Strategic Sectors Research Articles

TAX INCENTIVE SCHEMES AND BALANCED REGIONAL ECONOMIC GROWTH IN TURKEY

This study delves into the impact of investment incentives on regional development and economic growth in Turkey. It provides a comprehensive overview of the investment incentive system introduced in 2012, categorizing regions based on development levels and offering various incentives such as tax exemptions, reductions, and social security support. The research investigates the relationship between investment incentives, public expenditures, regional differences, and economic growth. Through a thorough examination, the study aims to understand how the current incentive system addresses regional disparities and promotes balanced economic growth. The literature review explores international perspectives, including China and Italy, providing insights into the effectiveness of tax incentives on R&D investment and macroeconomic performance. The study also analyzes the European Commission's report on tax incentives for venture capital and business angels. The results and discussion section outlines the investment incentive framework in Turkey, emphasizing regional, priority, large-scale, and strategic schemes. The research considers twelve investment categories, each supported by specific incentive measures. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of aligning incentives with regional needs, fostering equitable development, and promoting strategic sectors. It highlights the significance of quasi-tax supports, VAT exemptions, and interest subsidies in encouraging investments. The employment and income tax withholding supports, especially in the 6th region, are recognized for their contribution to reducing unemployment. The study concludes by underscoring the need for continuous evaluation and adaptation of incentive schemes to address evolving economic challenges.

문화적 도시재생에 의한 도시관광 개발과 방향

Purpose: This study is a case analysis of Yangrim-dong, Gwangju. For each of the five strategic sectors, the current status of implementation, performance, problems, and limitations so far were analyzed, and implications and future improvement directions were presented.
 Methods: Based on the theoretical review, an analysis framework was established by deriving five strategic elements necessary for cultural urban regeneration and urban tourism activation, and the current status and problems of each strategy were analyzed for Yanglim-dong and activation plans were proposed.
 Results: We analyzed the plan for revitalizing urban tourism in connection with the cultural urban regeneration of Yangrim-dong, the research target site, and proposed the revitalization plan. As a result of the study, meaningful implications are presented in that it pursues sustainability
 Conclusion: This study is significant in that it analyzes the process and status of cultural urban regeneration and urban tourism projects in Yanglim-dong, Gwangju, and suggests strategies to revitalize urban tourism through cultural urban regeneration in Yanglim-dong. First, open traditional and Christian buildings. Second, develop a travel program. Third, organize community governance to seek directions for development. Fourth, it is necessary to prepare guidelines for environmental landscape design. Accordingly, it is hoped that Yanglim-dong can become a representative urban tourism destination in Gwangju through multilateral search and help achieve sustainable development.

Maximizing Revenue Generation Through Effective Tax Policies for Sustainable Economic Development in Nigeria; A Conceptual Review

This paper focused on the imperative of maximizing revenue generation in Nigeria through the implementation of effective tax policies. In a nation characterized by diverse economic sectors and challenges such as tax evasion and a significant informal economy, the need for strategic fiscal policies is paramount. This paper explores the multifaceted approach to effective taxation, including broadening the tax base, simplifying the tax system, and utilizing technology for efficient tax collection. Drawing on progressive taxation, incentives for strategic sectors and ensuring transparency, the paper advocates for policies that not only increase revenue but also promote economic stability and social equity. The importance of reducing dependence on oil revenue, enhancing compliance, and encouraging investments is highlighted. In conclusion, it stresses that effective tax policies are integral to Nigeria's economic stability, providing funding for critical sectors such as education and healthcare. The paper emphasizes the significance of these policies in reducing income inequality, fostering entrepreneurship, and creating a conducive environment for business growth. As a recommendation, the paper suggests that policymakers prioritize the implementation of these strategies, invest in modern tax administration technologies, and foster collaboration between government agencies and the private sector. These measures can pave the way for a financially robust Nigeria, ensuring sustainable development and an improved quality of life for its citizens.

