Switching Strategy Research Articles

APE1 mediated target-responsive structure switching electrochemical (SSE) biosensor for RNA detection

Structure switching caused by the contact between nucleic acids plays an important way for transmit information. Target-responsive structural switching strategy is a promising tool in the development of biosensors. Herein, an apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) mediated target-responsive Structure Switching Electrochemical (SSE) biosensor was developed for RNA detection. The method is established on that a toehold-mediated hairpin ssDNA, with AP site modified at a specific position, serves as a target capturer and structural transformer and modified on the gold electrode. By target-responsive catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA), the switch of AP sites in double-strand and single-strand is realized. Subsequently, the specifically cleavage of AP site by APE1 achieve the electronical signal output. Both “turn-on” and “turn-off” signal output strategies were design. Under optimal conditions, the SSE biosensor presented wide linear range both in “turn-on” (10 fM to 100 nM) and “turn-off” (1 fM to 100 nM) modes with a LOD as low as 4.5 fM and 0.6 fM respectively. The specificity and reproducibility of the method are satisfactory. To demonstrate the practical applications of this biosensor, we have successfully validated its performance in detecting Strawberry Mottle Virus (SMoV) from strawberry leaf samples. These results highlight the simplicity, high specificity, and sensitivity of this biosensor platform, making it a promising tool for RNA detection.

Closet In-Path Vehicle Detection and Recognition Algorithm Based on Camera and Millimeter-Wave Radar Fusion

<div>The closet in-path vehicle (CIPV) is recognized relying on the detection results for road lane lines in most current ACC system, which may not work well in the poor conditions, for example, unclear road lane lines, low light level, bad weather, and so on. To solve this problem, the article proposes a sensor fusion-based CIPV recognition algorithm independent of road lane lines. First, a robust Kalman filter based on the global coordinate system is designed to fuse the millimeter-wave radar and camera targets. The fusion algorithm can dynamically adjust the covariance matrix of sensor observations to avoid the influence of anomalous observations on the fusion results. Stable detection of targets by the fusion algorithm is the basis of the CIPV recognition algorithm. Then, the CIPV recognition algorithm generates virtual lane lines using the motion parameters of self-vehicle or the driving trajectory of vehicle target and develops a mode switch strategy for virtual lane lines generation based on the driving state of target. This strategy can flexibly switch to the applicable virtual lane lines generation method in different scenarios. Finally, field tests are conducted in typical scenarios to verify the performance of the CIPV recognition algorithm. The results show that the algorithm is able to recognize CIPV stably and accurately without relying on road lane lines.</div>

Research on path following control system of wave gliders based on maneuverability demand estimator

The wave glider (WG) with a propeller-rudder system represents a novel kind of unmanned surface vehicle that has a hybrid driving capability of wave energy and solar energy, compared to the WG with only a rudder system. The propeller-rudder system can improve the flexibility and maneuverability of the WG, especially in low-speed and nearshore operations. However, owing to the limited solar power generation and high energy consumption of the propeller, studying the precise control switching strategy of the propeller is of great significance. In this paper, a path following control system is proposed for the WG with a propeller-rudder system based on an adaptive line-of-sight algorithm (ALOS), a maneuverability demand estimator and a maneuverability controller. The maneuverability demand estimator is determined by the cross-track error and sideslip angle. And the cross-track error and sideslip angle are fused by using fuzzy mathematics to establish the mobility demand estimation model. The maneuverability demand index (MDI) intuitively expresses the urgency of the mobility demand during the path following process and is input to the maneuverability controller to control the propeller revolution. Through numerical simulations and sea trials, the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed path-following control system is verified.

Almost sure stability of Caputo fractional-order switched linear systems with deterministic and stochastic switching signals

In this paper, we address the almost sure stability problem of Caputo fractional-order switched linear systems with deterministic and stochastic switching signals (DS-CFLSs). Firstly, due to the non-locality and memory of fractional-order switched systems, an inequality is proposed to solve the difficulties in the discussion of stability. Then, for DS-CFLSs, a deterministic switching strategy is predesigned, and stochastic switching signals are generated by the Markov process. After that, for the globally asymptotic stability almost surely (GAS a.s.) and exponential stability almost surely (ES a.s.) of DS-CFLSs, some sufficient conditions are proposed by using the multi-Lyapunov function and probability analysis methods. Finally, some numerical examples show that our results are effective.

