industry. Breeding of drought-tolerant cultivars is the main idea for solving the problem of water shortage stress in C. oleifera cultivation. The photosynthetic physiology traits of C. oleifera cultivars ‘Xianglin No.1’ and ‘Hengdong No.2’ were affected by drought stress to different degrees, which demonstrated that the two cultivars suffered different degrees of damage. In the present study, we applied mRNA-seq and miRNA-seq to analyze the difference in molecular responses between drought stress and control, drought-tolerant and -sensitive cultivars, at mRNA and miRNA levels. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in photosynthesis-related, porphyrin, and chlorophyll metabolism, circadian rhythm system, and plant hormone signal transduction pathways were identified that might be candidates for drought stress tolerance genes. Subsequently, the miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks connected the differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) to their predicted target genes were established. miR398 and miR408-3p in C. oleifera showed that associated with the response to drought stress by negatively regulating genes encoding Downy Mildew Resistance 6 (DMR6) and Enhanced Disease Resistance 2 (EDR2), respectively, which might further improve drought tolerance via crosstalk between different stress-responsive pathways. The quantitation results of miRNA and mRNA were validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). In summary, the integrated mRNA-seq and miRNA-seq analysis deepen our understanding of the regulatory network response to drought stress and variety-specific responses improving drought tolerance in C. oleifera.

FIGHTING FOOD INSECURITY, HUNGER, AND POVERTY: THE CONTENT AND CONTEXT OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC RIGHT OF ACCESS TO SUFFICIENT FOOD IN SOUTH AFRICA

Poverty, lack of access to food, low income, hunger, unemployment and malnutrition are all interrelated because they undermine fundamental human rights and are a blatant affront to human dignity and section 27 of the South African Constitution. These factors have a direct impact on the realisation of the right to have access to sufficient food and poverty alleviation. Against this backdrop, this article examines major causes of food insecurity in South African rural households. Using an in-depth analysis of literature, previous studies, government reports, and policies aimed at poverty alleviation, this article examines some of the various poverty-alleviation strategies that the government has adopted in promoting rural food security. In this instance, the importance of social grants and land-based livelihood strategies – specifically subsistence farming – are analysed to determine the extent to which these strategies promote household food security and combat poverty and hunger in rural households.

Assessing the sustainability of community-based tourism: a case study in rural areas of Hoi An, Vietnam

Community-based tourism (CBT) has become a popular segment of sustainable tourism development worldwide to provide community welfare and empowerment. CBT has been pushed as one of the strategies for poverty alleviation, particularly in marginalized regions and communities. Thus, tourism has also experienced negative impacts creating a developmental conflict. This study proposes an integrated methodological approach that provides solutions for assessing tourism sustainability and advancing CBT development approaches and operations towards sustainability in rural communities in Hoi An, a heritage destination in Vietnam. The assessment is a combination of resident interviews, the fuzzy AHP approach, and the sustainability value of the Barometer of Sustainability. Retrieved from literature review, surveys and expert judgments, twenty-one indicators were selected to assess and evaluate the level of economic, socio-cultural, environmental, and management sustainability at a local scale. The final sustainability index reveals that CBT in Hoi An has overall potential sustainability. Economy, identified as the most critical criterion, ranked third in the sustainability level, while Culture-Society exceeded the potential sustainability score. Critical factors are community development policies, capacity building, full community participation and support, and environmental sustainability. The study contributes to the fragmented knowledge of assessing CBT sustainability and concludes that this is a reliable and feasible approach suggesting critical implications for sustainable development. It will appeal to policymakers, planners, and practitioners seeking more effective tools for planning and developing CBT.

