Design Strategies Research Articles

Inhibitors of the Structural and Nonstructural Proteins of Alphaviruses.

The Alphavirus genus includes viruses that cause encephalitis due to neuroinvasion and viruses that cause arthritis due to acute and chronic inflammation. There is no approved therapeutic for alphavirus infections, but significant efforts are ongoing, more so in recent years, to develop vaccines and therapeutics for alphavirus infections. This review article highlights some of the major advances made so far to identify small molecules that can selectively target the structural and the nonstructural proteins in alphaviruses with the expectation that persistent investigation of an increasingly expanding chemical space through a variety of structure-based design and high-throughput screening strategies will yield candidate drugs for clinical studies. While most of the works discussed are still in the early discovery to lead optimization stages, promising avenues remain for drug development against this family of viruses.

Active learning streamlines development of high performance catalysts for higher alcohol synthesis

Developing efficient catalysts for syngas-based higher alcohol synthesis (HAS) remains a formidable research challenge. The chain growth and CO insertion requirements demand multicomponent materials, whose complex reaction dynamics and extensive chemical space defy catalyst design norms. We present an alternative strategy by integrating active learning into experimental workflows, exemplified via the FeCoCuZr catalyst family. Our data-aided framework streamlines navigation of the extensive composition and reaction condition space in 86 experiments, offering >90% reduction in environmental footprint and costs over traditional programs. It identifies the Fe65Co19Cu5Zr11 catalyst with optimized reaction conditions to attain higher alcohol productivities of 1.1 gHA h−1 gcat−1 under stable operation for 150 h on stream, a 5-fold improvement over typically reported yields. Characterization reveals catalytic properties linked to superior activities despite moderate higher alcohol selectivities. To better reflect catalyst demands, we devise multi-objective optimization to maximize higher alcohol productivity while minimizing undesired CO2 and CH4 selectivities. An intrinsic trade-off between these metrics is uncovered, identifying Pareto-optimal catalysts not readily discernible by human experts. Finally, based on feature-importance analysis, we formulate data-informed guidelines to develop performance-specific FeCoCuZr systems. This approach goes beyond existing HAS catalyst design strategies, is adaptable to broader catalytic transformations, and fosters laboratory sustainability.

Frequency band optimization of cavity-type metamaterials by acoustic split-frequency multiplexing

This paper reports an experimental study on a cavity-type metamaterial for broadband sound absorption to break the one-to-one correspondence between back cavity and absorption peak. An acoustic valve composed of a thin plate and a concentrated mass was proposed to pass and block specific frequency sound waves. The results indicate that under the action of the acoustic valve, the unit cell of the metamaterial can obtain more absorption peaks than the number of physical back cavities. Finite element simulation shows that this mechanism can be attributed to acoustic split-frequency multiplexing in the back cavity. Specific parameters for the unit cell are optimized based on genetic algorithms. The consistent finite element simulation and experimental results indicate that the metamaterial with the acoustic valve can achieve efficient absorption performance at 150–550 Hz with a thickness-to-wavelength ratio of 1/28. This study provides valuable design strategies for cavity-type metamaterials to achieve broadband sound absorption.

Visible-Light-Activated Heteroaryl Azoswitches: Toward a More Colorful Future.

Azobenzenes (Ph-N═N-Ph) are known as the most widely studied molecular photoswitches, and the recent rise of azoheteroarenes (Het-N═N-Ph or Het-N═N-Het) offers great opportunities to advance this already mature field. A common limitation is that azo-switches generally require harmful UV light for activation, which hinders their application across various fields. Despite great efforts in developing visible-light azobenzenes over the past few decades, the potential of visible-light heteroaryl azoswitches remains largely unexplored. This Perspective summarizes the state-of-the-art advancements in visible-light heteroaryl azoswitches, covering molecular design strategies, the structure-property relationship, and potential applications. We highlight the distinctive advantages of azoheteroarenes over azobenzenes in the research and development of visible-light switches. Furthermore, we discuss the opportunities and challenges in this emerging field and propose potential solutions to address crucial issues such as spectral red-shift and thermal half-life. Through this Perspective paper, we aim to provide inspiration for further exploration in this field, in anticipation of the growing prosperity and bright future of visible-light azoheteroarene photoswitches.