A New Control Strategy of Hybrid Reactive Power Compensation System in Distribution Network

Reactive power compensation is an important measure to improve the power quality of distribution networks, especially with the increasing connection of distribution transformers, heavy industrial electrical equipment, and asynchronous motors, which generate a large amount of reactive power demand. Traditional reactive power compensation devices, such as fixed capacitors (FC) and thyristor switched capacitors (TSC), have some drawbacks, such as low response speed, harmonic generation, and switching shock. A static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is a flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) device that can provide fast and continuous reactive power compensation, but it also has some limitations, such as high cost, large capacity requirement, and low utilization rate. Therefore, hybrid reactive power compensation systems that combine FC or TSC with STATCOM have attracted much attention in recent years. Many researchers have proposed and studied different topologies and control methods of hybrid systems to overcome the disadvantages of single devices and achieve better performance. However, most of the existing hybrid systems are designed for low or medium-voltage distribution networks, and their performance under high-voltage distribution networks is still unclear. Moreover, the coordination control strategy of the hybrid system and its subsystems is also a key issue that affects the effectiveness and efficiency of reactive power compensation. In view of this, this paper aims to propose a TSC+STATCOM hybrid reactive power compensation system for high-voltage distribution networks, which optimizes the shortcomings of traditional reactive power compensation devices. The system uses the synergistic effect of TSC and STATCOM to achieve large-scale static reactive power and small-scale dynamic reactive power compensation and adopts a switching strategy based on an expert decision system. This paper introduces the working principle of each subsystem of the hybrid reactive power compensation system in detail and builds a simulation model of the hybrid reactive power compensation system under a high voltage distribution network on Matlab/Simulink platform. The simulation results verify the feasibility and excellent performance of the system control method in reactive power compensation and improving power quality.

Neural Network-Based Hybrid Three-Dimensional Position Control for a Flapping Wing Aerial Vehicle.

This article presents a novel neural network-based hybrid mode-switching control strategy, which successfully stabilizes the flapping wing aerial vehicle (FWAV) to the desired 3-D position. First, a novel description for the dynamics, resolved in the proposed vertical frame, is proposed to facilitate further position loop controller design. Then, a radial base function neural network (RBFNN)-based adaptive control strategy is proposed, which employs a switching strategy to keep the system away from dangerous flight conditions and achieve efficient flight. The learning process of the neural network pauses, resumes, or alternates its update strategy when switching between different modes. Moreover, saturation functions and barrier Lyapunov functions (BLFs) are introduced to constrain the lateral velocity within proper ranges. The closed-loop system is theoretically guaranteed to be semiglobally uniformly ultimately bounded with arbitrarily small bound, based on Lyapunov techniques and hybrid system analysis. Finally, experimental results demonstrate the excellent reliability and efficiency of the proposed controller. Compared to existing works, the innovations are the put forward of the vertical frame and the cooperative switching learning and control strategies.

A Novel Equivalent Continuous Metering Control With a Uniform Switching Strategy for Digital Valve System

Pulse number modulation (PNM) combined with pulse width modulation (PWM) control is an effective solution to improve the resolution of digital valve systems. However, the numerous discrete variables that use parallel <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</small> / <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">off</small> valves cause difficult control coordination and uneven switching. To address this issue, this article defines the equivalent spool displacement of the digital flow control unit by the number of PNM-controlled valves and the duty cycle of PWM-controlled valves to replace multiple discrete variables and develops the equivalent continuous metering control method. Furthermore, a uniform switching control strategy is proposed for the PWM-controlled valve using a uniformly distributed permutation for each <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</small> / <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">off</small> valve. The proposed control methods are verified by simulation on the built mathematical model of the equal-coded digital valve system. Experimental results for the displacement control of a hydraulic cylinder at 1 rad/s show that the average error of the equivalent continuous metering control is about 0.236 mm and the dispersion index reaches 20%, while the uniform switching control strategy achieves 80% with an average error of 0.215 mm. Simulated and experimental results demonstrate that the equivalent continuous metering control with a uniform switching strategy can almost evenly distribute switching numbers without compromising the accuracy of the displacement control.

