Strategy For Synthesis Research Articles

Recent progress in two-dimensional polymer materials: interfacial synthesis and applications

Abstract As a new two-dimensional polymer synthetic material, two-dimensional polymers (2DPs) not only have the advantages of high specific surface area and high transparency of two-dimensional materials, but also have the advantages of high mechanical strength and easy processing of polymer materials. Therefore, 2DPs are widely used and have become one of the indispensable materials today. However, there are still challenges in preparing 2DPs using traditional methods. Among the various synthesis strategies, the interfacial synthesis methods with the advantages of simple operation and high crystallinity have become typical method for preparing 2DPs. In this review, we first summarize the types of interface synthesis methods and the latest research progress. Secondly, the 2DPs applications in optoelectronic devices, membrane separation, sensor, electrical device and batteries, etc. are introduced. Finally, we summarize and prospect the existing challenges and future research directions based on the current research status of 2DPs.

Effect of Amino Acids on the Synthesis of NiFe2O4/Au Hybrid Nanoparticles

Hybrid nanoparticles, composed of magnetic oxides and gold, have garnered significant interest due to their potential applications in various fields, including catalysis, diagnostics, and nanomedicine. In this study, the effect of reaction parameters on the reduction of HAuCl4 by different non-sulfur amino acids (glycine, L-serine, L-tryptophan, and L-tyrosine) was determined using the design of experiment (DOE) method. The results of the analysis of the regression equations were used to select the conditions and develop a methodology for the preparation of the hybrid magnetic NiFe2O4/Au nanoparticles (NPs) by direct reduction of gold on the magnetic surface using the aforementioned amino acids as the reducing and stabilizing agents simultaneously. The materials were characterized using XRD, TEM, XPS, and Vis/FTIR spectroscopy. The results indicate the successful synthesis of magnetic NiFe2O4/Au nanoparticles with all amino acids used, but the size of the gold crystals, their surface density, and the details of the NP structure (inlaid or a core–shell structure) depend on the amino acid used. The mechanism of the gold deposition on the magnetic core surface and the difference in the effect of various amino acids are discussed. The developed synthesis strategy can be extended to other metal ferrites and iron oxides.

MoS2–Plasmonic Hybrid Platforms: Next-Generation Tools for Biological Applications

The combination of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) with plasmonic nanomaterials has opened up new possibilities in biological applications by combining MoS2’s biocompatibility and high surface area with the optical sensitivity of plasmonic metals. These MoS2–plasmonic hybrid systems hold great promise in areas such as biosensing, bioimaging, and phototherapy, where their complementary properties facilitate improved detection, real-time visualization, and targeted therapeutic interventions. MoS2’s adjustable optical features, combined with the plasmon resonance of noble metals such as gold and silver, enhance signal amplification, enabling detailed imaging and selective photothermal or photodynamic therapies while minimizing effects on healthy tissue. This review explores various synthesis strategies for MoS2–plasmonic hybrids, including seed-mediated growth, in situ deposition, and heterojunction formation, which enable tailored configurations optimized for specific biological applications. The primary focus areas include highly sensitive biosensors for detecting cancer and infectious disease biomarkers, high-resolution imaging of cellular dynamics, and the development of phototherapy methods that allow for accurate tumor ablation through light-induced thermal and reactive oxygen species generation. Despite the promising advancements of MoS2–plasmonic hybrids, translating these platforms into clinical practice requires overcoming considerable challenges, such as synthesis reproducibility, toxicity, stability in physiological conditions, targeted delivery, and scalable manufacturing. Addressing these challenges is essential for realizing their potential as next-generation tools in diagnostics and targeted therapies.

Microwave synthesis of molybdenum disulfide quantum dots and the application in bilirubin sensing.

Molybdenum disulfide quantum dots (MoS2 QDs) is a new type of graphite like nanomaterial, which exhibited well chemical stability, unique fluorescence characteristics, and excellent biocompatibility. The conventional hydrothermal synthesis of MoS2 generally requires a long-term reaction at high temperature and high pressure. Herein, we have developed a simple and fast MoS2 QDs synthesis scheme using microwave heating, and further modified the surface of MoS2 QDs using 3-aminophenylboronic acid. The 3- aminophenylboronic acid modified MoS2 QDs (B-MoS2 QDs) were further coated by a zinc-based metal-organic backbone (ZIF-8) in a solution containing zinc ions and 2-methylimidazolium. The constructed nanohybrid B-MoS2@ZIF-8 were successfully applied to the visualization and rapid detection of bilirubin based on the ratiometric fluorescence changes. The linear range for bilirubin detection is 0.2-75 μmol•L-1, and detection limit is 0.017 μmol•L-1.

