Disease Prevention Strategies Research Articles

Blocking the isoflavone chemoreceptor in Phytophthora sojae to prevent disease.

Inhibiting pathogen chemotaxis is a promising strategy for reducing disease pressure. However, this strategy is currently in the proof-of-concept stage. Here, Phytophthora sojae was used as a model, as its biflagellated zoospores could sense genistein, a soybean root exudate, to navigate host and initiate infection. We identify P. sojae IRK1 (isoflavone-insensitive receptor kinase 1) as a receptor for genistein, with PsIRK2 functioning as a coreceptor that enhances the binding affinity of PsIRK1 to genistein and regulates chemotaxis by phosphorylating G protein α subunit. Last, we identify an antagonist, esculetin, which disrupts the PsIRK1-genistein interaction, thereby preventing P. sojae infection by repelling zoospores. Our findings reveal the mechanism by which P. sojae senses host genistein and demonstrate a strategy for disease prevention by targeting the chemoreceptor.

Revolutionizing Herbal Extracts by Nanotechnology Approaches for Enhanced Delivery and Efficacy

Recent advances in nanotechnology have revolutionized medicine by enabling innovative drug delivery systems and treatment strategies. For centuries, medicinal plants have been considered the cornerstone of traditional medicine due to their diverse biological functions, attributed to the natural compounds they contain. Approximately 75% of the global population currently relies on medicinal plant extracts or formulations to address health issues, benefiting from their antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Integrating herbal medicine with modern nanotechnology offers exciting opportunities to enhance therapeutic efficacy, enabling more targeted and efficient treatments. Nanoformulation techniques, which embed active compounds within nanostructures such as nanoparticles, nanocapsules, and nanogels, enhance herbal extracts' delivery, stability, and bioavailability. These methods address limitations in traditional drug delivery by reducing particle size to the nanoscale, thereby improving absorption, distribution, and efficacy. Furthermore, innovative encapsulation techniques, significantly enhance the therapeutic potential of herbal extracts. By merging traditional herbal medicine with modern nanotechnology, researchers aim to unlock new disease prevention and management strategies, promoting safer and more effective medical treatments. This mini-review focuses on various aspects of encapsulating herbal extracts in nanocarriers and their effectiveness in enhancing the activity of these extracts.Keywords: Nanoformulations, Nanoencapsulation, Herbal extracts, Therapeutic effects

Enhanced Immune Response Against Echinococcus Granulosus Through a CTLA-4/B7 Affinity-Based Vaccine.

Background: Echinococcosis is a zoonotic infectious disease that poses a significant threat to the health of individuals living in rural regions. While vaccination represents a potential strategy for disease prevention, there is currently no effective vaccine available for humans to prevent cystic echinococcosis (CE). This study aimed to design a novel multi-epitope vaccine (MEV) against Echinococcus granulosus for human use, employing immunoinformatics methods. Methods: We identified core epitopes from two key antigens, EgA31 and EgG1Y162, and integrated them into the immunoglobulin variable region of CTLA-4 (CTLA-4lgV) to create the CVE31-162 vaccine construct. The secondary and tertiary structures of the CVE31-162 were established using bioinformatics methods. The interaction between the CVE31-162 and B7 molecules was assessed through molecular dynamics simulations. Finally, both in vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to validate the effectiveness of the CVE31-162 against the immunological effects of Echinococcus granulosus. Results: Bioinformatics analysis indicated that CVE31-162 exhibits favorable antigenicity, stability, and non-allergenicity. Furthermore, CVE31-162 demonstrated a stable three-dimensional structural model. Molecular docking (MD) and molecular dynamics simulations (MDS) revealed a strong binding affinity between CVE31-162 and B7 molecules. Immune simulation results suggested that the vaccine elicits robust humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that immunized mice exhibited significantly elevated levels of antigen-specific antibodies and enhanced lymphocyte proliferation compared to the control group. Conclusions:CVE31-162, which is based on the interaction between CTLA-4 and B7, represents a promising multi-epitope vaccine for Echinococcus granulosus.

The Role of Breast Milk Cell-Free DNA in the Regulation of the Neonatal Immune Response.