Active Neutral Point Clamped Three-level Synchronous Space Vector Width Modulation Research

Active neutral point clamped (ANPC) topology is widely studied because it makes loss equalization possible. To reduce the switching frequency of high power traction systems, the multi-mode modulation strategy is used in many modulation methods. To reduce the fluctuation problem when switching between different carrier ratios in multi-mode synchronous space vector pulse width (SSVPWM) modulation algorithm, this paper studies the stator flux under different modes and proposes a multi-mode SSVPWM switching strategy based on the pulse insertion method. In this strategy, the stator flux deviation of two modes before and after the switching point is calculated online and the switch sequence is inserted at the switching time to compensate, and the smooth transition between different modes is realized with experimental verification of validity.

Power Injection and Free Resonance Decoupled Wireless Power Transfer System with Double-Switch

This article presents a type of power injection and free resonance decoupled wireless power transfer (WPT) system, the double-switch independent power injection and free resonance wireless power transfer (IPIFR-WPT) system working in CCM. Based on the stroboscopic mapping model, the theoretical results show that the operation point of the proposed WPT system is determined by itself instead of the switching control strategy. Specifically, once the voltage on the primary capacitance does not decrease to the input voltage in the free-resonance process, the diode in series would not turn on and the system would not switch to the power injection process. Therefore, there is a wide soft-switching margin to ensure the system operating in soft-switching states. Another characteristic of the proposed WPT system is the monotonicity between output power and operation cycle, which presents a simple power control method. And since the soft-switching margin may have intersection under dynamic coupling coefficient, the proposed system maintains soft-switching states with a fixed switching strategy and presents advantage to resist the dynamic change of coupling coefficient. All the characteristics of the proposed WPT system mentioned above have been verified in both theory and experiment.

Segment Reduction-Based Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation for a Three-Phase F-Type Multilevel Inverter with Reduced Harmonics and Switching States

An improved segment reduction-based space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) for an F-type three-level inverter (FT2LI) is presented in this article. The proposed SVPWM algorithm decreases the additional switching state transition of each triangle with the application of an improved nine- and three-segment reduction switching strategy. The main feature of the segment reduction technique is that it eliminates second-order harmonics in the inverter output side with good total harmonic distortion (THD), low switching losses, and minimum filter requirements when compared with carrier-based PWM (CBPWM) techniques such as multi-carrier sine PWM (MC-SPWM), sixty-degree PWM (60° PWM), and switching frequency optimal PWM (SFO PWM). The proposed modulation algorithm for FT2LI is implemented on the MATLAB/Simulink platform. The performance of the proposed segment reduction-based SVPWM algorithm is tested experimentally on an FT2LI at various amplitude and frequency modulation indices, and the experimental results are verified with the simulation results. Additionally, a comparative analysis carried out to study the relationship between the segment reduction-based SVPWM and CBPWM techniques inferred that the suggested segment reduction-based SVPWM algorithms can optimize high-order harmonic distributions and have a minimum computational burden.

Online evaluation of the distribution system resiliency criteria using Choquet‐based graph technique

AbstractNowadays, due to network expansions, system operators are dealing with natural events including system failures. Evaluating the system readiness to maintain the network interconnections during severe faults are known as an important challenge of today's distribution networks. To do this, this paper presents an online non‐model‐based scheme of evaluating the system resiliency and supplying critical loads within severe natural conditions. In this case, by developing system resiliency as multi‐metric decision making problem and proposing the Choquet integral and graph theoretic methodology, the system resiliency is evaluated. The proposed resiliency scheme is an online non‐model‐based approach can be used for all distribution system configurations with the potential of natural event failures. In this case, by proposing online resiliency criteria based on the system critical loads and branches and developing the proposed criteria on Choquet integral scheme in the form of optimization procedure, the system resiliency is evaluated. The validity of the proposed approach is carried out on two different systems including the IEEE 123‐bus test system and the Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions (CERTS) microgrid. Simulation results present effectiveness of the proposed scheme to provide proper protective switching strategy and design the system resiliency criteria for future distribution systems.

