Language Strategies Research Articles

Exploring collaborative writing among large groups in online distance learning through a public forum and private chat tool

Abstract This study explored how collaborative writing, an often-used instructional strategy in second language (L2) learning, intersects with large-group dynamics, and investigated their potential impact on the quality of writing outcomes in an online distance learning course. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research scrutinized intra-group interaction processes in two large groups undertaking a computer-assisted language learning writing assignment and evaluated the impact of these interaction processes on their writing products. Data from discussions in both a public online forum and a private social communication platform (WeChat) were collected, systematically coded, and analysed quantitatively and qualitatively based on language functions. Data collection also included an assessment of the written products and follow-up group interviews. The findings indicate distinct interaction patterns between high-performing and low-performing groups, characterised by an expert/participant pattern and a dominant/passive pattern, respectively. Additionally, insights from the interviews shed light on these interaction patterns and the potential impact on student learning outcomes. The study suggests practical implications, highlighting the importance of task design in promoting high levels of collaborative knowledge construction to enhance students’ writing skills and L2 language learning in large-group settings.

Alternative Teaching Strategies in Learning Filipino Language among Dominant English Speakers

Alternative teaching strategies employed by grade school teachers were important in enhancing motivation in learning the Filipino language among students with dominant English language use at home. This qualitative research study explored these alternative strategies and their effects on the language learning motivation of the target student population. The study aimed to achieve two key objectives: (1) to identify the specific alternative teaching strategies utilized by Filipino teachers to enhance the motivation of English-dominant students in learning the Filipino language, and (2) to determine the effects of these alternative teaching strategies on the language learning motivation of the target student population. The findings of the study highlighted several effective alternative teaching strategies, including: the emphasis on the “Filipino word of the day” to enhance vocabulary acquisition and language proficiency; the incorporation of language games that integrated communication skills with learning, fostering more engaging and practical language experiences; the implementation of role-play activities to allow students to immerse themselves in real-life scenarios, enhancing their understanding and retention of language concepts; and the promotion of continuous exposure to the Filipino language in various contexts to solidify learning and improve practical application. The study also examined the effects of these alternative teaching strategies on the language learning motivation of English-dominant students. The results indicated that strategies such as encouraging language use outside the classroom, promoting engagement in reading activities, and incorporating student self-assessment and feedback had significantly improved students’ motivation, engagement, and overall language proficiency. The findings contributed to the existing body of knowledge on language education and offered recommendations for teachers to effectively motivate English-dominant students through the implementation of alternative teaching strategies.

How language arousal affects purchase intentions in online retailing? The role of virtual versus human influencers, language typicality, and trust

Despite the growing popularity of adopting various language strategies to boost business in online retailing and livestreaming, the effectiveness of such strategies employed by different (virtual vs. human) influencers is still unclear. This work examines how language arousal (high vs. low) interacts with influencer type (virtual vs. human) to impact consumer responses. With two scenario-based experiments, this research demonstrates that for virtual influencers, using high- (vs. low-) arousal language leads to stronger purchase intentions, whereas for human influencers, using high- (vs. low-) arousal language results in weaker purchase intentions. We also uncover a novel mechanism that language typicality and trust mediate this interaction effect in a serial manner. The theoretical and practical implications are also discussed.

THE METHODS OF STUDYING IMPLICITNESS IN BUSINESS DISCOURSE (BASED ON THE ANALYSIS OF THE UZBEK AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES)

This article explores the use of implicitness in English and Uzbek business discourse, focusing on metaphors, euphemisms, and implicatures. It highlights how cultural and linguistic factors influence indirect communication strategies in both languages. While English favors metaphor and euphemism for subtle expression, Uzbek places greater emphasis on euphemism and implicature, often linked to cultural values of respect and politeness. The analysis provides insights into how these strategies enhance business interactions, facilitating polite and effective communication across different cultural contexts.