The neonatal period is a critical phase for the development of the intestinal immune system, marked by rapid adaptation to the external environment and unique nutritional demands. Breast milk plays a pivotal role in this transition, yet the mechanisms by which it influences neonatal mucosal immunity remain unclear. This review examines the potential mechanisms by which cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in breast milk may impact neonatal immune development, particularly through Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) signalling and gut microbiota interactions. We propose that cfDNA in breast milk interacts with TLR9 on the apical surface of neonatal intestinal epithelial cells, potentially serving as an initial anti-inflammatory stimulus before the establishment of commensal bacteria. This hypothesis is supported by the high concentration and stability of cfDNA in breast milk, as well as the known activation of TLR9 by mitochondrial DNA in breast milk. The review emphasises the need for further empirical research to validate these interactions and their implications for neonatal health, suggesting that understanding these dynamics could lead to improved strategies for neonatal care and disease prevention.

The propagation dynamics of UAU-SEPIR in two-layered networks

The frequent emergence of new infectious diseases poses a serious threat to human health and social development. In the current digital age, the widespread application of online social networks has accelerated the dissemination of information regarding these diseases, influencing the interplay between disease spread and information diffusion. To address this, we propose the UAU–SEPIR model, a novel two-layered network propagation model inspired by the early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak. This model, constructed using a micro-Markov-chain approach, features an upper layer for information diffusion (the UAU model) and a lower layer for disease propagation (the SEPIR model). We derive the epidemic threshold, which is influenced by the dynamics of information diffusion, the network topology of disease spread, and the pathways from exposed to infected to recovered individuals. Through extensive random simulations, we confirmed the validity of our model. The research findings reveal that both model parameters and network topology play crucial roles in shaping the interaction between information diffusion and disease spread. Additionally, in random networks, adaptive behavior of individuals significantly enhances the inhibition of disease transmission. Overall, Our study provides theoretical insights into the interplay between social-network dynamics and the early outbreak stages, offering valuable support for disease prevention and control strategies.

Innovative population-based strategies for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: A 2-year randomised control trial evaluating behavioral change led by community champions versus brief advice.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) caused 17.9 million deaths worldwide in 2019. General CVD prevention should be developed whilst controlling health expenditure. The aim of the SPICES project was to assess the efficacy of a community support intervention for adults with intermediate CVD risk at 24 months, compared to repeated brief advice alone. A randomised, controlled study was conducted in a poor, medically underserved, rural area in France from November 2019 to November 2021. Community champions lead small group sessions. They were specifically trained in behavioural change techniques and CVD prevention. Participants chose their own small, feasible cardiovascular health goals. The primary outcome was the difference in the Non-laboratory Interheart risk score (INL) in intention-to-treat at 24 months. Quality of life was assessed using the WHOQOL-BREF, diet using the DASH-questionnaire, physical activity using the IPAQ-short. Changes in BMI, smoking level, and self-declared alcohol consumption were recorded as health goals in the intervention group.1309 participants were eligible. 536 people were analysed. At 24 months, the difference Intervention-Control = -0.12 INL (95% CI -0.80 to 1.04) was not significant (p = 0.76). 257 people remained in the study. Most participants chose weight-loss as their objective. Although this study was impacted by the Covid-19 pandemic, pertinent observations were made. Participants spontaneously chose to lose weight, which was not an effective goal. The study was neglected by participants which suggests this population felt little concerned about CVD-prevention. Other awareness strategies should be developed. Public policies should be developed as individuals currently fail to improve their health. Trial registration: This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT0388606).

A recent update on the antibacterial effects ofdistinct bioactive molecules derived from theCannabis plant.

The number of human infections with multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria is increasing worldwide and constitutes a serious threat to human health. Given the lack of novel antibiotic compounds worsening this dilemma, alternative antibiotic-independent treatment and prevention strategies of infectious diseases applying natural compounds appear highly appreciable. Given the long-known health-beneficial and disease-alleviating properties of Cannabis, we performed a literature search summarizing current knowledge regarding the antibacterial effects of extracts from different parts of the Cannabis sativa plant and of defined Cannabis-derived molecules and their potential mode of action. Theincluded studies revealed that various extracts and essential oils of C. sativa as well as major cannabinoids exerted potent activities against a broad spectrum of Gram-positive bacteria and against some Gram-negative bacterial species including MDR strains. Particularly the disruption of the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane by some cannabinoids resulted in potent antibacterial effects against Gram-positivebacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, defined cannabinoids inhibited the formation of and eradicated existing bacterial biofilms. In conclusion, given their antibacterial properties distinct Cannabis-derived molecules expand the repertoire of antibiotics-independent treatment options in the combat of bacterial infectious diseases which should be further addressed in future studies including clinical trials.

