Conflict Resolution Strategies Research Articles

Implications of Islamic Law in Business Dispute Resolution: A Qualitative Approach to Muslim Entrepreneurs

This research study explores the implications of Islamic law (Sharia) in the settlement of business disputes among Muslim entrepreneurs in West Java, Indonesia. Using a qualitative research approach, this study explores how Islamic principles are integrated into decision-making processes and conflict resolution strategies. Through thematic analysis of the interviews, this study uncovers themes of ethical integration, peaceful resolution through mediation (Sulh), the mediating role of religious principles, and the challenge of harmonizing Sharia with the legal system. These findings contribute to an understanding of the interaction between Islamic values and modern business practices, providing insight into ethical considerations and cultural sensitivity in dispute resolution.

Two-Stage Multicriteria Decision-Making Framework for Aircraft Conflict Resolution

In this study, a two-stage multicriteria decision-making framework for aircraft conflict resolution in the air traffic management system is proposed. Aircraft conflict resolution has been commonly solved based on single-objective optimization. However, the existing approach may not provide a satisfactory solution to all stakeholders involved in the air traffic management system. Therefore, in the first stage of the proposed algorithm, a new conflict resolution strategy is presented based on multiobjective optimization in which multiple-objective functions are optimized simultaneously. Each objective function is designed to take into account the interests of various stakeholders, and the augmented epsilon-constraint method is applied to determine Pareto optimal solutions. In the second stage, the best compromise solution among the Pareto optimal solutions is determined based on the technique for order performance by similarity to the ideal solution. The numerical simulation results show that the proposed algorithm provides a better solution from the perspective of mitigating the competing interests among stakeholders than the existing approach based on single-objective optimization.

Nature of Reintegration Programmes for Returnee Terrorist Fighters in Mombasa County, Kenya

Terrorism is a global threat to peace, security, and prosperity. It also puts conflict resolution strategies to the test. The rise of global terrorism has led to the emergence of numerous extremist groups, which have attracted individuals from various regions, including Mombasa, Kenya. As these individuals return from engaging in terrorist activities, effective reintegration programs play a crucial role in countering further radicalization and promoting societal stability. The study sought to explore the nature of non-custodial reintegration programmes on returnee terrorist fighters in Mombasa. Because of the increasing acceptance and adoption of non-custodial reintegration strategies for returnee terrorist fighters in several countries, there is a growing recognition of the importance of both governmental and non-governmental actors contributing to the development and implementation of the programs. Kenya is no stranger to returning terrorist fighters and the threat they pose to peace and security. The research methodology used for this study combined qualitative and quantitative methods. A sample size of 400 respondents was needed for investigation from the target population of Mombasa County. The County was shown to have the highest rates of violent extremism and recidivism in Kenya. Primary data was collected using questionnaires. Interviews and focus groups discussion with key informants, gave participants insight into the viewpoints and experiences of various participants in the reintegration process. A desk examination of the literature was used to gather secondary data for the investigation. The study findings revealed that Kenya is combining classic counter-terrorist measures such as arrests, detentions, and movement restrictions with policies and programs for prevention, intervention, and reintegration. Factors such as psychological trauma, socioeconomic reintegration, and community acceptance are identified as critical elements that influence the effectiveness of these programs. Religious leaders, community organizations, and government agencies facilitate successful reintegration processes. The study recommends non-custodial reintegration for returnee terrorist fighters to be the best strategy that would provide a perfect opportunity for enhancing community resilience in fighting radicalization leading to terrorism in Kenya.

“We agree more than disagree”: Exploring conflict in Alevi-Sunni intermarriages in Turkey

The present study aimed to understand how cultural differences affect conflict experiences in intermarriages, uncover any conflict resolution patterns used by couples in these marriages, and explore any protective dynamics that prevent cultural differences-related conflicts in Turkey. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with 43 Alevi-Sunni intermarried individuals (18 couples and 7 individuals). Data were analyzed using content analysis. Most couples did not identify cultural differences as causing crucial marital problems, whereas only a minority of them faced some further challenges and conflicts due to differences in cultural orientations. Disapproval of the other’s traditions/values, prejudices and discrimination, and intergroup competition were emerged themes of cultural differences-related conflicts. Four conflict resolution strategies were identified: sensitivity to one another’s cultural differences, avoidance, building a “we” as a couple, and pressure to assimilate. In terms of the protective dynamics preventing cultural differences-related conflicts, secularization, universal/humanistic values, integration, and common political view emerged as themes. This study provides a step toward understanding conflict experiences in intermarriages in Turkey. Furthermore, our findings add to a growing body of literature on positive couple functioning in intermarriages.