Second Language Acquisition Strategies in Chinese Language Teaching Internationally

With the increasing influence of Chinese in the world, more and more foreigners have a strong interest in Chinese culture and language, and begin to learn Chinese. Under this background, in order to better improve the quality and efficiency of teaching, it is particularly important to study second language acquisition strategies. Second language acquisition strategies are various means, methods and measures adopted by second language learners in order to achieve their learning objectives. Based on the analysis of the connotation and classification of second language acquisition strategies, this paper discusses the application of second language acquisition strategies in Chinese international teaching, the implementation of teaching principles and the use of teaching methods. In addition, the paper also points out that the second language acquisition strategy suitable for students' age and psychological characteristics should be adopted according to their cognitive development rules, psychological characteristics and language learning and acquisition rules, so as to guide students to learn to observe, think, judge and choose in the learning process, so as to improve their learning efficiency and complete their learning objectives.

Host language, guest language or hybrid? Language strategy in destination advertising

ABSTRACT Language constitutes an integral part of destination culture and tourists’ experiences. Although the importance of using host language in destination marketing has been highlighted, the effectiveness of the language strategy in forming potential tourists’ visit intention remains unrevealed. Built on optimal arousal theory, this research examines whether and how the hybrid of host and guest languages (called hybrid language display hereafter) in destination advertising is more useful in attracting tourists. Two experiments were conducted using Xizang and Macau as contexts. Results reveal that the ad featuring hybrid language display works better than monolingual ads (either host or guest language only) in attracting potential tourists. Specifically, hybrid language display in a destination ad increases potential tourists’ visit intention because of higher perceived uniqueness of the destination and then curiosity about it. This language strategy in destination advertising is effective regardless of potential tourists’ self-efficacy though especially useful for increasing visit intention of those who are low in self-efficacy. Accordingly, theoretical and practical implications are offered.

Second Language Writing Anxiety of Thai EFL Undergraduate Students: Dominant Causes, Levels and Coping Strategies

Using a mixed-methods research design, this study explored the dominant causes, levels, and coping strategies of second language writing anxiety among 55 second-year Thai EFL undergraduate students majoring in English for International Communication. Data were collected from the Causes of Writing Anxiety Inventory (CWAI) questionnaire developed by Rezaei and Jafari (2014), the Second Language Writing Anxiety Inventory (SLWAI) developed by Cheng (2004), and a stimulated recall interview. Descriptive statistics were applied to analyze the data obtained from CWAI and SLWAI, while thematic analysis was used to identify themes from the stimulated recall interview. The results revealed that the predominant cause of writing anxiety was writing assignments, affecting 77.09% of students, followed by linguistic difficulties and fear of writing tests, each affecting 70.09%. Additionally, the study found that the level of writing anxiety among these students was high according to the writing anxiety questionnaire. Furthermore, during the stimulated recall interview, participants revealed five strategies typically used to manage their writing anxiety, namely positive self-talk, starting with a plan, relaxation techniques, goal setting, and seeking social support.

UNDERSTANDING LITERATURE VIA LINGUISTIC LENSES: THE EXPLORATION OF LANGUAGE APPROPRIATION STRATEGIES IN TARIQ RAHMAN'S MAMOON JI

The research paper explores different appropriation strategies of English language in Pakistani English literature. The research examined various appropriating techniques and the reasons behind using these techniques in short story Mamoon Ji by Tariq Rahman. English has become the lingua franca in the world. So, the writers tend to appropriate language in their writings from all over the world. The same phenomenon has been observed by the researchers in Tariq Rahman’s writing. The researchers analyze the text and apply Ashcroft’s theory of appropriation (2002) to investigate five appropriation strategies like glossing, untranslated words, syntactic fusion, vernacular transcription as well as code-switching. Many Urdu words have been analyzed along with Arabic words and Punjabi phrases at lexical and sentence levels. The focus remains on how Rahman employs the language appropriation techniques to convey themes, represents cultural contexts, and construct characters. The study provides the significant information in examining the issues, extracting desired information & reaching outcomes. The outcome of current study has far-reaching implications from different viewpoints as it can be useful for pedagogy in teaching Pakistani English literature.