A Co-Doping Materials Design Strategy for Selective Ozone Electrocatalysts.

Catalysts for electrochemical ozone production (EOP) face inherent selectivity challenges stemming from thermodynamic constraints. This work establishes a design strategy for minimizing these limitations and inducing EOP activity in tin oxide, which is an intrinsically EOP-inactive material. We propose that selective ozone production using tin oxide catalysts can be broadly achieved by co-doping with two elements: first, n-type dopants to enhance electrical conductivity, and second, transition metal dopants that leach and homogeneously generate essential hydroperoxyl radical intermediates. Synthesizing tantalum, antimony, and tungsten n-type dopants with nickel, cobalt, and iron as transition metal dopants confirms that properly co-doping tin oxide yields EOP-active catalysts. This study offers a robust framework for advancing EOP catalyst design and serves as a case study for the application of fundamental co-catalysis and solid-state physics principles to induce catalytic activity in inert materials.

Halogen Bond Unlocks Ultra-High Birefringence.

Anisotropy is crucial for birefringence (Δn) in optical materials, but optimizing it remains a formidable challenge (Δn > 0.3). Supramolecular frameworks incorporating π-conjugated components are promising for achieving enhanced birefringence since their structural diversity and inherent anisotropy. Herein, we first synthesized (C6H6NO2)+Cl- (NAC). And then constructed a halogen bonded supramolecular framework I+(C6H4NO2)- (INA) by halogen aliovalent substitution of Cl- with I+. The organic moieties are protonated and deprotonated nicotinic acid (NA), respectively. The antiparallel arrangement of birefringent-active units in NAC and INA leads to significant differences in bonding characteristics between interlayer and intralayer domains. Moreover, [O···I+···N] halogen bond in 1D [I+(C6H4NO2)-] chain exhibits stronger interactions and stricter directionality, resulting in a more pronounced in-plane anisotropy between the intrachain and interchain directions. Consequently, INA exhibits exceptional birefringent performance, with a value of 0.778 at 550 nm, twice that of NAC (0.363 at 550 nm). This value significantly exceeds those of commercial birefringent crystals, such as CaCO3 (0.172 at 546 nm), and is the highest reported value among ultraviolet birefringent crystals. This work presents a novel design strategy that employs halogen bonds as connection sites and modes for birefringent-active units, opening new avenues for developing high-performance birefringent crystals.

Halogen Bond Unlocks Ultra-High Birefringence.

Anisotropy is crucial for birefringence (Δn) in optical materials, but optimizing it remains a formidable challenge (Δn > 0.3). Supramolecular frameworks incorporating π-conjugated components are promising for achieving enhanced birefringence since their structural diversity and inherent anisotropy. Herein, we first synthesized (C6H6NO2)+Cl- (NAC). And then constructed a halogen bonded supramolecular framework I+(C6H4NO2)- (INA) by halogen aliovalent substitution of Cl- with I+. The organic moieties are protonated and deprotonated nicotinic acid (NA), respectively. The antiparallel arrangement of birefringent-active units in NAC and INA leads to significant differences in bonding characteristics between interlayer and intralayer domains. Moreover, [O···I+···N] halogen bond in 1D [I+(C6H4NO2)-] chain exhibits stronger interactions and stricter directionality, resulting in a more pronounced in-plane anisotropy between the intrachain and interchain directions. Consequently, INA exhibits exceptional birefringent performance, with a value of 0.778 at 550 nm, twice that of NAC (0.363 at 550 nm). This value significantly exceeds those of commercial birefringent crystals, such as CaCO3 (0.172 at 546 nm), and is the highest reported value among ultraviolet birefringent crystals. This work presents a novel design strategy that employs halogen bonds as connection sites and modes for birefringent-active units, opening new avenues for developing high-performance birefringent crystals.