Switching to bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (BIC/FTC/TAF) plus darunavir/cobicistat in heavily antiretroviral-experienced, virologically suppressed HIV-infected adults receiving complex regimens.

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the two-pill regimen bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (BIC/FTC/TAF) plus darunavir/cobicistat as a switching strategy in heavily treatment-experienced people living with HIV (PLWH). Multicentre, prospective, single-arm pilot clinical trial. Participants were virologically suppressed adults receiving a stable antiretroviral regimen of at least three pills from at least three drug families due to previous virological failures and/or toxicities with no documented resistance to integrase strand transfer inhibitors or darunavir (≥15 points, Stanford). Clinical and laboratory assessments were performed at 0, 4, 12, 24, 36 and 48 weeks. HIV-1 proviral DNA was amplified and sequenced by Illumina at baseline. Plasma bictegravir concentrations were determined in 22 patients using UHPLC-MS/MS. The primary study endpoint was viral load (VL)< 50 copies/mL at Week 48 (ITT). We enrolled 63 participants (92% men) with median baseline CD4 count of 515 cells/mm3 (IQR: 334.5-734.5), 24 years on ART (IQR: 15.9-27.8). The median number of pills was 4 (range: 3-10). At baseline, proviral DNA was amplified in 39 participants: 33/39 had resistance mutations. Three participants discontinued owing to toxicity. At 48 weeks, 95% had VL < 50 copies/mL by ITT and 100% by PP analysis. A modest increase was observed in the bictegravir plasma concentration, and a significant decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate was observed only at Week 4, probably related to interaction with renal transporters. Our data suggest that BIC/FTC/TAF + darunavir/cobicistat is an effective, well-tolerated regimen that may improve convenience and, potentially, long-term success in stable heavily pre-treated PLWH.

Symmetry‐Induced Selective Excitation of Topological States in Su–Schrieffer–Heeger Waveguide Arrays

The investigation of topological state transition in carefully designed photonic lattices is of high interest for fundamental research, as well as for applied studies such as manipulating light flow in on‐chip photonic systems. Herein, the topological phase transition between symmetric topological zero modes (TZM) and antisymmetric TZMs in Su–Schrieffer–Heeger mirror symmetric waveguides is reported. The transition of TZMs is realized by adjusting the coupling ratio between neighboring waveguide pairs, which is enabled by selective modulation of the refractive index in the waveguide gaps. Bidirectional topological transitions between symmetric and antisymmetric TZMs can be achieved with proposed switching strategy. Selective excitation of topological edge mode is demonstrated owing to the symmetry characteristics of the TZMs. The flexible manipulation of topological states is promising for on‐chip light flow control and may spark further investigations on symmetric/antisymmetric TZM transitions in other photonic topological frameworks.

An Improved Full-Speed Domain Sensorless Control Scheme for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Based on Hybrid Position Observer and Disturbance Rejection Optimization

A sensorless control algorithm not only reduces the cost of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) system, but also broadens its application scope. Expanding speed threshold and enhancing dynamic performance are crucial aspects. To optimize the adaptability of observers and the immunity of the controller in a full-speed domain, an improved sensorless control scheme for a PMSM based on a hybrid position observer and disturbance compensation is proposed. Firstly, the precise detection of the initial position and the scheme of starting with the load at any position are proposed based on high-frequency rotation injection, magnetic pole direction calibration and square-wave high-frequency injection (HFI). Secondly, a higher-order sliding mode observer (HSMO) is designed to improve high-speed observation performance by introducing an extended electromotive force (EEMF). Correspondingly, a speed controller called PI plus is developed utilizing a reverse control algorithm and the observed disturbance quantity, which further enhances the system’s disturbance rejection capability. Subsequently, a linearly weighted observer switching method and a linear signal withdrawal scheme are proposed to suppress torque and speed oscillations in medium-speed threshold. Furthermore, a normalized linear extended state observer (LESO) is designed to enhance rotor information estimation accuracy and enable the observation of unknown disturbances in full-speed thresholds. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed sensorless control system is tested through experiments involving variations in speed, load, and parameter. The experimental results indicate that the proposed sensorless strategy is capable of achieving a loaded start. The designed observer switching strategy and the scheme of injection signal withdrawal contribute to a smoother acceleration process. Furthermore, load variation test results at high-speed thresholds demonstrate that the proposed controller can reduce speed drop by 45 rpm compared to a traditional PI. Additionally, the results of parameter variation testing validate the observer’s robustness in the disturbances of ψf within the range of ±0.3 pu.

