Strategic Options Research Articles

An AHP-TOWS Analysis of Options for Promoting Disaster Risk Reduction Infrastructure in Informal Settlements of Greater Giyani Local Municipality, South Africa

In the face of unstoppable urbanisation, disaster risks are projected to increase, mainly in unplanned areas that usually lack disaster risk reducing infrastructure. In Africa, including South Africa, limited resources and capacity hinder the provision of such infrastructure. The objective of this study was to determine options for promoting disaster risk reducing infrastructure in informal settlements in Giyani Municipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa, a disaster risk-prone area. A case study was conducted to collect primary data from purposively selected experts and the SWOT factors from the Integrated Development Plan Report of 2019/2020. A TOWS analytical hierarchical process was applied to pairwise comparisons of factors to prioritize them using eigenvalues and generate strategic options for promoting disaster risk reduction infrastructure in the informal settlements of Giyani Local Municipality. In the TOWS results, the experts suggested integrating traditional authorities into the municipal development processes, implementing an environmental framework that includes disaster management policies and an integrated waste management plan, and developing innovative technological projects that provide up-to-date spatial planning data to provide disaster risk reducing infrastructure in informal areas. This study concludes that the provision of affordable housing, clean regular piped water, storm and sewer drainage systems, street lighting, accessible routes, solid waste collection, electricity, and healthcare services would reduce a range of disaster risks.

Improving the resilience of maritime supply chains: The integration of ports and inland transporters in duopoly markets

The adverse impact of the outbreak of COVID-19 has reduced ports’ operational efficiency. In addition, ports and inland logistics providers are generally independent of each other and difficult to work together, which leads to time loss. Thus, as the core player, ports can integrate with inland logistics providers to improve the efficiency and resilience of maritime supply chains. This study examines the strategic options of two competing maritime supply chains consisting of ports and inland logistics providers. We investigate the impact of cooperation between ports and inland logistics providers and government regulation on the maritime supply chain by comparing members’ optimal pricing and overall social welfare under centralized, decentralized, and hybrid scenarios. Results indicate that the hybrid scenario is an equilibrium strategy for maritime supply chain, although this strategy is not optimal for governments seeking to improve supply chain resilience and maximize social welfare. Furthermore, observations show that through government economic intervention, both seaborne supplies can be incentivized to adopt an integrated strategy, and business and society can achieve a win–win situation.

The emerging saffron value chain in the M’Zab valley – southern Algeria: an analysis of ongoing dynamics and strategic development options

The saffron growing has emerged over the last decade in Algeria and has diffused in different agroclimatic regions, especially in the M'Zab valley and its periphery in the Saharan region of the country. This study sets out to analyze the emerging saffron value chain in the M’Zab valley and suggests strategic options for strengthening its development. The analysis was based on a case study. The methodology applied the tools of value chain analysis in its positive and normative dimensions: a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches based on the triangulation of data collection methods (interviews, secondary data collection, direct observations). A participatory approach was used to make a SWOT analysis and to propose strategies for developing the value chain. The results showed that the local saffron value chain has strengths (proftabilty and quality) and opportunities (growing demand of healthy and natural products), but its performance is limited by weaknesses (producers skills, marketing) and threats (Fraud or counterfeiting related to imported saffron) mainly related to the deficiencies in the institutional environment. Recommendations are made for elaborating a national saffron export strategy and building a competitive value chain able to take advantage of the expected growth in world demand.

CREDIT, DEFAULT, AND OPTIMAL HEALTH INSURANCE

AbstractI study how credit and default affect optimal health insurance, constructing a life‐cycle model of health investment with a strategic default option on emergency room bills and financial debts. The model is calibrated to the U.S. economy and used to compare the optimal policy for Medicaid by the availability of the default option and credit. I find that strategic default induces the optimal policy to be more redistributive. With (Without) the option, the optimal income threshold for Medicaid eligibility is 44% (25%) of the average income. In these findings, the interaction between strategic default and preventative medical spending is important.

Corporate new venture development at Dahan Tricom: the case of a new B2B e-commerce business