Halogen Bond Unlocks Ultra‐High Birefringence

Anisotropy is crucial for birefringence (Δn) in optical materials, but optimizing it remains a formidable challenge (Δn > 0.3). Supramolecular frameworks incorporating π‐conjugated components are promising for achieving enhanced birefringence since their structural diversity and inherent anisotropy. Herein, we first synthesized (C6H6NO2)+Cl− (NAC). And then constructed a halogen bonded supramolecular framework I+(C6H4NO2)− (INA) by halogen aliovalent substitution of Cl− with I+. The organic moieties are protonated and deprotonated nicotinic acid (NA), respectively. The antiparallel arrangement of birefringent‐active units in NAC and INA leads to significant differences in bonding characteristics between interlayer and intralayer domains. Moreover, [O···I+···N] halogen bond in 1D [I+(C6H4NO2)−] chain exhibits stronger interactions and stricter directionality, resulting in a more pronounced in‐plane anisotropy between the intrachain and interchain directions. Consequently, INA exhibits exceptional birefringent performance, with a value of 0.778 at 550 nm, twice that of NAC (0.363 at 550 nm). This value significantly exceeds those of commercial birefringent crystals, such as CaCO3 (0.172 at 546 nm), and is the highest reported value among ultraviolet birefringent crystals. This work presents a novel design strategy that employs halogen bonds as connection sites and modes for birefringent‐active units, opening new avenues for developing high‐performance birefringent crystals.

Comprehensive computerized gait analysis: Barriers to access for children and adolescents

BackgroundComprehensive computerized gait analysis (CGA) alters orthopedic surgical plans and improves outcomes. Despite these documented benefits, CGA is not widely available to all patients who could be helped by it.Research Question: Do social determinants of health impact access to CGA? MethodsRetrospective review of patients seen for CGA from 2021 to 2022. Dates of referral, insurance approval and completion of CGA, demographics and insurance type were extracted from patient records. Zip codes were used to determine the neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES). Data were analyzed using non-parametric statistics. ResultsInsurance type affected time to authorization (private insurance/self-pay: median 9 days; HMO insurance: median 51.5 days; public insurance: median 27 days; p=0.0004). Once authorized, insurance type did not affect time to schedule and complete CGA (p=0.76). Lower neighborhood SES was associated with longer time to authorization but shorter time to complete CGA once authorized. Rescheduling was associated with longer time to complete CGA once authorized (median 29.5 vs. 16 days, p<0.0001). White, non-Hispanic families tended to reschedule more often than non-white or Hispanic families (35 % vs. 18 %, p=0.07). SignificanceKnowledge of barriers to CGA is necessary in order to design and implement effective strategies to widen its availability to all whom it could benefit. Social determinants of health and insurance type are associated with delays in authorization for CGA. Families with public insurance and HMO coverage experience delays in obtaining insurance authorization compared to PPO/self-pay patients, whose tests did not require prior authorization. However, there can also be delays in scheduling and completing CGA once authorized. This is a multi-faceted issue that requires further research.

Applying a User-Centered Design Framework to Develop a Remote Research Assessment Protocol for a Randomized Clinical Trial for Toddlers with Early Autism Characteristics.

COVID-19 required many research teams to shift from in-person to remote assessments, which posed both procedural and theoretical challenges. While research has explored the utility of remote assessments for autism diagnosis from the perspective of families and clinicians, less is known about their application in clinical trials. This paper describes the development of a remote research assessment protocol for a randomized clinical trial focusing on the implementation of reciprocal imitation teaching (RIT) with toddlers in Part C early intervention. This project spans two phases. For Phase 1, our team developed and documented a series of steps utilizing user-centered design (UCD) strategies (e.g., recruiting potential users, creating a prototype, engaging in iterative development) for the purpose of redesigning an assessment protocol for a remote environment. For Phase 2, we examined preliminary outcomes of the redesign process. Primary end users (assessors) rated post-redesign usability and acceptability, while acceptability was examined using attrition data from secondary end users (family participants). Preliminary fidelity of implementation was also examined. The iterative redesign process allowed the research team to refine aspects of the assessment that ultimately led to promising preliminary ratings of usability, acceptability, and feasibility, as well as high fidelity. Preliminary data suggest that the redesigned assessment appears to be an acceptable, feasible, and usable tool for autism clinical trial research and that assessors can use it with fidelity. Further research is needed to examine the reliability and validity of the assessment, as well as implementation characteristics on a larger scale.