Effect of Farmland Transfer on Poverty Reduction under Different Targeted Poverty Alleviation Patterns Based on PSM-DID Model in Karst Area of China

Rural farmland transfer is a key factor in the successful implementation of targeted poverty alleviation strategies in China. In this paper, a multidimensional index system with 15 indicators from five dimensions, namely, natural, human, physical, financial, and social capital was established. It analyzed the effect of farmland transfer on poverty alleviation under four typical poverty alleviation models implemented in a karst area in China by using Propensity Score Matching (PSM) and Difference-in-Difference (DID) to analyze 467 rural households questionnaire responses from five representative villages in Guizhou Province. The results show that different models had different effects on poverty reduction. In the model of "three changes" + relocation for poverty alleviation + rural tourism + poor households, farmland transfer was the most effective in poverty alleviation, as attested by its average treatment effect on the treated (ATT) value of 0.44. Rural households' nonfarm income increased significantly to develop rural tourism after relocation from inhospitable areas. In the model of "farmland lease/shareholding" +cooperative + enterprise + poor households, farmland transfer had a moderate effect on poverty alleviation, with an ATT value of 0.06. Its effect on the total income of rural households was the lowest among the four models. This study's results can provide a theoretical reference for solidifying the benefits of poverty alleviation and rural revitalization strategies in karst areas.

Does Land Certification Stimulate Farmers’ Entrepreneurial Enthusiasm? Evidence from Rural China

Deepening the reform of rural land property rights and fully releasing the dividends of land policies to stimulate the vitality of rural development are important foundations for China’s Poverty Alleviation and Rural Revitalization strategies. Based on the data of the China Household Finance Surveys in 2013 and 2019, this study takes the new round of land certification launched in 2013 as the starting point for exploring the impact of rural land property rights reform on farmers’ entrepreneurship, using the difference-in-differences model. The results show that the implementation of the new round of land certification has significantly improved the development of agricultural entrepreneurship among farmers with certificates but has had no impact on non-agricultural entrepreneurship. The estimated results from the replacement explained variables, PSM-DID method, and placebo test verifies the robustness of the baseline results. Furthermore, it is shown that the improvement of labor allocation, land transfer, and financing and loan constraints are the main channels through which land certification affects farmers’ entrepreneurship; the impact is heterogeneous at province, community, and household levels. This study not only provides new evidence for using rural land property rights reform to spearhead poverty alleviation and rural revitalization strategies but also provides beneficial reference material for the continuous optimization of land property rights certificates to boost farmers’ entrepreneurship.

National poverty alleviation strategy and policy regulation exemption: A quasi-natural experiment based on the green credit guidelines

This paper evaluates the real effects of the environmental policy at the firm level. Using the promulgation of the “Green Credit Guidelines" and national poverty alleviation strategy as a quasi-natural experiment, we find that:1) the Guidelines significantly inhibit the scale and maturity of debt financing for polluting companies; 2) the participation of enterprises in poverty alleviation efforts can effectively offset the restraining influence of the Guidelines. Our results are robust for parallel trend assumption and propensity score matching estimation. Further, we find that state-owned enterprises have decreased more significantly. These results indicate that the national poverty alleviation strategy could play a role in debt financing for polluting companies. Thus providing timely implications for regulators concerned with environmental protection.

STRATEGI PENGENTASAN KEMISKINAN DI ERA NEW NORMAL PRESPEKTIF AL-QUR'AN

Poverty has been a problem for Muslims from ancient times to the present, inseparable from the conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic to the new normal as it is today. This study aims to describe strategies for poverty alleviation based on the Qur'an in the new normal era. This study uses a qualitative approach with a literature review with the method of interpreting the Qur'an about poverty and explaining how poverty alleviation is carried out, followed by an analysis of the alleviation strategy recommended in the Qur'an. The results of the study show that the Qur'an has a strategy in alleviating poverty, including the case of poverty in Indonesia in the new normal era, which will be a solution to the problem of poverty when applied properly and correctly, but in reality, Muslims, especially in Indonesia, are still accustomed to the habit of being lazy to move, lazy to work, to be complacent with other people's gifts that make them feel they don't need to work and try, pioneered by conditions that require people to stay at home with the implementation of WFH because Covid-19 is increasingly making people complacent with the habit of staying at home so that this causes a high unemployment rate which leads to an increase in the number of poverty. Keywords: Al-Qur'an, Poverty, New Normal

Is social spending pro‐poor in developing countries? The role of governance and political freedom

AbstractThis article extends the existing literature on the social spending‐poverty nexus by testing the proposition that the quality of governance and the political freedom status determine social spending effectiveness in developing countries (DCs). Our analysis helps explain the surprising result documented in prior studies, of no clear evidence that higher social spending, especially on education and health, translates to a significant reduction in poverty in DCs. Using unbalanced panel data of a large sample of DCs covering the period 1980–2019, we demonstrated that the impact of public spending on poverty is significantly reduced in countries that have a poor quality of governance and in those with relatively few political freedoms. This result is robust to a change in the poverty indicator and type, and the estimator used in regression models. This finding implies that improving the efficacy of social spending through improving governance and political freedom is as crucial as increasing the scale of this spending in the poverty alleviation strategy of DCs, especially those with limited public resources. Our empirical analysis also revealed other novel results about the socioeconomic factors most likely to explain poverty in DCs.

