Language Strategies Research Articles

Analysis of Nominalization Process in Tiv Language

Previous studies on nominalization in Tiv language focus on nominal compounds where compound words which belong to the grammatical category of nouns are derived through the process of compounding. This paper analyses the nominalization processes (strategies) in the Tiv language. The paper seeks to determine the nominalization processes in the Tiv language, and the classes of words as well as the linguistic units that are nominalized in Tiv. The study adopted the survey method in investigating the facts about the nominalization process in the language. The study used primary sources of data collection. The primary data were sourced through interview. Structured interview questions were used to elicit the needed data on nominalization from the ten selected adult Tiv native speakers in Makurdi and Gboko in Benue State. A total number of eighty (80) data were gathered and analysed. The theory adopted in the paper is Hockett’s (1954) structural theory modified in (2004) whose models are the Item-and-Process (I.P) and Item-and-Arrangement (I.A). The study found out that the processes through which nominalization occurs in the Tiv language are prefixation, prefixation plus some modifications, tonality and desententialization (sentence deconstruction). These processes are discovered to be very productive in nominalization in Tiv. It has also been found out that verbs roots and adjectives are the classes of words that are nominalized (lexical nominalization) in the Tiv language together with sentences (syntactic nominalization). The paper concludes that nominalization is very essential in word creation and helps in enriching the Tiv language.

Gender Representation in English Textbook: A Visual Grammar Analyis

This study was qualitative descriptive, which investigated what kind of gender features emerged for the male and female represented in image of textbook for elementary school. The data of this study were collected from an English textbook entitled “Stairway a fun and easy English textbook (for Grade IV of Elementary Schools”, published by Tiga Serangkai. The data in the present study were in the form of images and texts taken from a textbook. The data were analysed by following the theory of visual grammar by (Kress van Leeuwen, 2006) to analyse the visual text. The study found that there are unequitable gender representations typically because both genders are represented through stereotypical portrayals. Males are represented to dominate language strategies and occupy more public areas, while females are represented to be passive and occupy more private areas. The portrayal of asymmetrical gender representation in the textbook shows that the reflection of the textbook is realized by ideology and inspired by the interest of the society.

A Discourse Analysis of Interpersonal Metafunction in Vladimir Putin’s Speech Regarding Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine

The present study discusses the strategies of discourse applied by Vladimir Putin in his speech regarding Russia's invasion of Ukraine. The goal of the study is to find out language strategies used by Vladimir Putin in his speech and the way he implements the realization of strategies in the speech. The method used in the study is qualitative descriptive method. In addition, when performing the analysis, the study uses Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG), especially the elements of interpersonal metafunction as the theoretical framework, to analyze the use of language in expressing social and personal relationships in the speech. The metafunction of interpersonal is often realized through the analysis of mood and modality. In the analysis of mood, it is possible to reveal the role that the speaker wants to be in the speaking situation, as well as the role that the speaker wants to assign to the listener. Moreover, in formal analysis, it cannot only show how the speaker perceives and thinks about the problem of the thesis topic, but also shows the power relationship and formal scale between the speaker and the listener. The results show that the design of Vladimir Putin's speech regarding Russia's invasion of Ukraine reflects his political intentions. All of this manifests not only in the speaking strategies of interpersonal metafunction he employs, but also in the interpersonal meanings he builds in the speech. In conclusion, it can be stated that the fact found in the study is completely understandable since Vladimir Putin is trying to convince the world that what he did in directing Russia's invasion of Ukraine was the correct decision, and that it did not jeopardize world peace.

Acquisition of Polish among Foreigners in Bilingual Couples with Poles: Impact Factors

Abstract The article considers bilingual couples of Poles with foreigners residing in Poland with a special focus on the acquisition of Polish by the latter. Foreigners from such couples function not only in their families but also in wider circles of the host society. Communication needs resulting from contacts outside a bilingual couple and job commitments lead to situations when life in the host society becomes a challenge if these needs are not met. Theoretical framework for the analysis and interpretation of this phenomenon is the Complementarity Principle (Grosjean) and the concept of a domain (Fishman). Data were obtained from 24 in-depth interviews with bilingual couples. Qualitative methodology made it possible to grasp the complexity of the researched cases and phenomena which unveiled specific trends. Findings of the study revealed major factors that had a direct impact on the acquisition of Polish among foreigners in bilingual couples with Poles. The key impact factors referred to (1) the way of communication in the couple, (2) the couple’s language strategies towards children, and (3) the contact with the partner’s extended family, including the type of professional activity.