The role of hydrogen as long-duration energy storage and as an international energy carrier for electricity sector decarbonization

With countries and economies around the globe increasingly relying on non-dispatchable variable renewable energy (VRE), the need for effective energy storage and international carriers of low-carbon energy has intensified. This study delves into hydrogen’s prospective, multifaceted contribution to decarbonizing the electricity sector, with emphasis on its utilization as a scalable technology for long-duration energy storage and as an international energy carrier. Using Japan as a case study, based on its ambitious national hydrogen strategy and plans to import liquefied hydrogen as a low-carbon fuel source, we employ advanced models encompassing capacity expansion and hourly dispatch. We explore diverse policy scenarios to unravel the timing, quantity, and operational intricacies of hydrogen deployment within a power system. Our findings highlight the essential role of hydrogen in providing a reliable power supply by balancing mismatches in VRE generation and load over several weeks and months and reducing the costs of achieving a zero-emission power system. The study recommends prioritizing domestically produced hydrogen, leveraging renewables for cost reduction, and strategically employing imported hydrogen as a risk hedge against potential spikes in battery storage and renewable energy costs. Furthermore, the strategic incorporation of hydrogen mitigates system costs and enhances energy self-sufficiency, informing policy design and investment strategies aligned with the dynamic global energy landscape.

Ice-Induced Vibration Analysis of Fixed-Bottom Wind Turbine Towers

This research tackles the challenge of ice-induced vibrations in fixed-bottom offshore wind turbines, particularly the risk of frequency lock-in (FLI), a critical loading condition arising from slow ice movement against structures. We introduce an innovative FLI analysis process grounded in the ductile damage–collapse (DDC) mechanism, which offers a more accurate and significantly lower probability of FLI occurrence than conventional methods. Through dynamic evaluations employing a time-domain ice load model and FLI displacement analyses, we demonstrate that FLI can lead to higher structural vibrations than those caused by continuous brittle ice crushing. A case study of a 5 MW monopile wind turbine tower utilising Abaqus confirms the necessity for incorporating FLI considerations into structural design to ensure safety and performance in ice-prone environments. Comparing the DDC mechanism with the ISO method, our study reveals that the DDC approach predicts higher displacement and acceleration values during FLI, nearly an order of magnitude greater than those induced by ice loads with a 50-year return period. The research underscores the importance of robust ice-load integration in design strategies for offshore wind turbines, especially in regions susceptible to ice. It highlights the DDC mechanism as a novel strategy for enhancing structural resilience against ice-induced hazards.

Regulation of Interfacial Chemistry Enabling High-Power Dual-Ion Batteries at Low Temperatures.

Interfacial chemistry plays a crucial role in determining the electrochemical properties of low-temperature rechargeable batteries. Although existing interface engineering has significantly improved the capacity of rechargeable batteries operating at low temperatures, challenges such as sharp voltage drops and poor high-rate discharge capabilities continue to limit their applications in extreme environments. In this study, an energy-level-adaptive design strategy for electrolytes to regulate interfacial chemistry in low-temperature Li||graphite dual-ion batteries (DIBs) is proposed. This strategy enables the construction of robust interphases with superior ion-transfer kinetics. On the graphite cathode, the design endues the cathode interface with solvent/anion-coupled interfacial chemistry, which yields an nitrogen/phosphor/sulfur/fluorin (N/P/S/F)-containing organic-rich interphase to boost anion-transfer kinetics and maintains excellent interfacial stability. On the Li metal anode, the anion-derived interfacial chemistry promotes the formation of an inorganic-dominant LiF-rich interphase, which effectively suppresses Li dendrite growth and improves the Li plating/stripping kinetics at low temperatures. Consequently, the DIBs can operate within a wide temperature range, spanning from -40 to 45°C. At -40°C, the DIB exhibits exceptional performance, delivering 97.4% of its room-temperature capacity at 1C and displaying an extraordinarily high-rate discharge capability with 62.3% capacity retention at 10C. This study demonstrates a feasible strategy for the development of high-power and low-temperature rechargeable batteries.

Sustainable Production of Biofuels from Biomass Feedstocks Using Modified Montmorillonite Catalysts.