A Critical Review on Advancing Preventive Health Research in Ayurveda: Strategic Approaches and Imperatives

Preventive health research in Ayurveda offers valuable strategies for disease prevention and health promotion, particularly in the context of modern health challenges such as non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and pandemics like COVID-19. This review critically examines strategic approaches for advancing preventive health research within Ayurveda, emphasizing the need for evidence-based validation, integration with modern scientific methodologies, and global collaboration. Key practices, including Rasayana therapy, Dinacharya, and Ritucharya, demonstrate significant potential in enhancing immunity, promoting longevity, and mitigating lifestyle-related ailments. However, challenges such as limited clinical evidence, standardization issues, and underutilization of advanced research tools hinder progress. Addressing these challenges through rigorous clinical trials, interdisciplinary research, and policy advocacy can ensure Ayurveda’s relevance in contemporary healthcare systems. The integration of traditional Ayurvedic knowledge with modern scientific approaches will enhance the global applicability of Ayurveda in preventive health.

Innovative public strategies in response to COVID-19: A review of practices from China.

The COVID-19 pandemic presented unparalleled challenges to prompt and adaptive responses from nations worldwide. This review examines China's multifaceted approach to the crisis, focusing on five key areas of response: infrastructure and system design, medical care and treatment, disease prevention and control, economic and social resilience, and China's engagement in global health. This review demonstrates the effectiveness of a top-down command system at the national level, intersectoral coordination, a legal framework, and public social governance. This study also examines medical care and treatment strategies, highlighting the importance of rapid emergency response, evidence-based treatment, and well-planned vaccination rollout. Further discussion on disease prevention and control measures emphasizes the importance of adaptive measures, timely infection control, transmission interruption, population herd immunity, and technology applications. Socioeconomic impact was also assessed, detailing strategies for disease prevention, material supply, livelihood preservation, and social economy revival. Lastly, we examine China's contributions to the global health community, with a focus on knowledge-sharing, information exchange, and multilateral assistance. While it is true that each nation's response must be tailored to its own context, there are universal lessons to be drawn from China's approach. These insights are pivotal for enhancing global health security, especially as the world navigates evolving health crises.

Rapid assessment of noma: Reporting on forgotten and neglected disease in Ethiopia.

Noma is a rapidly progressing, invasive, and debilitating orofacial disease that primarily affects the most vulnerable and marginalised populations worldwide. The highest- risk group includes pre-school children, exposed to other risk factors, such as malnutrition and poverty-related diseases. Since 2010, Ethiopia has reported an increasing number of noma cases, primarily identified through medical missions. Data on the disease burden and epidemiology are essential for planning service delivery and developing effective disease prevention strategies. In this endeavour to document noma.s presence in Ethiopia, and assess the health system capacity for noma care, we have performed a rapid assessment. We performed a rapid assessment including a desk and literature review, health sector capacity assessment and a retrospective analysis of hospital records to identify all confirmed cases of noma cases from 2015-2022, based on data from NGOs and health facility records. The desk review revealed that Ethiopia lacks a national policy on noma. However, the national health policy emphasizes the prevention and control of poverty-related diseases. There is no formal oral health program within the primary healthcare, aside from the limited dental care availability in regional/referral hospitals and private sector. The retrospective assessment has extracted 69 noma cases record reported from January 2015 to December 2020, with 97% of case record came from two NGO's supporting surgical mission. Cases were reported from nearly every region of the country with a notable concentration in Amhara region. The trend of cases being cared has decreased from 2015 to 2020 and no record is found for acute cases of noma. The rapid assessment highlights a critical lack of research and surveillance programmes for noma. Efforts to increase public awareness and educate community workers and primary health care professionals on identification of noma and referring patients for care are essential. As a first step toward eliminating noma, the disease should be added to the national list of neglected tropical diseases, followed by integrated control programmes through the existing health extension system to expand oral health service.