Cooperative Exploration Model of Coal–Gallium Deposit: A Case Study of the Heidaigou Coal–Gallium Deposit in the Jungar Coalfield, Inner Mongolia, China

Gallium (Ga) is a typical scattered trace element that is irreplaceable in strategic sectors such as national defense, wireless communications, new materials, renewable energy, and healthcare. The coal–Ga deposit is an important complement to traditional Ga resources and has become a significant focus for Ga mineral resource exploration. Therefore, there is an urgent need to research the coal–Ga cooperative exploration model from both technical and economic perspectives. Taking the Heidaigou coal–Ga deposit as an example, the enrichment zone of coal–Ga is predominantly situated in the northern part of the exploration area, adjacent to the fault zone. The Ga concentration demonstrates a gradual decline from the north–central region towards the northeast and southeast. Similar vertical Ga distribution patterns are observed in adjacent drillings, with notably higher concentrations in the roof, floor, and parting layers. The cooperative exploration model for coal–Ga deposits is proposed based on the above features. The model employs a comprehensive set of cooperative technical methods, such as remote sensing, geological mapping, seismic exploration, drilling, petrogeochemistry, and well logging. The layout of exploration engineering and the concentration of Ga provide the basis for the estimation of Ga resources. Additionally, the model provides an important scientific basis for the improvement of the strategic coordination ability of Ga mineral resources.

OECD Ülkelerinde Askeri Harcamaların Gelişmişliğe Yansımaları

It is argued that the military expenditures have negative effects on economic development, most probably, due to the diversion of the country’s resources to the unproductive sectors and its adverse impact on civilian production and welfare level. Nevertheless, it is also recognized that the military expenditures, when coupled with openness to innovation and its evolution into civilian sectors, can contribute to sustainable development. This study investigates the functioning of the mechanism of transforming military expenditures into R&D, R&D into patents and patents into income for the period 1995-2020 for 32 OECD member countries with data available, through the Phillips and Sul (2007, 2009) club convergence analysis. The findings reveal that the countries in the first group with a high military expenditure share within GDP such as Australia, Canada, South Korea, and the United States, engage in military expenditures within the context of development and innovation hypotheses. On the other hand, findings show that the countries also in the first group such as Chile, Colombia, Greece, Portugal, and Türkiye, make their military expenditures with the aim of coping with external threats and deterrence, and this situation, by leading to an inefficiency of the resource utilization, results in these countries’ staying within the undeveloped group. Based on the findings of the study, it is concluded that, in countries exceeding a certain level of development, military expenditures can contribute to the development of the strategic sectors by stimulating civil sectors and foster the sustainable development of the countries through the direction of this to the high-technology fields.

Interplay of Government Support and Foreign Investment in Enhancing R&D in China’s Strategic Sectors

Interplay of Government Support and Foreign Investment in Enhancing R&D in China’s Strategic Sectors

Regulation And Literacy Must Strengthen Digital Transformation

Indonesia has prepared a digital transformation roadmap for the next 25 years, which serves as a guideline for digital transformation in four strategic sectors: digital infrastructure, government, digital economy, and society. The government has accelerated digital transformation, but regulations must strengthen and anticipate all obstacles and impacts of digital transformation. To reduce adverse effects and increase the growth of various sectors, digital transformation must be guarded by adequate regulations that strengthen rather than hinder it. Currently, the acceleration of digital transformation is supported by Law Number 6 of 2023 concerning Job Creation, Presidential Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 82 of 2023 concerning the Acceleration of Digital Transformation and Integration of National Digital Services, and a statement from related state institutions. A digital literacy program has been held, but a Microsoft survey shows that Indonesian society's digital civility still needs to improve. Based on the Global World Digital Competitiveness Index 2023, Indonesia is in the 45th position out of 64 countries, still behind Malaysia and Thailand. Completing the 2021-2024 Digital Indonesia Roadmap is one of the mandates from the five 2020. The roadmap focuses on four strategic domains: modernizing digital infrastructure, accelerating digital government, digital economy, and digital society. The government has embarked on an ambitious nationwide digital transformation program, and there is a palpable energy on digital transformation efforts at all levels of government.