Explicating the responses of NDVI and GDP to the poverty alleviation policy in poverty areas of China in the 21st century.

The economy in the poverty-stricken areas of China has grown rapidly in response to poverty alleviation policies in the 21st century. To explicate the response of the eco-environment to rapid economic growth in the 14 contiguous areas of dire poverty in China, we developed a method of evaluating the impact of poverty alleviation policies on ecological health. Based on the yearly data of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from 2000 to 2019, the dynamic changes in NDVI and GDP were calculated, and the development patterns in the 14 contiguous areas of dire poverty were evaluated and classified. The results show that both annual GDP per capita and average annual NDVI exhibited an increasing trend, increasing by 43.81% and 0.84% per year, respectively. The development of the 14 contiguous areas of dire poverty all presented a coordinated and sustainable (A) development pattern during the period from 2000 to 2019. The consistency of economic and ecological health development between 2000 and 2013 was less than that between 2014 and 2019. Moreover, the result indicates that it is necessary to make timely adjustments to poverty alleviation strategies based on the positive consistency between economic growth and ecological health.

Sustainability Trade-Offs in Media Coverage of Poverty Alleviation: A Content-Based Spatiotemporal Analysis in China’s Provinces

Poverty alleviation has always been fundamental for China to achieve the goal of creating a moderately prosperous society. This study conducted a content-based spatiotemporal analysis of media coverage, regression analysis of panel data, and text mining to examine how China’s Targeted Poverty Alleviation (TPA) Strategy is characterised by online mainstream media platform. A total of 10,857 articles related to TPA in 31 specific provinces of mainland China were collected and analysed by Natural Language Processing (NLP) analysis. The results of this study indicated that spatiotemporal distribution of TPA coverage was consistent with the typical logic of the Chinese government in policy implementation based on spatial and social marginalisation. Media attention on TPA is influenced by economic, environmental, and community sustainability indicators, reflecting the sustainability trade-offs in TPA-related media coverage. The keywords embedded in media coverage indicated that agricultural product promotion in extremely impoverished areas and the experiences of economically developed agricultural areas were essential for poverty eradication. Keywords emphasise top-down administrative-led poverty governance for extremely impoverished areas and local autonomy for relatively impoverished areas. This study provides perspectives for antipoverty governance and media empowerment in the postpoverty era in China.

Social Resources Transfer Program under China’s Targeted Poverty Alleviation Strategy: Rural Social Structure and Local Politics

ABSTRACT This article examines how resources were allocated from the central government to rural households through China’s targeted poverty alleviation program. The fieldwork in different regions from 2015 to 2019 revealed that local social rules and structures distorted the allocation of anti-poverty resources. In ‘solidarity’ villages, resources targeted disadvantaged groups recognized by local but not official rules. In ‘individualized’ villages without strong local rules, resources were given to ‘troublemakers.’ In ‘factional’ villages, a scramble for resources occurred. The anti-poverty resources activated the rural social structures and rules, which finally diversified the outcomes of resource flows. This study suggests that a deep understanding of local traditions is needed in policy design and implementation to tackle the existing social rules and achieve the original policy target.

The Impacts of Relocation on the Livelihoods among Different Agro-pastoralist Groups in an Immigrated Village in Tibet