An Efficient Strategy for Quinazolinone and Benzimidazole Synthesis Using Microwave‐Assisted Copper‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Amines

Microwave‐assisted organic synthesis (MAOS) has emerged as an effective technique for accelerating chemical reactions while enhancing efficiency and selectivity. In this study, we developed a copper‐catalyzed method for aerobic oxidative coupling to synthesize quinazolinones and benzimidazoles, using Oxone® as the oxidant under microwave irradiation. This method successfully couples amines with various partners, including 2‐aminobenzamides and o‐phenylenediamines. The strategy demonstrates broad substrate compatibility, exhibits good functional group tolerance, and consistently achieves moderate yields, making it a versatile and efficient approach for synthesizing heterocycles.

Targeting Synthesis of Diatomic Catalysts by Selective Etching and Sequential Adsorption of Metal Atom.

Diatomic catalysts featuring a tunable structure and synergetic effects hold great promise for various reactions. However, their precise construction with specific configurations and diverse metal combinations is still challenging. Here, a selective etching and metal ion adsorption strategy is proposed to accurately assign a second metal atom (M2) geminal to the single atom site (M1-Nx) for constructing diatomic sites (e.g., Fe-Pd, Fe-Pt, Fe-Ru, Fe-Zn, Co-Fe, Co-Ni, and Co-Cu). In this strategy, hydrogen peroxide selectively etches the positively charged carbon atoms near the M1-Nx moiety (denoted as α-C) and produces vacancy, which could trap the M2 at the subsequent adsorption step. These catalysts show optimized electronic structure and enhanced oxygen reduction activity compared to single-site counterparts, and the representative Fe-Pd-NC and Co-Fe-NC catalysts stand as the most active oxygen reduction reaction catalysts (half-wave potential of 0.92 and 0.91 V, respectively). The selective etching of α-C in single-atom catalysts reported here represents a new post-treatment strategy for the targeting synthesis of diatomic sites.

Pyrazoline and Pyrazoline Derivatives as Anti-Cancer Agents: Synthesis and Biological Activities: A Compressive Review.

A heterocyclic molecule containing five rings, three carbon atoms, two nitrogen atoms, and a single endocyclic bond is called pyrazoline. Because of its intriguing electrical characteristics and potential for dynamic applications, pyrazoline is one type of electron-rich nitrogen carrier that is becoming more and more popular. This study synthesizes pyrazoline derivatives using a variety of techniques to demonstrate a highly biological function. Pharmaceutical chemistry has found the study of the biological activity of pyrazoline derivatives to be an interesting field. Pyrazolines find utility in numerous multipurpose applications. It has been discussed to examine the current study of patent literature on pyrazoline derivatives (2000-2024) that describes the introduction, general approach, synthesis scheme Structureactivity and relationship, marketed drug, and patents on anticancer activities. A recognized heterocyclic chemical is pyrazolines. Three carbon atoms and two adjacent nitrogen atoms make up the five-membered ring that is pyrazoline. A variety of methods are available to determine its synthesis. Extensive studies have been conducted in this field since it has been found that many pyrazoline derivatives have a crucial biological effect on anticancer activity. The application of pyrazoline as an anticancer agent is a fascinating moiety with a wealth of potential applications for further research by scientists.

Photo-driven Ammonia Synthesis via a Proton-mediated Photoelectrochemical Device.

N2 reduction reaction (NRR) by light is an energy-saving and sustainable ammonia (NH3) synthesis technology. However, it faces significant challenges, including high energy barriers of N2 activation and unclear catalytic active sites. Herein, we propose a strategy of photo-driven ammonia synthesis via a proton-mediated photoelectrochemical device. We used redox-catalysis covalent organic framework (COF), with a redox site (-C=O) for H+ reversible storage and a catalytic site (porphyrin Au) for NRR. In the proton-mediated photoelectrochemical device, the COF can successfully store e- and H+ generated by hydrogen oxidation reaction, forming COF-H. Then, these stored e- and H+ can be used for photo-driven NRR (108.97 umol g-1) under low proton concentration promoted by the H-bond network formed between -OH in COF-H and N2 on Au, which enabled N2 hydrogenation and NH3 production, establishing basis for advancing artificial photosynthesis and enhancing ammonia synthesis technology.

Secupyritines A-C, Three Natural Propellane Securinega Alkaloids: Structure Elucidation and Total Synthesis Based on Biogenetic Building Blocks.