대학생의 개별성-관계성의 하위집단에 따른 갈등해결전략이 이성 관계 만족도에 미치는 영향

Objectives This study aimed to examine subgroups formed according to the level of individuality-relatedness development of college students, identify the characteristics of conflict resolution strategies for each group, and confirm the effect of individuality-relatedness on romanticl relationship satisfaction focusing on the role positive- negative conflict management strategies.
 Methods The three measures were employed: (a) Individuality - Relatedness scale, (b) Managing Affect and Differences scale, (c) Romantic relationship satisfaction scale. The subgroup according to the level of individualityrelationship development was identified through cluster analysis, and the effect of individuality-relationship on the opposite-sex relationship was confirmed using a structural equation model.
 Results Results indicated, first, that participants were categorized as four clusters: Undeveloped group of individuality and relatedness, Developed group of individuality and relatedness, Partially developed group of relatedness, Partially developed group of individuality. Second, depending on individuality - relatedness each level, different types of conflict management strategies were used and romantic relationship satisfaction was significantly different between four groups. Third, conflict management strategies had mediating effect on the relationship between individuality - relatedness and romantic relationship satisfaction. These findings suggest that relatedness increase use of positive conflict management strategies, reduce use of negative conflict management strategies and have no influence on romantic relationship satisfaction. Meanwhile, individuality enhances positive conflict management strategies and has a negative effect on romantic relationship satisfaction. Lastly, this study ends with discussion of implications, limitations and suggestions.
 Conclusions This study suggest that if people with unbalanced individuality and relatedness development come to the counseling center, they can promote the growth of undeveloped individuality·relatedness and help to maintain healthy relationships by intervening their conflict resolution strategies to increase romantic relationship satisfaction.

Effective Management Style for Resolving Academic and Non-Academic Conflicts in University Colleges in Kathmandu

This article investigates effective management approaches for resolving academic and non-academic conflicts in education. The objective of the study is to identify and examine strategies that promote successful conflict resolution in educational settings. A quantitative research design was employed, combining quantitative data from educators, administrators, and stakeholders. Findings revealed a range of conflicts, including those related to curriculum, interpersonal relationships, power dynamics, and resource allocation. Various management approaches were identified, such as open communication, mediation and negotiation techniques, feelings building, and the establishment of conflict resolution mechanisms and policies. Participants reported positive outcomes when these approaches were applied, including improved collaboration, enhanced student engagement, and a more harmonious educational environment. The findings provide valuable insights for educational practitioners and administrators seeking to foster productive and inclusive learning environments. By implementing effective management approaches, collaborating can handle conflicts, promote collaboration, and enhance overall educational outcomes. Further research is recommended to explore the long-term effects and sustainability of these conflict resolution strategies.

Patterns of Violence in the Pre-Neolithic Nile Valley

Burial assemblages inform us about the biology of past societies, social relations, and ritual and symbolic behavior. However, they also allow us to examine the circumstances of death and social violence. A high level of intergroup violence among prehistoric hunter-gatherers is well-documented in some times and places but is extremely rare in others. Here we present an analysis of the perimortem injury to skeleton PD8 at the site of Sphinx in Central Sudan. This burial, attributed to the Early Khartoum (Khartoum Mesolithic) culture, radiocarbon dated between 8637 and 8463 cal BP, bears evidence of a perimortem sharp force trauma caused by penetration of an unshaped, fractured non-human bone between the right scapula and the rib cage. Among more than 200 anthropologically assessed human burials from the early Holocene Nile Valley reviewed in this paper, PD8 provides the only documented evidence of violence resulting in death. This rare case of death differs from the numerous cases of intergroup conflict documented in terminal Pleistocene burial grounds in Lower Nubia. This suggests different patterns of violence and strategies of conflict resolution in the pre-Neolithic (terminal Pleistocene and early Holocene) Nile Valley. We attribute this difference in the prevalence of interpersonal trauma to climatic and environmental conditions, territorial boundary defense, and post-marital residence practices before and after the Younger Dryas’ arid millennium (~ 12,800–11,600 BP).

Breaking the cycle of emotional flooding: the protective role of women's emotional intelligence in couple's conflict.