Stability Analysis of Switched Linear Singular Systems with Unstable and Stable Modes.

In this paper, stability is studied for a class of switched singular systems containing both stable and unstable modes. By introducing a time-varying piecewise Lyapunov function (TVPLF) and a mode-dependent average dwell time (ADT) switching rule, the computable sufficient conditions for system stability are derived. The time-varying piecewise Lyapunov functions are piecewise continuously differentiable on every mode (but may not be differentiable at the interpolating points of the dwell time). This Lyapunov function method is particularly advantageous in overcoming the limitations of traditional multiple Lyapunov function (MLF) methods, which may not have a feasible solution when dealing with switched systems containing only unstable modes. As such, the TVPLF offers greater flexibility in application. Compared with the conventional ADT switching rule, the mode-dependent ADT switching rule not only enables each mode to have its own ADT but also allows for its own switching strategy. Specifically, the stable mode adopts a slow switching strategy while the unstable mode adopts a fast one, thereby reducing the conservatism of the ADT switching rule. Furthermore, based on the stability analysis, the time-varying controllers are proposed to stabilize the switched singular system, which can be expressed as the sequential linear combination of a series of linear state feedback on each mode. The proposed controllers are continuous for each mode, which are different from the controllers designed through the traditional MLF and MDLF methods, where the controllers designed by traditional MLF are the time-invariant linear state feedback in each mode while the controllers designed by the MDLF are piecewise continuous for each mode.

Tumor microenvironment-mediated NIR-I-to-NIR-II transformation of Au self-assembly for theranostics.

The misdiagnosis of tumors due to insufficient penetration depth or signal interference and damage to normal tissues due to indiscriminate treatment are the biggest challenges in using photothermal agents for clinical translation. To overcome these limitations, a strategy of switching from the near-infrared (NIR)-I region to the NIR-II region was developed based on tumor microenvironment (TME)-mediated gold (Au) self-assembly. Using zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) metal-organic framework-coated gold nanorods (AuNRs@ZIF-8) as a model photothermal agent, we demonstrated that only a NIR-I photoacoustic imaging signal was observed in normal tissue because ZIF-8 could prevent the aggregation of AuNRs. However, when ZIF-8 dissociated in the TME, the AuNRs aggregated to activate NIR-II photoacoustic imaging and attenuate the NIR-I signal, thereby allowing an accurate diagnosis of tumors based on signal transformation. Notably, TME-activated NIR-II photothermal therapy could also inhibit tumor growth. Therefore, this TME-activated NIR-I-to-NIR-II switching strategy could improve the accuracy of deep-tumor diagnoses and avoid the injury caused by undifferentiated treatment. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Photothermal agents used for photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy have garnered great attention for tumor theranostics. However, always "turned on" near-infrared (NIR)-I laser (700-1000nm)-responsive photothermal agents face issues of penetration depth and damage to normal tissues. In contrast, tumor microenvironment-activated NIR-II "smart" photothermal agents exhibit deeper penetration depth and tumor selectivity. Therefore, a NIR-I-to-NIR-II switching strategy was developed based on tumor microenvironment-mediated Au self-assembly. This work provides a new strategy for developing tumor microenvironment-activated NIR-II smart photothermal agents.

Lurasidone for the Treatment of Schizophrenia: Design, Development, and Place in Therapy.