Secupyritines A-C are unique polycyclic Securinega alkaloids isolated from medicinal plant Flueggea suffruticosa. They feature a distinctive 6/6/6/5/6 fused pentacyclic ring system with a highly strained 2-oxa-6-aza[4.4.3]propellane core. Their structures with absolute configurations were elucidated through a comprehensive approach involving nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray crystallography, electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations, and total synthesis. The total synthesis of secupyritines A-C was achieved in 14 or 16 steps, employing a synthesis strategy based on biogenetic building blocks. Key elements of the synthetic procedures include a vinylogous Mannich-type reaction to construct the sp3-sp2 attached-ring system, a Suzuki coupling reaction to build the piperidine ring, and an intramolecular aza-Michael addition reaction to establish the propellane skeleton. Formal asymmetric synthesis of secupyritines A-C was also presented.

Cracking the code: the clinical and molecular impact of aminopyridines; a review (2019-2024).

Aminopyridines belong to a class of compounds that are monoamino and diamino derivatives of pyridine. They work primarily by blocking voltage-gated potassium channels in a dose-dependent manner. Essential heterocycles used extensively in synthetic, natural products, and medicinal chemistry are aminopyridine and its derivatives. A vast array of biological and pharmacological effects can result from the interaction of aminopyridine rings with different enzymes and receptors, due to their unique structural properties. Aminopyridine research is continually growing, and there are now greater expectations for how it may aid in the treatment of numerous disorders. This review article will serve as an innovative platform for researchers investigating aminopyridine compounds, intending thoroughly to examine both traditional and novel synthesis strategies in addition to investigating the various biological characteristics displayed by these adaptable heterocycles. We attempt to provide valuable insights that will contribute to further progress in the synthesis and utilization of aminopyridines in various fields.

Influence of Lewis basicity on the S2- induced synthesis of 0D Cs4PbBr6 hexagonal nanocrystals and its implications for optoelectronics.

Perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) with their excellent optical and semiconductor properties have emerged as primary candidates for optoelectronic applications. While extensive research has been conducted on the 3D perovskite phase, the zero-dimensional (0D) form of this promising material in the NC format remains elusive. In this paper, a new synthesis strategy is proposed. According to the Hard-Soft Acid-Base (HSAB) principle, a novel class of hexagonal semiconductor nanocrystals (Cs4PbBr6 HNCs) derived from 0D perovskite Cs4PbBr6 is synthesized by doping an appropriate amount of PbS precursor solution into bromide. These Cs4PbBr6 HNCs are characterized and compared in detail to CsPbBr3 cubic nanocrystals (CsPbBr3 CNCs) as a reference. The Cs4PbBr6 HNCs exhibit significantly enhanced photoluminescence (PL) compared to CsPbBr3 CNCs, with an external quantum efficiency (EQE) reaching 24.19%. Furthermore, they demonstrate superior UV stability compared to CsPbBr3 CNCs. Comparative analysis of their physical properties and morphology, along with detailed investigations into band structures, density of states, and lifetime decay through DFT calculations, is provided. The practical application potential is validated by encapsulating them into backlight LEDs, covering 121.5% and 90.7% of the color gamut of NTSC and Rec. Our research provides comprehensive insights into the photophysical properties of inorganic halide perovskite nanomaterials and explores their potential in the field of optoelectronics.

Advanced progress of sub-nanomaterials: From synthesis strategies, unique properties to applications

Advanced progress of sub-nanomaterials: From synthesis strategies, unique properties to applications

Advances in composite anion-exchange membranes for fuel cells: Modification approaches and synthesis strategies

Advances in composite anion-exchange membranes for fuel cells: Modification approaches and synthesis strategies

Current strategies in design and synthesis of antifungals hybrid and chimeric diazine derivatives

Current strategies in design and synthesis of antifungals hybrid and chimeric diazine derivatives

Transition metal phosphide-based oxygen electrocatalysts for aqueous zinc-air batteries.

Electrically rechargeable zinc-air batteries (ZABs) are emerging as promising energy storage devices in the post-lithium era, leveraging the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at the air cathodes. Efficient bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts, capable of catalyzing both the ORR and OER, are essential for the operation of rechargeable ZABs. Traditional Pt- and RuO2/IrO2-based catalysts are not ideal, as they lack sufficient bifunctional ORR and OER activity, exhibit limited long-term durability, require high overpotentials and are expensive. In contrast, non-precious metal-based catalysts, including transition metal phosphides (TMPs), have gained significant attention for their promising bifunctional catalytic properties, making them attractive candidates for ZABs. Despite encouraging lab-scale achievements, translating these advancements into market-ready applications remains challenging due to suboptimal energy performance. Rationally engineered bifunctional TMPs hold great potential for overcoming these challenges and meeting the requirements of rechargeable ZABs. This feature article reviews recent progress in the development of TMP-based catalysts for ZABs, providing a comprehensive overview of ZAB fundamentals and strategies for catalyst design, synthesis, and engineering. A particular emphasis is placed on widely studied bifunctional Fe, Co, and Ni phosphides, along with approaches to enhance their catalytic performance. Key performance metrics are critically evaluated, including the potential gap (ΔE) between the ORR and the OER, specific capacity, peak power density, and charge-discharge cycling stability. Finally, this feature article discusses the challenges faced in TMP-based ZABs, proposes strategies to address these issues, and explores future directions for improving their rechargeability to meet the demands of commercial-scale energy storage technologies.