One of the most damaging aspects, both for people's well-being and for close relationships, is conflict. Beyond different stressors, the emotions evoked, their regulation and an appropriate conflict resolution strategy will reduce negative consequences. Emotional Intelligence facilitates social relationships, but little applied research has been done on the relationship with couple conflict and emotional flooding, particularly from the perspective of women. Therefore, the present study analyzes the role of Perceived Emotional Intelligence (PEI) and the mediating effect of Positive Conflict Resolution strategies (PCR) in couples' conflicts from women's perspective, examining its effect on Emotional Flooding (EF) and Satisfaction. Through a cross-sectional design, the relationships between variables were analyzed using group comparisons and means of a structural equation model (SEM) in a sample of 692 women. Significant differences were found between the groups by age, length of relationship, and motherhood. The SEM revealed a good fit. PEI predicted 71.8% of the variance in EF and 35% in Satisfaction through PCR and Conflict.

The Impact of Tactical Skills in Promoting Harmonious Learning Environment among Undergraduate Students

Tactical skills refer to effective communication and conflict resolution strategies that can be used to address challenging situations calmly and respectfully. The theoretical framework draws on social learning theory and situational leadership theory. This study aims to analyze the impact of tactical skills on promoting a harmonious learning environment among undergraduate students. The method used in this research is Systematic Literature Review (SLR). The researchers collected journal articles from Google Scholar, Research Gate, SINTA, Scopus and Web of Science. The result of this study highlights the significance of tactical skills in fostering positive relationships among students, promoting effective communication and addressing conflicts in the learning environment. This study discusses examples of tactical skills such as active listening, positive framing, and collaborative problem-solving. It also addresses common challenges to promoting a harmonious learning environment, including student conflicts, disruptive behavior, cultural differences, and lack of resources and provides strategies for overcoming these challenges. The paper also examines relevant empirical studies that support the role of tactical skills in promoting a harmonious learning environment. Finally, the paper concludes that educators and administrators should prioritize the development of tactical skills in their teaching and learning practices to create a more inclusive and collaborative learning environment.

Media and Communication Strategies for Conflict Prevention and Resolution

In recent years there has been a growing focus on the function of media and communication tactics in fostering conflict prevention and resolution. Recognized as a potential tool for promoting discourse, trust-building, and understanding between groups in conflict, the media helps to bring people together. The development of media diversity and pluralism is a crucial component of successful media and communication strategies for conflict avoidance and resolution. According to research, independent media sources give a forum for different viewpoints to be aired, fostering trust and encouraging community engagement. Furthermore, digital media platforms have opened up new channels for communication and information exchange, but they also need to be carefully regulated to stop the spread of hate speech and fake information. Another crucial element of media and communication strategies for conflict prevention and resolution is conversation and the promotion of intercultural understanding. Media outlets can contribute to the building of bridges and the promotion of understanding by providing chances for members of other communities to interact and share their viewpoints. In areas afflicted by conflict, encouraging accountability and openness is also crucial. Independent media outlets may be crucial in holding governments and other stakeholders responsible for their activities and in exposing corruption and violations of human rights. Media and communication techniques can help foster good governance by fostering accountability and openness. Analyzing three case studies in Albania, including the “Media for Diversity and Dialogue” project, BIRN Albania investigative journalism outlet, and the use of social media and citizen journalism during the 2015 protests, this paper concludes that media and communication strategies prioritizing media pluralism and diversity, intercultural dialogue, accountability, and transparency can effectively contribute to conflict prevention and resolution. However, the use of digital media platforms presents new opportunities for effective communication strategies, but also requires careful regulation to mitigate the spread of hate speech and misinformation.
 
 Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 10 June 2023 / Published: 23 July 2023