Creating Emotional Resonance in Advertising Language Strategies and Consumer Identity

This study explores the interplay between language strategies in advertising and consumer identity, focusing on their combined effect on emotional resonance. Through a mixed-methods approach that includes content analysis, surveys, and experimental designs, the research examines how storytelling, metaphors, and informational language strategies impact emotional engagement, brand recall, and purchase intention. The findings reveal that storytelling and metaphorical language significantly enhance emotional resonance, with advertisements employing these strategies evoking stronger emotional responses and higher engagement scores compared to informational ads. The study also highlights the critical role of consumer identity in moderating the effectiveness of these language strategies. Advertisements that align with the consumer’s self-concept and social identity are perceived as more relevant and compelling, leading to better marketing outcomes. Furthermore, the research underscores the importance of cultural context, showing significant variations in how language strategies are received across different cultural settings. These insights provide valuable guidance for advertisers and marketers seeking to enhance the emotional appeal and effectiveness of their campaigns.

Intonation Analysis of the Self/Other Representation in Bush’s Speech

Intonation is one of the most important suprasegmental features, which conveys communicative strategies in political language. It is essential in reflecting the implicit meaning since it shows the movement of pitch or patterns of melody as well as the multiple movements used by people’s voice in speech .This study fills the gap in a literature as it aims to investigate the types of information tones used in shaping the discursive strategies of other/self in Bush’s speech after September 11 attacks based on an eclectic model of Van Dijk's (2006) model of ideological square and Brazil’s (1997) model of discourse intonation. The data is collected qualitatively and a mixed method is used to analyze the results of this study. The major findings show that Bush used commonly the proclaiming with a (fall) tone in shaping many discursive strategies to represent the image of “US” (selves) positively than the image of “THEM” (others) negatively in order to add more and new information and attract the attention of Americans and manipulate and motivate them against terrorists, particularly Muslim people. It is hoped that such a study helps to enhance learners’ understanding of speakers’ intended meaning, since it focuses on showing the tonal types of the social and cognitive traits of the politician in question.

Exploring Directive Acts and Their Connection to FTA in Surat Yusuf: A Pragmatic Study

This research employs Searle's (1969) Speech Acts Theory and Brown and Levinson's (1987) Politeness Theory as core frameworks to meticulously analyse the intricate interplay between directive acts and face-threatening-acts within Surat Yusuf from the Glorious Quran. The study describes the use of these techniques in communication between Prophet Yusuf (peace be upon him) and his father, brothers, Al Aziz, Al Aziz's wife, and the prisoners. Taking into account variables like social distance and relative power dynamics, the research sheds light on the complex language strategies employed. The questions of the research can be summarized as, is there a strong relation between directive acts and face-threatening acts? Do the context and social distance of the interlocutors effect this relation? The objectives of the study sheds lights on the different ways of expressing directives acts such as requests, questions, orders…etc. with relation to face-threatening acts. The data analysis provides thorough insights into the communication dynamics within religious narratives. The research at hand has inferences for a variety of contexts and disciplines, advancing both academic and applied understandings. Finally, the study is regarded as a qualitative one with no stylistic analysis. The main conclusions of this study show that directive acts have different forms depending on different factors. Directive acts may have a specific form but a different function.

Sexual Harassment Through Language Strategies of Power in Higher Education Based on the Trichotomy of Relationships Approach

Sexual Harassment Through Language Strategies of Power in Higher Education Based on the Trichotomy of Relationships Approach

Refleksi Pengalaman Perempuan dalam Memoar Berteman dengan Kematian karya Sinta Ridwan

This research aims to reflect women's biological experience, women's language, women's psychology in the memoir Berteman dengan Kematian by Sinta Ridwan. This research uses the approach of Ginokritik Studies. The method used in this research is descriptive method with content analysis technique. The results of the data on the gynocritical analysis of the memoir Berteman dengan Kematian by Sinta Ridwan showed that there are three gynocritical models, namely: (1) women's biological experience, namely women's bodily experience, expressing all feelings, inner voices, women's desires, the appearance of the female body. (2) women's language expression, namely using their own style and language to model women's language, women's language can be seen from the aspects of conversation, intonation, and strategies in women's language (3) women's psychological experience, namely the experience and psychology of the author of all the emotions depicted in the work based on the author's psychological situation, female authors write stories with a background of suffering and madness as a form of expressing all the emotions that occur to women.