Deciphering the gut microbiota's role in diverticular disease: insights from a Mendelian randomization study.

Previous studies have indicated a potential association between gut microbiota and diverticular disease. However, the precise nature of this relationship remains unclear. In light of this, we decided to use a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study to investigate the causal relationship between gut microbiota and intestinal diverticular disease in greater depth. To investigate the potential causal relationship between gut microbiota and intestinal diverticular disease, we conducted a two-sample MR study in a European ancestry. Genetic instrumental variables for gut microbiota were obtained from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) involving 5,959 participants. Summary statistics for intestinal diverticular disease were sourced from the IEU Open GWAS project, which included data from 5,193 cases and 457,740 controls. The analysis was primarily conducted using the inverse variance weighted method, with additional sensitivity analyses to assess the robustness of the findings. With regard to the findings, 11 microbial taxa were identified as having a potential causal relationship with intestinal diverticular disease. Specifically, the microbial taxa Caryophanales, Paenibacillaceae, Herbinix, Turicibacter, Turicibacteraceae, and Staphylococcus fleurettii were found to be positively associated with the risk of developing intestinal diverticular disease, while Chromatiales, Arcobacter, Herbidospora, Ligilactobacillus ruminis, and Megamonas funiformis were found to be negatively associated with the risk. Further reverse MR analysis did not reveal a reverse causal effect between these microbial taxa and intestinal diverticular disease. Our MR analyses revealed a potential causal relationship between certain gut microbiota and intestinal diverticular disease, which may provide new directions for future intestinal diverticular disease prevention and treatment strategies.

A contextual-compositional approach to discover associations between health determinants and health indicators for neonatal mortality rate monitoring in situations of anomalies.

Epidemiology is considered both a field of research and a methodological approach within the broader health sciences. It aims to understand health-related events' causes and effects and provide the evidence necessary to prevent disease and implement effective control and prevention strategies. One of the main focuses of epidemiology is identifying the determinant factors in the health situation of populations since health-related anomalies are not randomly distributed among people. This understanding brings up the necessity of considering each place's particularities and observing the regularity of diseases in a population context. We present the Contextual-Compositional Approach (CCA) for the discovery of associations between Health Indicators (HI) and Health Determinants (HD) for neonatal mortality rate monitoring in situations of anomalies. CCA uses time series concepts, anomaly detection, and data distribution between classes for studying HD under expected conditions and comparing them to the anomaly conditions indicated by the anomaly detection in the HI. CCA is evaluated using a neonatal mortality database in health facilities in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The results show that CCA can reveal essential associations between the health condition and the population's social, economic, and cultural characteristics on different scales. CCA stands out because it is easy to apply and understand, requiring little computational resources and parameters.

Comparative Genome Analysis of Piscine Vibrio vulnificus: Virulence-Associated Metabolic Pathways.

Vibriosis caused by Vibrio vulnificus is a major problem in aquatic animals, particularly brown marble groupers (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus). V. vulnificus biotype I has recently been isolated and classified into subgroups SUKU_G1, SUKU_G2, and SUKU_G3 according to the different types of virulence genes. In a previous study, we have shown that biotype I V. vulnificus strains were classified into three subgroups according to the different types of virulence genes, which exhibited different phenotypes in terms of growth rate and virulence. To gain insight into the different genetic features revealed by the potential virulence mechanisms of V. vulnificus in relation to a spectrum of pathogenesis, comparative genomic analyses of three biotype I V. vulnificus strains belonging to different subgroups (SUKU_G1, SUKU_G2, and SUKU_G3) were performed. The V. vulnificus genome is composed of two circular chromosomes with average sizes of 3 Mbp and 1.7 Mbp that are evolutionarily related based on the analysis of orthologous genes. A comparative genome analysis of V. vulnificus revealed 5200 coding sequences, of which 3887 represented the core genome and the remaining 1313 constituted the dispensable genome. The most virulent isolate (SUKU_G1) carries unique enzymes that are important for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and capsular polysaccharide (CPS) synthesis, as well as flagellar glycosylation, and harbors another type of repeat in toxin (RTX) and bacterial defense mechanisms. The less virulent isolate (SUKU_G2) shares enzymes related to CPS biosynthesis or flagellar glycosylation, while the avirulent isolate (SUKU_G3) and a less virulent isolate (SUKU_G2) share enzymes related to the production of rare sugars. Interestingly, the isolates from the three subgroups containing specific CMP-N-acetylneuraminate-producing enzymes that are correlated with their growth abilities. Collectively, these observations provide an understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying disease pathogenesis and support the development of strategies for bacterial disease prevention and control.