Valuation of State Owned Companies (Based on Energy Sector)

The transition to the market orientation from the centralized economy, which started from 1990s, brought a great deal of important changes in Mongolian economy. Implementation of policies on market liberalization, promotion of free market and fair competition and privatization of state managed assets enabled the development of private sector and creation of legal entities in various forms such as privately owned companies, joint stock and state owned enterprises operating on the market. By February of 2024, there are 26 state owned companies (SOC) operating in energy sector of Mongolia, among over 100 fully or partially state owned companies that are involved in strategic sectors such as energy, mining, communications and transportation. Being fundamental to the national security and overall socio-economic stability of the country, the energy sector is necessarily considered to be developed ahead of other sectors and hence, this research is focused on the comprehensive valuation of performances for state owned energy manufacturing and transmission companies of Mongolia. Main research subjects are 26 State Owned Companies (SOC) operating in energy sector of Mongolia.

The emperors' new armor: Strategic sectors and trade dependence in recent protectionism

The emperors' new armor: Strategic sectors and trade dependence in recent protectionism

Prospects for the lithium deposits development in Ukraine

The article is devoted to establishing the current state of lithium deposits exploration in Ukraine and the prospects for providing strategic sectors of the economy with this critical raw material. The countries with the most favourable conditions for the lithium extraction from ore and sediment deposits, as well as the potential of Ukraine on the world market, were determined. Global trends in lithium consumption in various industries, as well as its impact on market value, have been established. The main directions of lithium use of in high-tech sectors of the economy and forecast indicators of the level of consumption until 2035 are given, which confirms the critical role of this material in the construction of electric vehicles, renewable energy and the defence industry. The mining and geological conditions for the occurrence of lithium deposits have been established, which indicates the possibility of mining this material by underground and surface method. The geological characteristics of the largest Ukrainian lithium deposits have been studied, which allows determining further directions for its development. Estimated reserves of lithium have been established in the most significant deposits of Ukraine, which include Polokhivske, Shevchenkivske, Dobra and Kruta Balka. The approximate content of lithium in the ore of the specified deposits has been determined, which makes it possible to forecast the country’s resource availability with this critical raw material and the strengthening of global technological chains in the future.

A Systematic Strategic Technology Planning Process for Material and Component Industries With a Sectoral Innovation System View

Recent trade tensions between the U.S. and China force multinational corporations to deal with severe supply chain disruptions. Although the comparative advantage of nations is the basis of supply chain collaboration in a serious rivalry between leading and emerging power, composite materials are often employed as weapons to protect the competitive advantage of strategic sectors in advanced nations. Also, the tight coupling between product and process innovation has been a critical issue in risk-sharing partnerships in manufacturing. Thus, in this article, we examine how firms make transitions in interdependence-decoupling cycles in the context of increasing competitive tensions. Practitioners and researchers still have difficulties finding practical guidelines for effective strategic technology planning encompassing various types of innovations. This study proposes a systematic strategic technology planning process in public R&D programs affecting a firm's strategic technology planning. There is ample evidence and/or cases to show the effectiveness of technology planning for the material and component industries (MCIs) with different characteristics. The primary objective is to address the unique aspect of the MCI roadmap and provide a more advanced framework for public technology planning. Consequently, the systematic technology planning process offers an R&D strategy to transform industry structure from finished products to components and materials for responding to severe supply chain disruptions across the value chain.