Thisreviewaims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current literature on the drug design, development, and therapy of lurasidone for the treatment of schizophrenia. Lurasidone has antagonistic effects on the dopamine D2, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)2A, and 5-HT7 receptors and a partial agonistic effect on the 5-HT1A receptor with low affinities for muscarinic M1, histamine H1, and a1 adrenergic receptors. The receptor-binding profile of lurasidone is thought to be associated with fewer side effects such as anticholinergic effects, lipid abnormalities, hyperglycemia, and weight gain. Behavioral pharmacological studies have demonstrated that lurasidone exerts anxiolytic and antidepressive effects and improves cognitive function, which are associated with the modulation of 5-HT7 and 5-HT1A receptors. Literature search using PubMed was performed to find published studies of randomized controlled trials and recent meta-analyses regarding efficacy and safety, particularly metabolic side effects of lurasidone in schizophrenia. In short-term studies, the results of randomized placebo-controlled trials and meta-analyses have suggested that lurasidone was superior to placebo in improving total psychopathology, positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and general psychopathology in patients with acute schizophrenia. Regarding safety, lurasidone had minimal metabolic side effects, and was identified as one of the drugs with the most benign profiles for metabolic side effects. Long-term trials revealed that lurasidone had the preventive effects on relapse, with minimal effects on weight gain and other metabolic side effects. Furthermore, lurasidone improves cognitive and functional performance of patients with schizophrenia, especially in long-term treatment. Patients with schizophrenia require long-term treatment with antipsychotics for relapse prevention; thus, minimizing weight gain and other side effects is crucial. Lurasidone is suitable as one of the first-line antipsychotic drugs in the acute phase, and a switching strategy should be considered during the maintenance phase, to balance efficacy and adverse effects and achieve favorable outcomes in the long-term course of schizophrenia.

PDE modelling and switch strategy controller design for a flexible detection system with output constraint and actuator failure

A novel approach for modelling a mine detection robot system is presented in this paper using partial differential equations and Hamilton’s principle. The system comprises a rigid arm, a detecting sensor module, and a flexible string. The paper addresses the challenges of boundary deflection constraint and actuator fault. To overcome these challenges, a unique controller is developed using Barrier Lyapunov function and switching strategy. This controller enables the robot system to achieve the desired position and eliminate the vibration of flexible string. The superiority of the designed control law is demonstrated through simulation results. Furthermore, the asymptotic stability of the closed-loop flexible system is established by the use of extending LaSalle’s Invariance principle to an infinite dimensional system. This principle ensures that the system will eventually reach a stable state over time.

Hardware Realization of an Innovative Disturbance Detection Algorithm for Control Strategy of Solid-State Transfer Switch

An accurate and fast Solid-State Transfer Switch (SSTS) has the potential to automate conventional utility network. Presently, It consumes most of the transfer time in detecting the condition for initiating the transfer process. Recent developments in the power semiconductor devices technology have reduced the switching time to the tune of nanoseconds. Hence, time consumed by the disturbance detection is significant in SSTS. IEEE Std. 1100-2005 and IEEE Std. 446-1995 requires fast load transfer for SSTS. Realization of an innovative machine learning technique is implemented on three AVR microcontrollers for each of three phases. The microcontroller executes segmentation of acquired signal and calculates derivative of each segment. From each pre-processed 10-sample segment, mean absolute deviation (MAD) and energy (E) features are extracted. On the basis of feature values, SVM classifier with the linear kernel detects disturbance. Logical OR gate generates transfer enable signal to initiate the transfer process. Results of case studies appreciate the ability of proposed hardware to detect common disturbances in power system under different operating conditions. The hardware provides a feasible solution for solid state transfer switch with required accuracy and speed.

Computer and experimental analysis of a reconfigurable staircase module-based multi-level inverter with fault tolerant capability

In the conventional multilevel inverters, occurrence of a fault in one or more power switches can cause abnormal changes in the output waveforms. Besides, increasing the applied power switches results to an increase in the possibility of fault on the power switches. Accordingly, providing a comprehensive structure with high fault-tolerant capability is one of the vital requirements and critical challenges. To tackle these issues, this study first presents and explores a new basic unit and staircase module (SM) and then extends and optimizes it to yield a reconfigurable multi-level inverter (MLI) with more levels and different goals. The proposed MLI can continue to operate when open-circuit faults in switches. This advantage of the proposed structure is achieved without any redundant legs or switches. For further investigation, a comparison is made in terms of the number of power switches, drivers, dc sources, and reliability between the proposed and similar structures. To control the output voltage levels, the strategy of fundamental frequency switching triggers the configured topology. The carrier signals are reconfigured under fault conditions based on levels to be generated by bypassing the faulted switch. The validity of the established MLI with its fault-tolerant capability is certified through both computer simulations using the MATLAB/Simulink platform and laboratory prototype implementations.