The rampant exploitation of fossil fuels has led to the significant energy scarcity and environmental disruption, affecting the sound momentum of development and progress of human civilization. To build a closed-loop anthropogenic carbon cycle, development of biofuels employing sustainable biomass feedstocks stands at the forefront of advancing carbon neutrality, yet its widespread adoption is mainly hampered by the high production costs. Montmorillonite, however, has garnered considerable attention serving as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst of ideal economic feasibility for biofuel production, primarily due to its affordability, accessibility, stability, and excellent plasticity. Up to now, nevertheless, it has merely received finite concerns and interests in production of various biofuels using montmorillonite-based catalysts. There is no timely and comprehensive review that addresses this latest relevant progress. This review fills the gap by providing a systematically review and summary in controllable synthesis, performance enhancement, and applications related to different kinds of biofuels including biodiesel, biohydrogenated diesel, levulinate, γ-valerolactone, 5-ethoxymethylfurfural, gaseous biofuels (CO, H2), and cycloalkane, by using montmorillonite catalysts and its modified forms. Particularly, this review critically depicts the design strategies for montmorillonite, illustrates the relevant reaction mechanisms, and assesses their economic viability, realizing sustainable biofuels production via efficient biomass valorization.

Dilute Electrolytes with Fluorine-free Ether Solvents for 4.5 V Lithium Metal Batteries.

The limited oxidation stability of ether solvents has posed significant challenges for their applications in high-voltage lithium metal batteries (LMBs). To tackle this issue, the prevailing strategy either adopts a high concentration of fluorinated salts or relies on highly fluorinated solvents, which will significantly increase the manufacturing cost and create severe environmental hazards. Herein, an alternative and sustainable salt engineering approach is proposed to enable the utilization of dilute electrolytes consisting of fluorine (F)-free ethers in high-voltage LMBs. The proposed 0.8 M electrolyte supports stable lithium plating-stripping with a high Coulombic efficiency of 99.47% and effectively mitigates the metal dissolution, phase transition, and gas release issues of the LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811) cathode upon charging to high voltages. Consequently, the 4.5 V high-loading Li||NCM 811 cell shows a capacity retention of 75.2% after 300 cycles. Multimodal experimental characterizations coupled with theoretical investigations demonstrate that the boron-containing salt plays a pivotal role in forming the passivation layers on both anode and cathode. The present simple and cost-effective electrolyte design strategy offers a promising and alternative avenue for using commercially mature, environmentally benign, and low-cost F-free ethers in high-voltage LMBs.

Dilute Electrolytes with Fluorine‐free Ether Solvents for 4.5 V Lithium Metal Batteries

The limited oxidation stability of ether solvents has posed significant challenges for their applications in high‐voltage lithium metal batteries (LMBs). To tackle this issue, the prevailing strategy either adopts a high concentration of fluorinated salts or relies on highly fluorinated solvents, which will significantly increase the manufacturing cost and create severe environmental hazards. Herein, an alternative and sustainable salt engineering approach is proposed to enable the utilization of dilute electrolytes consisting of fluorine (F)‐free ethers in high‐voltage LMBs. The proposed 0.8 M electrolyte supports stable lithium plating‐stripping with a high Coulombic efficiency of 99.47% and effectively mitigates the metal dissolution, phase transition, and gas release issues of the LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811) cathode upon charging to high voltages. Consequently, the 4.5 V high‐loading Li||NCM 811 cell shows a capacity retention of 75.2% after 300 cycles. Multimodal experimental characterizations coupled with theoretical investigations demonstrate that the boron‐containing salt plays a pivotal role in forming the passivation layers on both anode and cathode. The present simple and cost‐effective electrolyte design strategy offers a promising and alternative avenue for using commercially mature, environmentally benign, and low‐cost F‐free ethers in high‐voltage LMBs.

Electrochemical CO2 Reduction to Multicarbon Products on Non-Copper Based Catalysts.

Electrochemical CO2reduction reaction (eCO2RR) to value-added multicarbon (C2+) products offers a promising approach for achieving carbon neutrality and storing intermittent renewable energy. Copper (Cu)-based electrocatalysts generally play the predominant role in this process. Yet recently, more and more non-Cu materials have demonstrated the capability to convert CO2into C2+, which provides impressive production efficiency even exceeding those on Cu, and a wider variety of C2+compounds not achievable with Cu counterparts. This motivates us to organize the present review to make a timely and tutorial summary of recent progresses on developing non-Cu based catalysts for CO2-to-C2+.We begin by elucidating the reaction pathways for C2+formation, with anemphasison the unique C-C coupling mechanisms in non-Cu electrocatalysts.Subsequently, we summarize the typical C2+-involved non-Cu catalysts, includingds-,d- andp-block metals, as well as metal-free materials, presenting the state-of-the-art design strategies toenhanceC2+efficiency. The system upgrading to promote C2+productivity on non-Cu electrodescoveringmicrobial electrosynthesis, electrolyte engineering, regulation of operational conditions, and synergistic co-electrolysis, is highlighted as well.Our review concludes with an exploration of the challenges and future opportunities in this rapidly evolving field.