Ukrainian Startup Ecosystem as a Driver of Economic and Strategic Resilience

The aim of the article is to comprehensively analyze the key adaptive transformations in the technological ecosystem of Ukraine during the wartime period as a driver of its economic and strategic development, in particular in the period of post-war reconstruction, as well as to generalize the most relevant approaches and features of evaluation of startups. Particular attention is paid to strategic startups in the field of defense, cybersecurity, deep learning algorithms, space and other advanced production technologies, in particular in the context of specific aspects that should be taken into account when assessing their value. The study uses general scientific methods and specific economic and statistical approaches, in particular methods of analysis and synthesis to classify approaches to evaluating startups, as well as descriptive statistics and graphical analysis to identify structural changes in the technological ecosystem of Ukraine. The carried out study showed that in recent years there has been a significant increase in the number and variety of startups specializing in strategic sectors of the economy. Their development is due to both the strategic needs of the State for means to increase defense capability and national security, and global technological trends, in particular in the field of artificial intelligence and cybersecurity. In addition, it is determined that for assessing the value of startups in strategic sectors of the economy, the most flexible and relevant are the method of real options, the method of testing hypotheses, and the approaches based on scenario analysis. The results of the presented study can be taken into account when improving traditional and new methods of evaluating startups and new companies, in particular in terms of taking into account their strategic value using premiums or other valuation techniques. Prospects for future research in this direction are to improve the existing methods for evaluating startups from strategic industries, taking into account the specifics of the sector and the high level of geopolitical and macroeconomic uncertainty.

Development Strategies For Halal Tourism In Indonesia Through The Smart Tourism Approach

Halal tourism in Indonesia has experienced rapid growth and has become a strategic sector in the economic and cultural landscape. In an effort to maximize this potential, the smart tourism approach has become the foundation for a holistic development strategy. The aim of this writing is to provide a comprehensive overview of the development strategy for halal tourism in Indonesia through the smart tourism approach. By analyzing its progress, identifying challenges, and formulating solutions, this writing aims to offer a profound and solution-oriented perspective. This article is a literature review utilizing qualitative methods. Document data is collected from relevant journals and books and analyzed using content analysis methods. The research findings indicate that the smart tourism approach, through the utilization of digital technology, engagement with local communities, and strengthening infrastructure, is key to the success of halal tourism development. This integrated solution not only creates significant economic opportunities but also supports cultural preservation, positioning halal tourism as an inclusive and competitive sector on a global scale.

Cyberbezpieczeństwo a ochrona infrastruktury krytycznej

The functioning of critical infrastructure depends on information and communication technologies (ICT) systems that enable its equipment or facilities to operate smoothly. Threats to its functioning can present a major issue for the state and society, as it also spans strategic sectors which overlap with the essential services which remain within the purview of operators of essential services. Because of the relationship that links strategic systems within critical infrastructure and simultaneously supports its operation with essential services, ensuring cybersecurity will also affect the protection of this infrastructure. It should be emphasised that critical infrastructure may be adequately protected by ensuring the cyber resilience of the ICT systems it utilises and through cooperation between the public and the private sector.

Comparative analysis of population growth and women employment patterns in agriculture and service sectors: Evidence from China and India.

This study uses a comparative approach to investigate population growth patterns and women employment in two strategic sectors of China and India from 2005 to 2021. Consequently, a descriptive statistic was used to estimate the performance of each of the variables of interest. The results showed that the average mean value of population growth rate in China is 0.52 % while that of India is 1.23%. The mean value of women employed in agriculture in India is higher comparing to the average percentage of women in agriculture in China. Moreover, Chinese service sector accounts for 45.27% of female workforce but its India counterpart engages 21.71% of women working population. This implies that the Chinese service sector engages a significant proportion of the female working population. In the light of this, policymakers in India should prioritise investment in human development of the female population in order to ensure gender balancing in the service sector of the country. Also, the policymakers in India need to embark on a proactive measure in controlling its increasing population in order to ensure that the country's population growth rate does not overshoot the means of sustenance in the country.