Parenting Styles and Teachers' Teaching Styles impact on Students' Values Development

This study examines the effect of parenting and teaching styles on students' values development within Arab society in Israel. It aimed to determine: 1) the relationship between parenting style and students’ values development from teachers’ perspectives; 2) how teaching methods using English as a Second Language (ESL) strategies affect students' values development; and 3) demographic differences (sex, role, education, types of schools) among teachers in values development and parenting styles.The sample includes 280 teachers (112 male; 168 female) from Arab high schools' students in northern Israel and 200 parents (104 male; 96 female) who participated in the questionnaire. Findings indicate that authoritative parenting, which balances warmth and control, is most effective in fostering positive values, while authoritarian and permissive styles may lead to poorer outcomes in self-esteem, motivation, and behavior. Discussion-oriented and student-centered teaching approaches promote critical thinking, empathy, and ethical reasoning. No significant differences were found in the impact of teaching and parenting styles on values development based on gender, age, or educational level of teachers, except for differences in direct and delegating teaching styles.The study concludes that parenting and teaching styles are interdependent. Supportive parenting enhances the effectiveness of constructive teaching methods, and teachers' approaches can reinforce values instilled by parents. Recommendations for Arab society include promoting authoritative parenting through educational programs, encouraging discussion-based and student-centered teaching methods via teacher training and curriculum reforms, fostering school and community collaboration, addressing cultural sensitivities, and providing teachers with necessary resources and professional development opportunities.

Strategi Ketidaksantunan dalam Film “Siap, Gan!”

The politeness of speech acts can be influenced by certain sociological factors, for example, relative power, social distance, and the presence of elements of coercion. In its development, politeness in speech acts also develops in its opposite form, namely impoliteness. The focus of the study in this research is the language impoliteness strategy in the film "Siap, Gan!" which appears as a reflection of differences in social levels by focusing discussion on the five strategies of impoliteness according to Culpeper's theory. This research aims to describe impolite language strategies in films. The type of research used in this research is qualitative and the data provision technique used in this research is observation/observation techniques. Observation techniques are carried out without involving what is being observed. The data source for this research comes from a video film entitled "Siap, Gan!" obtained on the YouTube channel. The analysis carried out in this research uses contextual analysis. Contextual analysis involves several elements, namely identifying speakers and speech partners, observing the background or causes of the speech, and the goals to be achieved through the speech data analysis, it is known what types of language impoliteness appear in the film "Siap, Gan!" namely bald on record impoliteness, positive impoliteness, and negative impoliteness. The most frequently used strategy is negative impoliteness. This proves the impoliteness in the film "Siap, Gan!" This tends to be used to attack the speaker's negative face. Some of the data findings indicate that several forms of words that are personally offensive to the speaker due to different social strata are also found to be presented as directly impolite with harsh, insulting, degrading, and critical language.

An Analysis of Interdisciplinary Strategies in Japanese Language Teaching Under the Background of New Liberal Arts

An Analysis of Interdisciplinary Strategies in Japanese Language Teaching Under the Background of New Liberal Arts

Outcomes Using the Optimized Pitch and Language Strategy Versus the Advanced Combination Encoder Strategy in Mandarin-Speaking Cochlear Implant Recipients.