Phase stability, piezoelectricity, and ferroelectricity in nitride short-period superlattices

Improving piezoelectric and ferroelectric responses of group III-nitrides is desired for their potential applications in the emerging microelectromechanical-based systems. One possible approach to realize the optimization and control of functionalities is to bring together compounds with different properties to form the ordered multilayer superlattices. In this work, we systematically investigate the phase stability, piezoelectricity, and ferroelectricity in a class of wurtzite-structure-derived nitride superlattices with a periodic alternation of chemically and/or structurally different layers. The structural heterogeneity and phase stability of the ordered wurtzite-structure-derived superlattices are intimately related to the ionic radii mismatch between the substitutional compounds and the parent nitrides. Moreover, the internal structural distortion of the nitride superlattices has a crucial impact on the ferroelectricity and piezoelectricity, namely, piezoelectric and ferroelectric responses become increasingly enhanced as the buckled atomic layers becomes flatter. This work offers fundamental physical insights into the structure–property relationships in nitride superlattices and may propose some material design strategies for achieving high-performance materials with desired responses.

Sustainable Production of Biofuels from Biomass Feedstocks Using Modified Montmorillonite Catalysts.

The rampant exploitation of fossil fuels has led to the significant energy scarcity and environmental disruption, affecting the sound momentum of development and progress of human civilization. To build a closed-loop anthropogenic carbon cycle, development of biofuels employing sustainable biomass feedstocks stands at the forefront of advancing carbon neutrality, yet its widespread adoption is mainly hampered by the high production costs. Montmorillonite, however, has garnered considerable attention serving as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst of ideal economic feasibility for biofuel production, primarily due to its affordability, accessibility, stability, and excellent plasticity. Up to now, nevertheless, it has merely received finite concerns and interests in production of various biofuels using montmorillonite-based catalysts. There is no timely and comprehensive review that addresses this latest relevant progress. This review fills the gap by providing a systematically review and summary in controllable synthesis, performance enhancement, and applications related to different kinds of biofuels including biodiesel, biohydrogenated diesel, levulinate, γ-valerolactone, 5-ethoxymethylfurfural, gaseous biofuels (CO, H2), and cycloalkane, by using montmorillonite catalysts and its modified forms. Particularly, this review critically depicts the design strategies for montmorillonite, illustrates the relevant reaction mechanisms, and assesses their economic viability, realizing sustainable biofuels production via efficient biomass valorization.

Quasi‐Solid Composite Polymer Electrolyte‐Based Structural Batteries with High Ionic Conductivity and Excellent Mechanical Properties

Structural lithium batteries integrated with energy storage and mechanical load‐bearing capabilities hold great promise to revolutionize lightweight transport vehicles. However, the current development of structural batteries faces critical challenges in balancing the electrochemical and mechanical properties of the electrolytes. Herein, a super strong quasi‐solid composite polymer electrolyte (QCPE) is successfully fabricated by reinforcing polyelectrolyte with 3D in situ self‐assembled metal–organic framework‐modified glass fiber (MOF@GF) soaking a small amount of liquid electrolyte, which provides continuous ion conductive pathways for fast Li+ transport and contributes to the high ambient ionic conductivity of 1.47 × 10−3 S cm−1. The micropores and abundant polar functional groups selectively restrict the transport of anions to afford a homogeneous Li+ flux and a high Li+ transference number (0.56). Simultaneously, the MOF@GF provides more effective reinforcement and a remarkably high tensile strength of 48.6 MPa, and Young's modulus of 1.66 GPa is achieved. Furthermore, the lithium metal batteries fabricated with this QCPE exhibit a long, stable operation lifespan of 2000 h and excellent cycling performance with LiFePO4 and NCM811 cathodes. This design strategy generally opens a new avenue for structural batteries with high ionic conductivity and outstanding mechanical properties, which holds great promise for industrial translation.