PORTUGUESE TOURISM – SUSTAINABLE PLANNING: AN OVERVIEW

Purpose. The post-COVID challenges led to rethinking the Portuguese tourism policy within the context of reinforcing the goals of sustainability . Despite the high complexity of perspectives on tourism planning, this paper aims at discussing the importance of tourism planning and management to achieve sustainable tourism development.Method. The paper is a literature review on tourism planning and management. Simultaneously, categorial content analysis is conducted with regard to Portuguese tourism challenges and planning tools.Findings. Tourism is a strategic sector for the Portuguese sustainable development as recognised in a set of planning tools, such as “Tourism Strategy 2027” [TP 2017], “The Reactivate Tourism. Build the Future Action Plan” [TP 2021a], and the “+ Sustainable Tourism Plan: 2020-23 - More than a challenge, it is the way” [TP 2021b]. Sustainability, inclusiveness, cohesion, participation, dialogue, integration, conservation, preservation, innovation and responsibility are keywords in this process.Research limitations and conclusions. The discussion about Portuguese tourism planning can be deepened considering other methodological tools, such as interviews with tourism planning stakeholders, in order to evaluate its effectiveness as well as future planning trends in a post-COVID-19 pandemic and within the volatile context of the war in Ukraine.Originality. The number of publications associated with Portuguese tourism planning is limited, thus highlighting the need for more studies.Type of paper. A case study.

Strategic Tasks of State Support for the Post-War Development of the National Economy

The article highlights the main issues of government support for the post-war development of priority sectors of the national economy that are of strategic importance for sustainable economic development and national defense capabilities; and substantiates the corresponding instruments of fiscal support using the example of titanium industry. In the study, the strategic tasks of government support for the post-war development of national economy are considered from the standpoint of a comprehensive solution to the problems of forming an innovative foundation for economic renewal, ensuring the technological change, creation of a complete cycle of deep titanium processing and titanium production in Ukraine which will meet the needs of domestic demand and the entry of domestic producers into world markets. Ensuring changes in educational sphere in accordance with the real economy’s demand for technical specialists and professionals is seen as a part of a comprehensive industrial policy approach, and fiscal instruments for this purpose are proposed.
 The need to expand the list of instruments of government support for the development of strategic industries is substantiated. The list should include both measures of tax support for investment projects with significant investments provided for by current legislation, as well as grants, innovative transfers from the government budget, measures to support the export of innovative titanium products, and innovative corporate income tax benefit to stimulate innovations, training tax allowance to support business investment in human capital. Proposals to extend the instruments for financing priority sectors of Ukraine’s economic revival do not contradict the norms of EU legislation in the field of government aid.
 Possible measures for ordering the regulatory framework of the proposed in the article direct budgetary and indirect government support instruments for the innovative development of strategic sectors of the economy are outlined. In particular, changes to the Tax Code of Ukraine on the introduction of innovation and training allowances for corporate income tax, changes in the minimum useful life of innovative equipment, and tax credit recognition of VAT amounts in the acquisition prices of technology property rights and in the import of technology under a technology transfer agreement, as well as to the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of January 24, 2020 No. 28 “On the provision of financial government support” in terms of increasing the volume of loans and reducing the cost of their servicing for business entities in the titanium industry.

Statistics of Industrial Protectionism. Part I: The Formation of Organizational and Institutional Mechanisms