Stylistic Analysis of Comic Language Strategies and Techniques in Selected Comedy Skits

Stylistic Analysis of Comic Language Strategies and Techniques in Selected Comedy Skits

Teachers' Language Use in Multilingual Head Start Classrooms: Implications for Dual Language Learners.

Dual language learners (DLLs) are sensitive to teachers' language influence in early childhood classrooms. In this mixed methods study incorporating 53 teachers from 28 preschools in Northern California, we investigated the characteristics of teachers' language use in preschools teaching Chinese-English and Spanish-English DLLs. We further examined the links of teachers' language use to the DLLs' expressive vocabulary in English and their heritage language (HL), controlling for home language exposure and other confounding variables. Finally, we conducted interviews with teachers to understand how they make meaning of their daily language practices. The sample of children consisted of 190 Chinese-English (N = 125) and Spanish-English (N = 65) DLLs (mean age = 48.3 months; 48% females). The teacher survey showed that most teachers spoke two or more languages and used a mix of English and their HL during their interactions with DLLs. The results of random-intercept models showed that teachers' language use did not uniquely predict children's vocabulary, controlling for family-level factors. However, the teachers with more years of teaching DLLs oversaw children with a higher HL vocabulary. The interview data revealed that teachers employ several strategies to communicate with DLLs and support HL maintenance. Our study reveals the multilingual backgrounds of preschool teachers and the rich language strategies they implement in multilingual classrooms. Future directions concerning the quality and development of teachers' language use are discussed.

Group work: effect of cooperative learning method on academic performance in English language among pupils in Universal Primary Education schools in Kashari, Uganda

As compared to traditional modes of delivery, cooperative learning (CL), as a teaching method, is said to be effective in improving learners’ academic achievement. A plethora of studies underscore CL as a strategy of instruction that delivers improvement in learning outcomes. However, not many of the studies consider the role of CL in facilitating pupils’ learning in English language, and in universal education primary schools. This study explores the role of cooperative learning in performance of primary school learners in English language. The study employed a quasi-experimental design to investigate how CL affected performance in the experimental group. A purposive sample of 180 primary seven pupils in two Universal Primary Education (UPE) schools was considered. The schools were selected using simple random sampling (rotary method). Observation checklists and classroom tests for English language were used to collect the data. Assessment was done at the baseline and after treatment. There were no statistically significant differences in pupils’ performance in English language at the baseline assessment. After treatment, CL had a statistically significant effect (Mean difference = −5.07, Cohen’s d = −1.84, p < .001) on the performance of pupils in the experimental group. As a pupil-centred learning method, CL could be an impactful teaching-learning strategy for English language.

Chatbots in e-commerce: The effect of chatbot language style on customers’ continuance usage intention and attitude toward brand

The utilization of chatbots has grown in popularity in recent years, leading to an increasing interest among academics and practitioners. This study investigates the effect of chatbot language style on customers' continuance usage intention and attitude toward brand. Two scenario-based experiments were conducted to examine the underlying mechanism. The results show that when chatbots adopt an informal (vs. formal) language style, customers’ continuance usage intention and brand attitude increase through the mediating role of parasocial interaction. Further, this study identifies brand affiliation as a pertinent moderator, such that the effect of chatbot language style is attenuated for people who have no prior relationship with the brand. The findings contribute to the existing chatbot literature and offer practical implications for brand managers to develop optimal language strategies when deploying chatbots in e-commerce.

О сходствах и различиях в употреблении пассива в русской и турецкой речи

The author of the article conducts a comparative study of the use of forms of the passive voice in Turkish and Russian speech. In the course of scientific analysis, striking differences are found in the use of verb forms expressing the meaning of the passive. The Russian language has several ways of expressing this, the Turkish language is more consistent in this respect and conveys the meaning of suffering in one way, and adheres to the regularity in the use of voice forms in speech. The author demonstrates various language strategies in coding the same mental content, which can help in understanding the language mechanisms themselves, as well as facilitate the perception of the complex grammatical meaning of the passive for speakers of opposite languages for more effective mastering of a foreign language. The author conducts research within the framework of system linguistics, believing that the reason for the language ways of expressing a particular meaning should be sought in the determinant of language types. The Russian language is an inflectional language, the Turkish language is included in the group of agglutinative languages. Different ways of expressing the meaning of the passive are rooted in a different grammatical principle: Russian speakers have a set of pre-prepared ways of expression, while Turkish speakers have a set of separate morphemes, from which they form a word form at the moment of speaking.