생활사건 스트레스와 중년기 위기감의 관계에서 인지적 재평가와 갈등해결전략의 매개 효과

Objectives The perpose of this study was mediating effect of cognitive reappraisal and Conflict Rrsolution strategy between stressful life events and mid-life crisis. Furthermore to investigate the sequential mediating effects of cognitive reappraisal and conflict resolution strategy between stressful life events and mid-life crisis.
 Methods A total of 407 middle-aged men and women participated in the study and SPSS 21.0 is used to test between each factors. The collected date was analysed by descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, regression analysis and Standerd multiple regression analysis using SPSS(ver.21.0) to verify the moderated mediating effect.
 Results The results of this study are summarized as follows. First we found the positive corelation among perceived stress of recent life events and mid-life crisis. Negative corelation between adaptive conflict resolution strategy and mid-life crisis however positive corelation among maladaptive conflict resolution strategy and mid-life crisis. second, it was confirmed that the cognitive reappraisal arising from perceived stress of recent life events and mid-life crisis was the partial mediation. Third, It was confirmed that the maladaptive conflict resolution strategy arising from perceived stress of recent life events and mid-life crisis was the partial mediation. Forth, it was found that cognitive reappraisal and adaptive conflict resolution strategy showed sequential mediating effects in the relationship between perceived stress of recent life events and mid-life crisis. Fifth, cognitive reappraisal and maladaptive conflict resolution strategy were sequentially mediated between perceived stress of recent life events and mid-life crisis.
 Conclusions Based on these research results, The process of perceived stress of recent life events to mid-life crisis, not only improving cognitive reappraisal and adaptive conflict resolution strategy but also reducing maladaptive conflict resolution strategy will be effective intervention.

Anchored in History: Understanding the Persistence of Eco-Violence in Nigeria’s Middle Belt through Collective Memory

The Nigerian Middle Belt is the epicentre of violent conflicts between Fulani herders and sedentary farmers over land and agricultural resources called eco-violence; existing research has not adequately addressed the persistence of these conflicts. Using Social Representations Theory (SRT), this paper examines empirical case studies conducted in April 2018 and May 2022 in Benue State, Nigeria, to determine why these conflicts persist. The paper argues that contending parties anchor, objectify, and socially represent past contestations in pre-colonial, colonial, and post-colonial Nigeria in present-day realities and events in the Middle Belt, leading to the re-experience of collective memories and their consequences on people’s violent collective behaviour. Consequently, people resort to violence to redress present grievances viewed through the prism of past events. To promote sustainable peace when tackling deeply-rooted conflicts, it is essential to comprehend the historical context and the significance of collective memory while employing a comprehensive strategy for conflict resolution. Implementing the Cognitive Reappraisal Technique to address issues related to collective memories is critical to this approach.

How do teachers and students deal with conflict? An analysis of conflict resolution strategies and goals

The public concern about school violence paints a threatening picture of students and overall relations at school, particularly in Secondary Education. However, from a constructive conflict resolution perspective as well as from student-voicing points of view, an analysis free of adult bias seems crucial to ensure the proper management of school conflicts. Hence, research has been conducted, applying situational questionnaires to 1768 pupils and 211 teachers from 16 Spanish Compulsory Secondary Education (ESO) schools in the Canary Islands and Asturias to better understand conflict resolution strategies and goals. Results showed that students are more frequently inclined to choose an Integrative and Discomfort-Avoiding coping style, advocating for Long-term goals, whereas their teachers primarily opted for coercive techniques (verbal and emotional abuse) and Short-term goals. The study concluded that students presented more constructive solutions to conflicts than teachers, underlining the need to educate teachers in these matters to improve their management of conflicts and become models for constructively addressing conflicts in the classroom. La alarma social generada en torno a la violencia escolar dibuja una imagen violenta del alumnado y de la convivencia escolar, especialmente en Secundaria. Sin embargo, desde la perspectiva positiva del conflicto y de la voz del alumnado se hace necesario un análisis libre de sesgos adultos acerca de la gestión de los conflictos escolares. Por ello, se analizaron las estrategias y metas de resolución de conflictos aplicando cuestionarios situacionales a 1768 estudiantes y 211 docentes de 16 centros escolares de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO) españoles de las comunidades de Canarias y Asturias. Los resultados indicaron que el alumnado eligió con más frecuencia el estilo Integrador y Evitador del Malestar y se mostró más de acuerdo con Metas a Largo Plazo, mientras que su profesorado se decantó más por técnicas coercitivas (violencia verbal y emocional) y Metas a Corto Plazo. Se concluye que el alumnado manifiesta soluciones más constructivas ante los conflictos y se subrayan las necesidades formativas del profesorado para mejorar su gestión ante los conflictos y servir de referente para su resolución de forma positiva.

Democracy and Devolution as a Strategy for Conflict Resolution, the Political Will as a Determinant: The Case of Sri Lanka

The state is faced with several challenges in recent times. One of the greatest challenges to the state is the growing ethnic competition and conflict between groups. Ethnic consciousness is developed among communities by the elite. This leads to a rise in the demands made to the state. Tackling the varied conflicting interest is a cumbersome task. Ethnic identity politics is a result of elite competition and conflict. The only solution to lasting peace is democracy and devolution. However, democratic techniques to resolve conflicts also require a strong political will that is sincere towards the effort of conflict resolution. Assimilation and integration along with decentralization can give the peace process a fair chance to succeed. This article studies the process of conflict resolution in Sri Lanka since efforts towards devolution of power were made to accommodate demands of the Tamils and establish peace. Democracy and devolution were given a chance in Sri Lanka; however, the lack of a will among the elites on both the sides to garner a solution to the conflict led to its failure. Despite the devolution packages being offered right since the 1950s, the ethnic conflict culminated into military action on the part of the state.