Numerous decisions made by the Ukrainian government in the conditions of a state of war require high-quality data. Among the identified priorities for the recovery of the domestic economy is the development of strategic industries, the implementation of which will necessitate new state decisions, along with statistical data to assess their outcomes. Historical parallels between the situation at the beginning of the 20th century and recent events serve as the basis for the assumption that the answer to the question of "How to accelerate the economic recovery of Ukraine?" should be sought not in the analysis of contemporary policies in developed countries but primarily in the investigation of retrospective mechanisms that facilitated the growth of existing industries and the creation of new ones. The aim of the article is to examine historical facts related to the implementation of industrial protectionism in the challenging conditions of war and post-war recovery in Great Britain. It seeks to identify the organizational and institutional mechanisms of the statistical system that facilitated the implementation and assessment of the outcomes of such decisions. Furthermore, the article aims to formulate conclusions that can be applied to Ukraine. It has been established that the First World War was a pivotal moment in the economic policy of Great Britain, directing it towards protectionism. The catalyst for this shift was the realization that critical national industries were in a precarious state due to the lack of imported supplies of various goods, mainly synthetic dyes and chemical ingredients, upon which the economy and security depended. This prompted the country's parliament and government to regulate industry and implement tools of state aid and protection against foreign competitors. Along with this, it led to organizational and institutional changes in the statistical system, as well as shifts in the directions and methodological approaches to monitoring the obtained results and the actual introduction of statistics related to industrial protectionism. It has been demonstrated that historical parallels during the COVID-19 pandemic are evident in terms of both the identified dependencies on the import of active pharmaceutical ingredients and other substances (two-thirds of production concentrated in China) and the government's actions to address the situation and changes in statistics.
 Drawing from the experience of Great Britain, it is justified that the introduction of measures to develop strategic sectors in Ukraine, accompanied by state incentives and protective tariffs, necessitates the modernization of the organizational and institutional mechanisms of the national statistical system. A component of these processes should be the digitization of functions assigned to the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, which would allow for obtaining high-quality operational data for both decision-making and evaluating their outcomes.

Renewable Energy as an Emerging Strategic Sector in China

Sanayi Devrimi’nden itibaren enerji kaynağı olarak yoğun bir şekilde fosil yakıtların kullanılmasıyla gerçekleştirilen üretim, çevre bozulması ve iklim değişmesi gibi sorunların ortaya çıkmasında önemli rol oynamıştır. Bunun yanında fosil yakıtların tükenme tehlikesi altında olması endüstriyel üretimin devamlılığı açısından ayrı bir sorun olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Dolayısıyla sürdürülebilir kalkınma tartışmalarında açlık, yoksulluk, eşitsizlikler gibi başka pek çok sorunla mücadeleyle birlikte temiz enerji kullanımının geliştirilmesi de yer almıştır ve ülkelerin yenilenebilir enerji sektörlerini geliştirme çabaları başlamıştır. 1970’lerin sonundan itibaren gerçekleştirdiği reformlarla ekonomik başarı elde ederek küresel ve bölgesel düzeyde gücünü arttırmış olan Çin’in yenilenebilir enerji sektöründe de oldukça iyi performans gösterdiği görülmektedir. Çevre sorunlarının getirdiği olumsuz sonuçların yanında, dünyanın en büyük enerji ithalatçılarından biri olan Çin enerji güvenliği meselesi yüzünden çevre ve enerji ile ilgili sektörlerin gelişimine önem vermektedir. Ayrıca bu sektörler Çin’in gelişen stratejik sektörleri arasında yer almaktadır. Özellikle 2008 yılında gerçekleşen küresel finans krizinden itibaren Çin stratejik olarak belirlediği sektörlerde yasal düzenlemelerin yanında önemli ölçüde devlet kontrolünde ve devlet müdahalesinde bulunmaktadır. Gelişen stratejik sektör olarak görülen yenilenebilir enerji sektöründe de benzer bir yaklaşım olup olmadığını sorgulayan bu inceleme sonucunda, bu sektöre de Çin devletinin çeşitli yöntemlerle müdahale ettiği görülmektedir.

China’s Contribution Through Belt and Road initiative in The New Era

<p>In recent years, China's swift economic growth has played a larger role in the global economy. Implemented innovation categories include manufacturing production centers, technological innovation, infrastructure and investment, space exploration, financial technology, the e-commerce revolution, and electric vehicles. China will continue to invest in research and development, high technology, and other strategic sectors to maintain sustainable eco-nomic growth and play a larger role in the global economy in the new era, as a result of the Belt and Road Initiative, which has had a significant impact on the future of the world, such as the construction of infrastructure, education, culture, and also for agriculture.</p>