STRATEGI KOMUNIKASI DALAM BAHASA IKLAN PERJALANAN WISATA DI YOUTUBE (KAJIAN PRAGMATIK)

The communication strategy in advertising is the advertiser's language strategy (speaker) to convey a certain message to the listener (speech partner). The research objectives are (1) to describe the communication strategy in YouTube travel advertisements, (2) to describe the types of speech acts in the communication strategy of travel advertisements on YouTube. This research is a descriptive qualitative research. The primary data source from https://m.youtube.com is in the form of travel advertisement videos (video uploaded in 2017-2021, minimum video duration is 2 minutes, video has more than 100 views). Qualitative data analysis techniques include data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of this study are: (1) communication strategies in travel advertising on YouTube include assertive and directive strategies. Assertive strategies bind speakers to the truth of the propositions expressed, among others, function to state (stating), testify (testifying), claim (claiming), and suggest (suggesting). Directive strategies are used by speakers with the intention of influencing the speech partners to take actions according to the speaker's will, including to command, convince, recommend, and advise; (2) The types of speech acts used in communication strategies in travel advertisements on YouTube include lukosi, ilukosi, and perlokusi acts.

149 A PROFILE OF THE COMMUNICATION NEEDS OF NEW PATIENTS ATTENDING A MEMORY ASSESSMENT AND SUPPORT SERVICE

Abstract Background Communication is a key factor in maintaining quality of life and well-being. This is of core importance for people with dementia who experience changes to their communication abilities. The role of the Speech and Language Therapist working with people with dementia is well documented. Speech and Language Therapists support people with communication and swallowing disorders however in practice the focus is often on swallowing disorders with less emphasis on communication. The recommended allocation of Speech and Language Therapy (SLT) for a Memory and Support Service (MASS) is 0.5 Senior Speech and Language Therapist. A pilot SLT service was trialled in a MASS to identify the SLT service needs and the benefit of introducing SLT earlier for people with Dementia. Methods A retrospective caseload review was completed of ten patients seen by SLT as part of the MASS assessment. Communication profiles and SLT interventions were analysed. Results The majority of the ten patients reviewed self-reported communication and speech and language changes, such as word finding difficulties and difficulties understanding conversations. Patient's self-report often corresponded with formal assessment results. On formal assessment 30% of patients presented with slight cognitive-communicative changes and 30% of patients presented with slight-mild cognitive-communicative changes. 10% of patients presented with mild cognitive-communicative changes and 30% of patients presented with mild-moderate cognitive-communicative changes. SLT interventions included conversational strategies, language strategies, language tasks and conversation partner training. 50% of patients were referred to Primary Care SLT. Conclusion SLT interventions support patients’ cognitive-communication abilities in dementia. SLT within a MASS adds clinical value by supporting assessment and diagnosis of dementia and developing patients’ communication profiles to highlight communicative abilities. Furthermore, SLT input supports developing communication strategies for the patient and communication partner training. In summary these interventions support improved quality of life and well-being for the person with dementia and their family.

The Elementary School Student’s Achievements in Usada Bali ‘Balinese Traditional Medicine’ Lexicon (Gender Study and Language Revitalization)

Usada Bali is a traditional Balinese healing practice that uses natural materials like plants for medicine. This practice is recorded in Balinese script on lontar leaves. Modern technology and synthetic medicine have reduced the use of some traditional medicinal plants and caused a language shift from Balinese to Indonesian, even for traditional medicine terminology. Now, these materials are often written in Indonesian to describe their usage. This study aims to analyze the language strategies regarding the Usada Bali lexicon applied by the student's parents at elementary school at Denpasar and Klungkung Regency. It examines students' proficiency in traditional medicine types, treatment techniques, and related medical problems, and factors influencing their understanding. Using qualitative methods and surveys, the study found that most parents (66.3% in Denpasar and 83.3% in Klungkung) use Strategy 7-a language strategy involving Balinese Language with their children, the same as that employed in the neighborhood domain. As a result, 59.2%-81.9% of students understand the traditional medicine lexicons. The study concludes that besides Strategy 7, other factors such as family demographics and the presence of multiple generations play significant roles in maintaining the Balinese language and Usada Bali lexicons, as part of oral traditions and Balinese Culture, which are crucial for preserving Balinese cultural identity.

Developing a standardized approach to prevention and outpatient management of febrile neutropenia.