China has achieved a comprehensive victory in poverty eradication. Relocation has been the major measure of the poverty alleviation strategy, and 10 million poor people have successfully been relocated in the ‘Thirteenth Five-Year’ period (from 2016 to 2020). This paper established an integrated evaluation index system for the livelihoods of relocated groups and the sustainability of the village, based on the framework of United Nation 2030 Sustainable Development Goals and using the data from questionnaire surveys in Bailang Village, Tibet. The indicator system quantitatively analyzed the changes in the livelihoods of different agro-pastoralist groups before and after relocation from the three aspects of living standards, livelihood assets, and livelihood strategies. The results showed that relocation led to the improvement of the livelihoods of immigrated households. As the duration after relocation increases, the living standards rise steadily, especially in poverty eradication (SDG1), which increased nearly 100%. Relocation affects the livelihood strategies of the relocated groups, in that the original pure farmers chose more diverse livelihood strategies and the non-farm employment ratio (SDG8) of the village increased. The total SDG score increased from the perspective of the sustainable development of the village. The data also showed that relocation had limited impacts on the livelihoods of the aborigines. The results implied that the relocation policy for poverty alleviation has been implemented successfully in this area. This research could support policy optimization for improving the sustainability of the village and the livelihoods of the immigrants.

Politics, policies and rural poverty alleviation outcomes: Evidence from Lankao County, China

China's anti-poverty approach featuring a targeted poverty alleviation strategy has provided a model for global poverty reduction governance. This paper builds a conceptual framework that includes political contexts, policies and rural poverty alleviation outcomes, and emphasizes the response of rural households as micro subjects to the macro political and policy environment, aiming to explore the micro mechanisms of rural poverty reduction governance at the county and rural household levels. The results are as follows: (i) The poverty alleviation outcomes are produced by the stimulation of political and policy resources on rural households' own conditions. (ii) The individual differences in poverty alleviation outcome scores are obvious. The poverty alleviation collaboration mechanism, grassroots mobilization, life improvement, livelihood support, resource conditions and livelihood capacity are the leading factors affecting the poverty alleviation outcomes. (iii) The organic combination of political guidance, policy support and rural households' development conditions has made the poverty alleviation outcomes more remarkable. This study provides case support for the formation of an anti-poverty theory with Chinese characteristics, and serves as a reference for poverty reduction governance in developing countries.

Poverty Alleviation Strategies for Sivomo Villagers in Nkayi District, Zimbabwe

Poverty continues to be a challenge in Zimbabwe, with increased levels recorded during the COVID pandemic. In rural areas such as Nkayi, interventions targeting poverty cut across numerous fields such as agriculture, education, and infrastructure. Despite these interventions, poverty continues to be a daily confrontation and challenge. This paper uses Michel de Certeau's theoretical tools to discuss the everyday contests between development agencies and community members as they formulate interventions to address poverty. It identifies strategies employed by agencies and the concomitant tactics deployed by community members. While these sometimes conflict, the paper argues that they culminate in processes of progression and regression or stages of poverty which translate to a little-to-no change in the poverty situation. As such, a rethink of strategies and their relevance is suggested.

Poverty Reduction Strategy Based on Family Empowerment in the Perspective of Islamic Law

The mandate to eradicate poverty is part of the mission of the presence of Islam as a religion of rahmatan lil 'alamin. Poverty alleviation is one of the main aspects of development, as stated in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This study aims to determine two things: (1) What is the poverty alleviation strategy based on family empowerment in Indonesia?; (2) What is the perspective of Islamic law on poverty alleviation strategies through family empowerment? Poverty alleviation policies in Indonesia are operationalized in various forms of activity, including targeting family empowerment programs. This study uses a literature review method. Based on the results of the analysis, it was found that the poverty alleviation strategy through family empowerment was in three main policy groups, namely the social assistance and protection-based policy group, the participatory empowerment-based policy group, and the micro and small business empowerment-based policy group. Both strategies are in line with Islamic teachings, which contain poverty alleviation.

Effects of rural tourism development on poverty alleviation: a grounded theory

Tourism has been accredited as a significant sector by the Namibian government because it is one of the highest income earners and ranks third after mining and agriculture. This research paper explores the key determinants of poverty in the Northern region of Namibia (Kunene and Zambezi) and the effects of rural tourism development on poverty alleviation. The research adopted grounded theory and phenomenological approaches and data were collected through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with various tourism stakeholders in the two regions. The research findings reveal the importance of all stakeholders in identifying the causes of poverty in each region/constituency before implementing poverty alleviation strategies. This study, therefore, concludes that providing the same tourism strategies to different geographical locations does not work, because some communities are extremely deprived. This research, therefore, recommends a flexible framework which takes a pragmatic approach to move away from the “one size fits all” approach.