The experimental Optimized Pitch and Language (OPAL) strategy enhances coding of fundamental frequency (F0) information in the temporal envelope of electrical signals delivered to channels of a cochlear implant (CI). Previous studies with OPAL have explored performance on speech and lexical tone perception in Mandarin- and English-speaking CI recipients. However, it was not clear which cues to lexical tone (primary and/or secondary) were used by the Mandarin CI listeners. The primary aim of the present study was to investigate whether OPAL provides improved recognition of Mandarin lexical tones in both quiet and noisy environments compared with the Advanced Combination Encoder (ACE) strategy. A secondary aim was to investigate whether, and to what extent, removal of secondary (duration and intensity envelope) cues to lexical tone affected Mandarin tone perception. Thirty-two CI recipients with an average age of 24 (range 7 to 57) years were enrolled in the study. All recipients had at least 1 year of experience using ACE. Each subject attended two testing sessions, the first to measure baseline performance, and the second to evaluate the effect of strategy after provision of some take-home experience using OPAL. A minimum take-home duration of approximately 4 weeks was prescribed in which subjects were requested to use OPAL as much as possible but were allowed to also use ACE when needed. The evaluation tests included recognition of Mandarin lexical tones in quiet and in noise (signal to noise ratio [SNR] +5 dB) using naturally produced tones and duration/intensity envelope normalized versions of the tones; Mandarin sentence in adaptive noise; Mandarin monosyllabic and disyllabic word in quiet; a subset of Speech, Spatial, and Qualities of hearing questionnaire (SSQ, speech hearing scale); and subjective preference for strategy in quiet and noise. For both the natural and normalized lexical tone tests, mean scores for OPAL were significantly higher than ACE in quiet by 2.7 and 2.9%-points, respectively, and in noise by 7.4 and 7.2%-points, respectively. Monosyllabic word recognition in quiet using OPAL was significantly higher than ACE by approximately 7.5% points. Average SSQ ratings for OPAL were significantly higher than ACE by approximately 0.5 points on a 10-point scale. In quiet conditions, 14 subjects preferred OPAL, 7 expressed a preference for ACE, and 9 reported no preference. Compared with quiet, in noisy situations, there was a stronger preference for OPAL (19 recipients), a similar preference for ACE (7 recipients), while fewer expressed no preference. Average daily take-home use of ACE and OPAL was 4.9 and 7.1 hr, respectively. For Mandarin-speaking CI recipients, OPAL provided significant improvements to lexical tone perception for natural and normalized tones in quiet and noise, monosyllabic word recognition in quiet, and subjective ratings of speech intelligibility. Subjects accessed both primary and secondary cues to lexical tone for perception in quiet and noise conditions. The benefits of lexical tone recognition were attributed to enhanced F0 rate cues encoded by OPAL, especially in a noisy environment. The OPAL strategy was well accepted by many of the Mandarin-speaking CI recipients.

The Impact of Story: One Preschool Program’s Experiences Using Story Cubes as a Culturally Relevant Oral Language Strategy.

The Impact of Story: One Preschool Program’s Experiences Using Story Cubes as a Culturally Relevant Oral Language Strategy.

Language to Support Dignity for Children With Advanced Cancer and Their Families.

Conversations about dignity are fundamental to person-centered care in pediatrics, yet practical language strategies to promote and support dignity remain understudied. To address this gap, we aimed to identify and characterize language used by pediatric oncologists to recognize and affirm dignity across advancing illness. In this longitudinal prospective study, we audio-recorded serial disease reevaluation encounters between pediatric oncologists, children with cancer, and families across 24 months or until the child's death. Using a hybrid deductive-inductive qualitative approach, we defined dignity language a priori on the basis of existing descriptions of dignity in the literature and then conducted a content analysis to refine the definition specific to pediatric cancer care before coding serial medical encounters. Thematic frequencies were reported by using descriptive statistics. A total of 91 discussions at timepoints of disease progression were audio-recorded for 36 patients and their families. No dignity language was identified in nearly half (45%) of "bad news" encounters, and the time spent by the oncologist engaging in dignity language represented a minority (<7%) of overall recorded dialogue. Within coded dialogue, we characterized 3 key themes upholding dignity language (empowerment, autonomy, respect). Opportunities exist to improve dignity communication in childhood cancer, and the authors propose a conceptual model ("Lend an EAR") to guide dignity-based communication in pediatric cancer. Future research should emphasize patient and parent perspectives on language to support dignity for children with advanced cancer, with stakeholder-driven refinement of the Lend an EAR model before integration and testing in communication skills training programs.

A Comparative Study of Chinese and English Refusal Language Strategies

Using 80 short video examples about refusal language strategies on Douyin short videos as a corpus, this study explores the commonality and individuality, as well as the contradictory relationship between Chinese and British countries in the use of refusal language strategies by combining manual and graphical data analyses. It is found that Chinese people use more indirect ways of using refusal speech acts, and British and American countries use more direct ways of using refusal speech acts. In addition to this, both Chinese and British countries use non-verbal behavior to reject speech as a way of protecting the positive face of the addressee and reducing the threatening behavior to the face of the other party. This study also found that the ambivalent relationship between the emergence of refusal language strategies in both China and Britain is related to their personal psychological state, social values, and personal face. The results of this study have some values for sociology as well as pragmatics, which is conducive to the maintenance of interpersonal relationships.