234 Background: Optimal prevention and safe management of febrile neutropenia (FN) in the outpatient setting, when clinically appropriate, can help to keep vulnerable patients from experiencing severe complications requiring hospitalization. Variation in the prevention and outpatient management of FN was identified as a quality and safety gap by Ontario clinicians. This initiative aimed to facilitate a standardized approach to prevention and outpatient management of FN through the development of practical, evidence-based health-care provider and patient resources. Methods: A clinical practice guideline was developed by a 15-member multidisciplinary Working Group (WG) consisting of physicians, pharmacists, nurses, and administrators who are knowledgeable in the areas of prevention and management of FN. The WG reviewed current relevant international guidelines and available literature on primary and secondary FN prophylaxis and FN management, with an emphasis on the optimal use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and appropriate FN management in the outpatient setting. The 2016 Cancer Care Ontario recommendations on the use of G-CSF were used as a foundation for the prevention of FN content. Key clinical questions were identified by the WG, and content was approached with an Ontario-specific lens. Recommendations were developed using an iterative consensus-building process over six WG meetings. The guideline report was reviewed by external clinical experts who validated final content. Accompanying patient information was informed by health literacy best practices, existing symptom management resources, and input from patient education experts, patients, and caregivers. Results: A user-friendly clinical practice guideline was created. Definitions, risk factors, FN prophylaxis strategies based on risk/treatment intent, and appropriate outpatient management of FN are described. Key clinical questions are reviewed and a total of 25 evidence-informed consensus-based recommendations are presented. The guideline includes FN risk assessment and outpatient FN management algorithms, as well as summaries of available literature and WG discussion. The accompanying patient information explains what neutropenia and neutropenic fever are, lists potential symptoms, and describes management strategies in patient-friendly language. All resources are publicly available on the Ontario Health-Cancer Care Ontario website and have been disseminated broadly to relevant stakeholders via email, social media, and webinars. Conclusions: Review of current evidence and expertise from oncology and infectious disease clinicians resulted in an evidence-informed, consensus-based guideline. This clinical practice guideline and accompanying patient information resource can help to facilitate safe, standardized prevention and appropriate outpatient management of FN.

Significance of Language Expertise in the Contemporary Corporate Domain

As a result of globalization, transnational corporations are stressed to battle the issue of language in international professional communication. This paper analyzes the role of language and language barriers in international business communication, with a particular focus on English as an emerging business language and its effects on multinational management. After analyzing the language strategy of two multinational corporations where English was made the official corporate etymological, KONE in Finland and Rakutenchi in India, the results of this study recommend that executing “English-only” corporate language policies is ineffective at improving transnational communication and makes recommendations for alternative strategic language development methods.

Blended Learning: Indonesian EFL Learners Cognitive Pedagogical Strategy

This study aims to explore the implementation of proper language strategy in English learning within blended learning during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic. The research was conducted at Universitas PGRI Madiun in Jawa Timur, Indonesia. The location of the study is a non-major English class that is spread across two different faculties and departments that enable blended learning during the study. The subjects or participants of this study were the 70 students of primary education department and physical education and sports departments of Universitas PGRI Madiun. The method for analyzing the data included the data reduction and displaying, and drawing the conclusion. The authors discovered a theoretical and pedagogical gap from previous research. The research results show that students prepared and highly used cognitive strategies in learning English as described below: visual strategy (arranging Google meeting with lecturers and delivering material); verbal strategy (students ask questions to lecturers when students do not comprehend information); listening strategy (listening to lecturers’ explanation in online class); writing strategy (participating in online pop quizzes); matrix strategy (having conversations with others). Moreover, students’ respond towards their cognitive implementation within blended learning included step 1 (conveying the learning objectives that students want to achieve and motivating students to learn), step 2 (preparing the materials, inviting students to download the library materials), step 3 (explaining the materials and prepared materials), step 4 (forming students into groups), step 5 (guiding students to the presentation, inviting students to present discussion results); step 6 (confirming discussion results and presentation, giving a few questions to students associated with discussion and presentation and providing students with an opportunity to ask vague questions), and step 7 (evaluating groups and individual quizzes.

"Seed Planting" As an Approach for Longitudinal Prognostic Disclosure in Pediatric Cancer: A Case Series.

Most children with cancer and their parents desire honest communication about prognosis, even when prognosis is poor. Unfortunately, many parents perceive deficits in communication about prognosis, and strategies are needed to encourage timely person-centered prognostic discussions. To better understand patterns in prognostic communication, we audio-recorded serial disease re-evaluation conversations between pediatric oncologists, children with poor-prognosis cancer diagnoses, and their families across the illness trajectory. Prior analysis revealed broad prognostic communication patterns, including a "seed planting" approach where prognostic information was offered gradually across time. In this case series, we examine the seed planting approach more closely, identifying language strategies that clinicians used to help patients and families gain insight into prognostic gravity as their illness evolved. Although further research is needed to measure the full impact of a seed planting approach, this case series explores a longitudinal communication strategy with potential to improve prognostic communication across an advancing illness course.