Population health and public health: Commonalities and differences.

To explore the synergy between population health and public health by initiating a discourse about their interconnected roles, responsibilities, and approaches in achieving optimal health outcomes. Population health and public health, although distinct, are interconnected disciplines critical for enhancing health outcomes. Population health focuses on analyzing health determinants and outcomes within specific groups, employing data to guide targeted interventions and policies. Public health, on the other hand, prioritizes broader preventive measures and community-wide interventions to safeguard health. Both fields benefit from a transdisciplinary approach that integrates strategies to address and improve health. Such integration is essential for addressing health disparities and improving the efficiency of health systems. By combining the analytical strengths of population health with the implementation capabilities of public health, a more comprehensive framework can be developed. These collaborations will not only enhance the effectiveness of health programs but also promote health equity by leveraging collective expertise and resources. They will facilitate the development of interventions that are both preventive and responsive, capable of addressing the upstream determinants of health and the immediate needs of communities. Such transdisciplinary efforts were demonstrated within the oral health field during the COVID-19 pandemic. The synergy between population and public health can lead to robust health outcomes, fostering comprehensive health promotion and disease prevention strategies. By aligning research, practices, and policies, these integrated approaches will transcend traditional boundaries within the healthcare sector to build efficient health systems.

Applications of microfluidics in mRNA vaccine development: A review.

The transformative potential of microfluidics in the development of mRNA vaccines is explored in this review, highlighting its pivotal role in enhancing easy-to-use functionality, efficacy, and production efficiency. Moreover, we examine the innovative applications of microfluidics in biomedical research, including its contribution to the rapid and cost-effective synthesis of lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery and delve into the advantages of mRNA vaccines, such as targeted delivery and controlled expression. Furthermore, it outlines the future prospects of microfluidic devices, their cutting-edge examples in both research and industry, and the potential to revolutionize vaccine formulation and production. The integration of microfluidics with mRNA vaccine development represents a significant advancement in public health and disease prevention strategies.

Acyl hydrazone derivatives with trifluoromethylpyridine as potential agrochemical for controlling plant diseases.

Crops are consistently under siege by a multitude of pathogens. These pathogenic microorganisms, including viruses and bacteria, result in substantial reductions in quality and yield globally by inducing detrimental crop diseases, thus posing a significant challenge to global food security. However, the biological activity sepectrumof commercially available pesticides is limitedand the pesticide efficacy is poor, necessitating the urgent development of broad-spectrum and efficient strategies for crop disease prevention and control. The bioassay results revealed that certain target compounds demonstrated outstanding in vivo antiviral efficacy against cucumber mosaic virus and tobacco mosaic virus. In particular, compound D6 showed remarkable antiviral activity against CMV, significantly higher than that of the control agent ningnanmycin. Mechanism of action studies have shown that compound D6 could enhance the activity of defense enzymes and upregulate the expression of genes related to disease resistance, thereby enhancing the antiviral effects in plants. In addition, these compounds displayed superior inhibitory activity against plant bacterial diseases. For Xoo, compound D10 showed an excellent inhibitory effect that was better than that of the control agent bismerthiazol. Scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence double-staining experiments revealed that compound D10 effectively inhibited bacterial growth by disrupting the cell membrane. A series of trifluoromethyl hydrazone derivatives were designed and synthesized, and it was found that they have control effects on plant viruses and bacterial diseases. In addition, this study revealed the mechanism of action of the active compounds and demonstrated their potential as multifunctional crop protectants. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Molecular Identification of Host Blood Meal from Phlebotomine Sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) from Kerala, India.