Stereodivergent assembly of δ-valerolactones with an azaarene-containing quaternary stereocenter enabled by Cu/Ru relay catalysis.

Developing methodologies for the expedient construction of biologically important δ-valerolactones bearing a privileged azaarene moiety and a sterically congested all-carbon quaternary stereocenter is important and full of challenges. We present herein a novel multicatalytic strategy for the stereodivergent synthesis of highly functionalized chiral δ-valerolactones bearing 1,4-nonadjacent quaternary/tertiary stereocenters by orthogonally merging borrowing hydrogen and Michael addition between α-azaaryl acetates and allylic alcohols followed by lactonization in a one-pot manner. Enabled by Cu/Ru relay catalysis, this cascade protocol offers the advantages of atom/step economy, redox-neutrality, mild reaction conditions, and broad substrate tolerance. Scale-up experiments and synthetic transformations further demonstrated the potential for synthetic applications. Mechanistic experiments support the envisioned bimetallic relay catalytic mechanism, and the key role of Cs2CO3 in promoting lactonization was also revealed.

Rhodium(III)-catalyzed direct C-H activation of 2-aryl-3H-indoles: a strategy for 4-heteroaryl pyrazole synthesis.

A novel protocol for synthesizing 4-heteroaryl pyrazoles from readily available 2-aryl-3H-indoles and diazopyrazolones through the rhodium(III)-catalyzed C-H bond activation has been achieved. This redox-neutral strategy features powerful reactivity, tolerates various functional groups, and proceeds with moderate yields under mild reaction conditions.

Cellulose Based Nano-Scaffolds for Targeted Cancer Therapies: Current Status and Future Perspective.

In the last few years, cellulose has garnered much interest for its application in drug delivery, especially in cancer therapy. It has special properties like biocompatibility, biodegradability, high porosity, and water permeability render it a good candidate for developing efficient carriers for anticancer agents. Cellulose based nanomaterials like cellulose nanofibers, bacterial cellulose, cellulose nanocrystals and microcrystalline cellulose as delivery vehicles for targeted drug delivery to cancer cells are reviewed. This review elaborates on the synthesis, functionalization, and application strategies of these nanocarriers, and shows how they facilitate to improve drug stability, bioavailability and targeted delivery to tumor sites. Their possibilities as a tool to overcome the limitations of conventional cancer therapeutics are also discussed. We also explore future directions for improving the efficacy of cellulose based carriers in cancer therapy.

Recent advances in wearable fiber-shaped supercapacitors: materials, design, and applications

The rapid development of wearable electronic products necessitates flexible and efficient energy storage solutions. Fiber-shaped supercapacitors (FSSCs) have gained significant attention as a promising substitute owing to their flexibility, low-weight, and ability to integrate seamlessly into textile and wearable applications. This review offers an in-depth examination of the latest developments in FSSCs, distinguishing itself by not only summarizing diverse electrode materials such as carbon-based, polymer-based, and novel MXenes but also by exploring their unique properties and applications in depth. We critically examine various fabrication techniques that enable the customization of fiber structures, including wet-spinning, electrostatic spinning, melt spinning, co-spinning, and advanced 3D printing methods. Furthermore, we investigate innovative design strategies aimed at enhancing performance, such as film/sheet twisting for increased surface area and multilayer integrated designs. By discussing the integration of FSSCs into applications like energy storage devices and sensors, we shed light on their potential to revolutionize the field. The review wraps up by identifying future challenges and directions, underlining the critical need for advancements in material synthesis, device design, and integration strategies. These advancements are crucial for the widespread adoption of FSSCs in flexible and wearable electronics. Continued research holds the potential to deliver next-generation energy storage solutions tailored to the growing demands of the wearable technology industry.

Exploring layered double hydroxide efficiency in removal of fluoride ions from water: material insights, synthesis and modification strategies and adsorption mechanisms

This work explores the composition, synthesis and modification strategies and adsorption mechanisms of layered double hydroxide for the removal of fluoride ions from water.