Restorative methods as a strategy for the prevention of violence and bullying in primary and secondary schools in Mexico: An exploratory study

School coexistence processes are mediated by conflict situations that are often not adequately, immediately and comprehensively resolved by schools, giving rise to violence. School violence has become a matter of global priority not only at the school or family level, but also socially due to its magnitude and scope. In the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA), reported in 2018 that 23% of students in Mexico had suffered bullying at least once a month, these data are worrying as they reveal high rate of violence. Considering the increase of violence in Mexican educational institutions, we wonder if students' awareness in the use of communication to resolve disagreements would be achieved after participating in a conflict prevention project applying restorative practices.The objective of this study was to test whether students acquired greater emotional self-regulation, self-determination, and peaceful strategies to resolve conflicts after participating in a project centred on the restorative paradigm.A total of 336 students from an elementary school and a high school located in Mexico participated in this study. An ad hoc questionnaire was administered to the students by a restorative justice specialist in the middle of the school year. Statistical analyses were performed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences V. 25. The results obtained showed that, after the implementation of this program for five months, students in both schools showed greater emotional self-regulation and self-determination. In conclusion, providing students with restorative strategies to resolve disputes favoured the use of peaceful conflict resolution strategies.

STRATEGI RESOLUSI KONFLIK KELOMPOK MINORITAS; Studi Konflik Penutupan Kapel di Dau, Kabupaten Malang

Religious conflicts in the social dynamics of society can still be found in several areas, one of which is the chapel closing event that occurred in Dau, Malang Regency. Communities in the neighborhood reject any activity or activity that using a place of worship, the Boniface Chapel. The conflict occurred as a result of a conflict between residents around the location who did not worship in the Boniface Chapel or people of other religions, and a minority group, that are local residents who worshiped in the chapel. The conflict escalated when it was forced to close and stop all activities at the chapel, since 2018 until now. There are strategic steps taken by various parties, in order to resolve the conflict. One form of conflict resolution adopted in this study is a transformation conflict and a conflict resolution strategy. This strategy will be revealed in this study using a qualitative method, a case study approach. The study began with data collection, which was carried out by means of interviews and field observations. The data that has been collected is then analyzed for presentation. The results of this study are (1) the main core forms of religious conflict in Dau, Malang Regency, and (2) conflict resolution strategies, especially those carried out by minority groups.

Nature and Dynamics of Peace and Conflict in Yoruba land: A Qualitative Scoping Review

Conflict is one of the dynamic social relationships upon which the survival of a society is predicated, hence conflict resolution mechanisms are developed to ensure peace and stability in society. Given the nature of conflict and conflict resolution strategies, this review adopts the historical method by exploring publications on peace and conflict causation in Yoruba land with primary purpose of establishing the use and abuse of names as tools for resource control in peace and conflict understanding. Forty-two publications met the inclusion criteria and the review adopted metasynthesis/ qualitative approach. It was noted that conflict and conflict resolution mechanisms existed in the pre-Oduduwa era that revolved around self-interests, political ambition and rebellion. The 19th century Yoruba land witnessed emergence of socio-political, migrant-settler differences, fears of domination types of conflicts. Disputes over economic resources, boundaries and political gains emerged during the colonial period as new forms of conflict with the introduction of modern litigation and legal fireworks. While sources of conflict continued to increase in post colonial Nigeria, mechanism for resolution also became more dynamic to accommodate all possibilities in conflict resolution. Publications examined in this review were mainly qualitative and theoretical; focused on specific locations hence, findings may not be generalized.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ЖИТТЄВОЇ ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ ВИМУШЕНИХ ПЕРЕСЕЛЕНЦІВ ПІД ЧАС ОЗБРОЄНОГО КОНФЛІКТУ В УКРАЇНІ