Female phlebotomine sandflies serve as vectors for the transmission of Leishmania parasites, perpetuating an enzootic cycle by disseminating between sylvatic and domestic animals. Humans form a part of this cycle because the sandflies search for a blood source required for egg development. The present study aimed to identify the feeding preferences of different sandfly fauna from six districts of Kerala, India, using molecular tools. An entomological survey was conducted during 2021-2023 in Kollam, Kottayam, Thiruvananthapuram, Thrissur, Malappuram, and Palakkad. Both indoor and outdoor habitats were targeted from sandfly collection using different standard tools and methods. Sandflies were identified using standard taxonomic keys, and DNA was extracted from blood meal collected from sandflies. A total of 7366 sandfly specimens were collected during the study period, which belonged to three different genera and 19 species. Blood source was successfully identified from 119 sandflies revealing that the Sergentomyia genus preferably fed on small reptiles and amphibians, whereas Phlebotomus genus was found to mainly feed on mammalian and avian blood. Sergentomyia zeylanica was an exception, as it primarily fed on mammalian blood sources. Interestingly, humans were the second feeding source for Phlebotomus species, which are the proven vectors. Comprehending the feeding patterns of sandflies is crucial, not just for public health but also for obtaining insights into the ecological dynamics between vectors and hosts, ultimately enabling more efficient strategies for disease control and prevention.

Insights from Alzheimer’s Disease Multimodal Screening and Prevention Strategies in Egyptian Healthcare Institutions: A Systematic Literature Review

Insights from Alzheimer’s Disease Multimodal Screening and Prevention Strategies in Egyptian Healthcare Institutions: A Systematic Literature Review

Effect of commercial prescription diets containing prebiotics on clinical signs and fecal microbiome in dogs with intestinal disease.

Diet has emerged as a key modulator of the gut microbiota, offering a potential strategy for disease prevention and management. This study investigated the effects of the Prescription Diet Gastrointestinal Biome (GB) on 7 healthy dogs and 16 dogs with chronic gastrointestinal diseases (GI dogs). Our investigation monitored changes in body weight and the Canine Inflammatory Bowel Disease Activity Index (CIBDAI) in 16 GI dogs fed a GB diet. Additionally, we assessed the gut microbiota using 16S rRNA sequencing pre- (GI dogs) and post- (healthy dogs and GI dogs) administration of GB diet. In dogs with GI, a significant improvement in the severity of CIBDAI was observed post-feeding with the GB diet compared to the period pre-feeding, without any changes in body weight. Primary changes in the gut microbiome were marked by significant differences between healthy and GI dogs. However, post-feeding the GB diet in GI dogs, resulted in an increase in Turicibacter and a decrease in Escherichia-Shigella linked with gastrointestinal inflammation. In conclusion, the GB diet appears to positively influence the gut microbiota and clinical outcomes in dogs with GI. Future studies should explore these relationships by focusing on the long-term effects of diet on the gut health and disease management.

Phylogenetic analysis reveals genetic characteristics of orf virus F1L and B2L genes in the Fujian province.

This study investigates the molecular epidemiology of orf virus (ORFV) in the Fujian province in 2024, with the goal of gaining insights that can enhance disease prevention and control strategies. This experimental study was conducted from January 2024 through March 2024. The samples, showing suspected orf lesions, tested positive for ORFV via PCR. The ORFV059 (F1L) and ORFV011 (B2L) genes from these samples were cloned and sequenced. Analysis identified 3 ORFV strains: FJ-2401, FJ-2402, and FJ-2403. For the F1L gene, nucleotide sequence identity ranged from 95.7% to 99.6%, and amino acid identity ranged from 95.0% to 99.7% compared to the reference strain. These strains were closely related to others from Fujian, Guangzhou, and India but differed from the NZ2 reference strain, the German D1701 weak strain, and Chinese vaccine strains, which were in separate branches. For the B2L gene, nucleotide identity ranged from 97.4% to 99.6%, and amino acid identity ranged from 97.1% to 100%. Evolutionary analysis indicated potential recombination events with strains from Fujian, Jilin, and India. The B2L gene showed distinct branching from the German D1701 weak strain, Fujian GO strain, and Chinese vaccine strains, suggesting that current vaccines might be inadequate. Viruses are constantly evolving, and currently available commercial vaccines may not provide sufficient protection against emerging ORFV strains. This underscores the urgent need for updated vaccines and improved management strategies. The study reveals significant genetic diversity and potential recombination in ORFV strains in Fujian, highlighting their divergence from known references.