Metacognitive Awareness of Listening Strategies in Second and Third Language: The Role of Language Proficiency Across and Within Languages

ABSTRACT Metacognitive awareness of listening strategies has a supporting role in explaining L2 listening comprehension. Although metacognitive awareness is language-independent, language proficiency may determine whether learners can utilize such a cognitive resource during multiple language development. The current study explores the listening strategy awareness in the L2 and L3 through a 21-item questionnaire (i.e., Metacognitive Awareness of Listening Strategies Questionnaire, the MALQ), and its relationship with L3 listening comprehension. Data from 48 high L2 English proficiency students learning L3 Italian in Turkey indicate an overall higher awareness in L2 English. The reported awareness in the L2 and L3 strategies significantly differ in person knowledge and mental translation, but not in problem-solving, planning and evaluation, and directed attention. Beginner and intermediate L3 Italian learners do not differ in their metacognitive awareness in the L3 while only the L3 (but not L2) overall MALQ score significantly predicts L3 listening comprehension beyond L3 proficiency. These differing L2-L3 relationships across the MALQ subcomponents are discussed for language dependency in metacognitive awareness of listening strategies for multilingual language learners.

The Effect of the use of English as Language of Instruction and Inquiry-based Learning on Biology Learning in Sub-Saharan Africa Secondary Schools: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Sub-Saharan Africa secondary school science curricula recognise language as the most important communication tool for learners’ biology learning outcomes. Despite this prominent goal, learners’ scientific literacy at secondary school appears to be insufficient to cope with classroom teaching and learning of biology. This paper presents a review of literature regarding the way English as the language of instruction and inquiry-based learning strategies affect biology learning in Sub-Saharan Africa secondary schools. The scope of the review included journal articles, books and book chapters published in the period from 2005 to 2020 on the English language of instruction in biology education in Sub-Saharan Africa. We established criteria for first article searches indexed in Scopus, African Journals Online, the Education Resources Information Center, Web of Science and Psych Info as recognised index systems for science education. We considered studies related to the understanding of learners’ language backgrounds, language-in-education policy and pedagogical language strategies (practice) that mediate learning. In this case, 53 studies were identified after removing redundancies; 27 studies satisfied the inclusion criteria when screened by key words and abstract and reviewed for eligibility; and only nine were selected after evaluating the full texts. The review analysis suggests that there is a gap in the corpus of literature on what and how pedagogical language strategies should be utilised to support meaningful learning of biology in multilingual settings. Poor learners’ academic achievement and conceptual engagement in biology at secondary school level were the main effects reported by the reviewed literature. Less is still known about the effect of the use of inquiry-based learning strategies on learners’ conceptual engagement in multilingual biology classrooms. We recommend formulating a clear policy articulation on the use of bilingual instructions in teaching and learning of biology at the secondary school level; assessing teacher and learner performance over pedagogical language strategies; and evaluating the contribution of IBL strategies in addressing language barriers in biology learning for higher order thinking skills in Sub-Saharan Africa secondary schools.

A Brief Parent-Coaching Package for Tiered Language Interventions

This study utilized a brief coaching package to train parents to support their children’s language development in home environments. Two parents of dual language learners were trained to use naturalistic language strategies that ranged in complexity. Parents participated in individual training sessions targeting three strategies: narration, imitation, and environmental arrangement and responding. A multiple baseline design across behaviors replicated across parent–child dyads was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the brief coaching package. Therapeutically accelerating data in a baseline condition affected interpretation of results for one dyad, while the package demonstrated effectiveness for the other dyad. Concomitant increases in children’s use of English language during sessions was also observed. Multi-level models were used to estimate the moderating effect of parent engagement in naturalistic language strategies on children’s vocal initiations. Implications for home-based service providers are presented.

Choosing a language strategy for a top-rated Russian academic journal

Increasing citation and improving the impact factor is a challenging task for both authors and scientific journals. It is particularly so for Russian journals indexed in international scientometric databases, including Web of Science and Scopus. This study shows that researchers consider inefficient language strategies to be one of the main reasons for poor international outreach. This article explores the strategies of several Russian journals indexed in Scopus as of March 2022, identifies their advantages and disadvantages as well as the subsequent risks. The study offers recommendations for choosing an optimal language strategy, including the one aimed at increasing citation in international and national databases and promoting rated Russian journals internationally. Based on the analysis of the journals indexed in the Scopus database, six linguistic models have been identified. The study has shown that the bilingual format – publishing in Russian and English – provides the best visibility at the national and international levels.