The article provides theoretical analysis of the problem of the peculiarities of life prospects of forced migrants during the armed conflict in Ukraine. Critical situations, natural disasters, and armed conflicts usually have a negative impact on the psyche of those who are involved in these events. The impact of traumatic events extends not only to direct victims but also to a wide range of individuals. The consequences of traumatization affect their families, surroundings, rescuers, and other workers. The authors present their views on life planning, based on three components. Life perspective is opened for those who have already created a system of life relations and support that become more valuable. Achieving life goals helps to reach life limits and, in a certain sense, guarantees the future. The main components of life planning are awareness of goals, determination of ways to achieve them, and understanding the significance of their implementation. Life perspective is a dynamic phenomenon that depends on the constant changes and adjustments in a person’s plans and goals. A person’s life position and value system are formed as a result of this process and determine the individual’s future. Planning a life perspective involves setting goals, defining ways to achieve them, and understanding the significance of realizing life plans. It is a constant process that depends on changes and adjustments in plans and goals, as well as on the realization of one’s values and the formation of a life plan. Today, there is information about 4 million people in the Unified Information Database on Internally Displaced Persons. Of these, over 2 million are people who were displaced due to the imposition of martial law. And of those, 1.9 million were forcibly displaced for the first time. The article mentions six main problems faced by forced migrants. It is stated that problems with adaptation to new conditions limit access to basic social services such as healthcare and education. It is emphasized that it is important to carry out social programs and projects aimed at improving the socio-economic situation of forced migrants. It is noted that an important component of social support is providing information about available services and resources that can help in adapting to a new environment. At the same time, it is stated that it is necessary to provide the opportunity for learning the language and culture of the country they have resettled in. It is necessary to consider the gender aspect and provide equal opportunities for men and women in the process of adaptation and obtaining social and psychological support. It is also noted that attention should be paid to the problems that arise in children of forced migrants. Children may need additional psychological support and education. It’s important to raise awareness among the public about the problems faced by forced migrants. This can be done through media, social networks, cultural events and so on. Coping behavior – a set of conscious conflict resolution strategies to deal with internal tension and discomfort – is an important form of the adaptation process and personality response to stressful situations, in addition to psychological protection. At the same time, there is a “balanced temporal orientation”, which is an idealized cognitive structure that allows a person to flexibly switch between the past, present, and future depending on the demands of the situation, resource assessments, or personal and social evaluations.

Peranan Gulf Cooperation Council terhadap Penyelesaian Konflik Qatar-Arab Saudi

<p><em>This study aims to determine the role of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) as a sub-regional organization in the Middle East region towards the settlement of the Qatar-Saudi Arabia conflict and the Qatar-Saudi Arabia conflict resolution strategy within the GCC Framework. The method used in this research is descriptive method with data collection techniques in the form of literature review sourced from books, journals, articles, official internet sites, and reports related to this research.</em></p><p><em>The results of this study indicate that the GCC acts as an instrument for the Gulf countries to achieve their national goals. One of them is in the process of conflict resolution. The GCC acts as an arena where conflict resolution efforts between GCC member countries are mediated through the implementation of the 38th Summit to the 41st Summit. The Qatar-Saudi Arabia conflict resolution strategy within the GCC Framework was initiated by the GCC member countries, namely Kuwait and Oman. The two countries continue to maintain good relations with Qatar and resolve GCC internal disputes by establishing mediation between Qatar and Arab countries.</em></p>

Different Approaches to Sunni-Shi‘I Exegetical Differences

Exploring how Qur’ān exegetes deal with differences helps reveal different ways Muslims approach their internal diversity. This study examines the approaches of three modern exegetes incorporating both Sunni and Shi‘i literature in their works, i.e. al-Ṭabāṭabā’ī (1904-1981), Hamka (1908-1981), and Quraish Shihab (1944-), to addressing exegetical differences around Ahl al-Bayt mentioned in sūrat al-Aḥzab verse 33. Taking the inspiration of conflict resolution strategies to notice the three scholars’ concern for Sunnism and Shi’ism, this study finds that they demonstrate different levels of concern: al-Ṭabāṭabā’ī is ‘fully competing’, Hamka is ‘partially avoiding’, and Shihab is ‘partially compromising’. Their different interpretive strategies can explain this difference: al-Ṭabāṭabā’ī employs an objectivist approach of ‘interpretation of the Qur’ān in light of the Qur’ān itself’, Hamka focuses on a lucid style of Qur’ān interpretation accessible to a broader audience, and Shihab prefers a multi-subjective approach. This study implies that there is still a lack of tafsīr having equally serious concern for both Sunni and Shi‘a.