Learning outcomes 1. Understand how the corporate lifecycle could trigger a necessity of making a tough decision to develop new business ventures based on the corporate lifecycle theory; and how changes in the external environment could hasten such a decision. 2. Analyze how a company can leverage its internal organizational structure to share and utilize cross-departmental resources and capabilities to support new venture businesses according to the synergy effect perspective. 3. Undertake a resource-based view analysis to evaluate the external and internal resources needed for corporate new venture development. 4. Identify the best course of action for the decision-maker by comparing, contrasting, applying and evaluating the two different models of corporate new venture development in the e-commerce business: the centralized organizational model and the decentralized organizational model and evaluate the pros and cons associated with each mode in the context of Dahan’s external and internal environments. Case overview/synopsis Since its inception in 2003, Dahan’s traditional business in SMS (Short Message Services) and data had gained thousands of customers across China and won top rankings in the industry. Despite its achievements, Dahan encountered difficulties when it entered the new e-commerce market, as the domain knowledge about the new business was very different from the domain knowledge in its traditional business. Furthermore, the emerging B2B e-commerce industry was very different from the traditional business in that the former mainly targeted corporate clients and the latter targeted individual customers in the B2C industry. This case examined the critical decisions that Xiaofen Huang, the CEO of Dahan E-Commerce Corporation and Co-Founder of Dahan Tricom Group, had to make and external, especially Internal, resources the Dahan Group needed in developing its new venture. Specifically, this case explored how Huang would go through the mental process to make the best possible decision to help the company not only to survive, but also thrive in the rapidly-changing and competitive digital environment: it urgently needed to finalize an organizational incubation model to support the further development of its e-commerce and future new venture activities with two options to choose from: the centralized organizational model or the decentralized organizational model. A key challenge facing Huang was to decide which option was best suited to motivate salespeople in different departments to help one another, especially in the new B2B e-commerce business and to grow that new business. In the case, Dahan’s growth aspirations and its motivation to transform its traditional business into a new e-commerce business were discussed. Second, when external challenges were examined, how Dahan explored the B2B e-commerce business using a trial-and-error learning process was explained. Third, when internal challenges were examined, how Dahan incubated its new B2B e-commerce business and its practices for leveraging and sharing resources/capabilities, as well as cross-departmental and cross-divisional collaboration through a resource-based lens, were illustrated. Last, the most critical learning in the case presented an immediate decision-making dilemma on which organizational incubation models to choose from for further new business development, where students learn to analyze both external and internal factors and consider Dahan’s available resource and founder’s aspiration, available strategic options to derive a best possible decision to suit the stage of the company’s lifecycle and founders’ vision. Complexity academic level This case was designed for use in undergraduate courses on corporate innovation, new venture development, corporate innovation, corporate entrepreneurship, e-commerce and growth. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 11: Strategy.

Eden All Natural peanut butter: A small enterprise competing in a saturated South African market

Subject area of the teaching case: The case is particularly well suited to courses in marketing, promotion, integrated marketing communication, or marketing for small and medium enterprises. Student level: This teaching case is aimed at postgraduate students in management or business programmes. Brief overview of the teaching case: This case focusses on the growth direction and product promotion decisions of Debbie Ncube, cofounder and managing director of Eden All Natural (Eden) - an award-winning small enterprise that competes in the peanut butter category - in 2021. Conservative with the use of the company’s financial resources, Ncube has to reconsider Eden’s reliance on word-of-mouth, social media, and network marketing for promoting her range of natural peanut and other nut-based products. The case requires students to identify and evaluate the growth options available to Eden, to consider the strategy decisions around product line management and brand development, and to explore the role of packaging in effective product promotion. Expected learning outcomes: To develop strategic product-market growth options (using the market diversification matrix) for a growing enterprise To recommend what product line management and brand development strategies can be employed as the product mix gets bigger To explore how packaging could continue to be leveraged to grow sales

STRATEGI KOMISI PEMILIHAN UMUM KALIMANTAN TIMUR DALAM MENINGKATKAN ANGKA PARTISIPASI PEMILIH PADA PEMILU SERENTAK TAHUN 2024

Strategy of the General Election Commission (KPU) of East Kalimantan in Increasing Voter Participation Rates in the 2024 Simultaneous Elections, Emi Rohaimi, Postgraduate Masters Program in Public Administration at Mulawarman University, February 2022, Prof. Dr. Hj. Aji Ratna Kusuma, M.Si and Prof. Dr. Hj. Hartutiningsih, M.Si.This study aims to produce a choice of strategies and efforts that can be considered by the East Kalimantan KPU in increasing voter turnout in the 2024 election. The study uses a SWOT analysis model in a qualitative approach.The results of the study show: 1. That there are a number of strategic options for the East Kalimantan KPU, namely (1) SO: regulation, internal-external cooperation, completing infrastructure, optimizing funding sources. (2) WO: optimizing human resources with stakeholders and new partners, strengthening communication and coordination partnerships, controlling critical thinking, and developing creativity. (3) ST: regulation suppresses negative competition, HR suppresses hardline and transactional group thinking; National government and local government funding; complete the facilities and infrastructure; strategies and methods of controlling critical thinking in urban communities. (4) WT: preventing negative competition for election participants, optimizing ethok officers or volunteers as well as driving cadres, developing Regency/City KPU creativity; communication and coordination prevent misunderstandings; critical and intelligent thinking control partnership; 2. Efforts that can be made by the East Kalimantan KPU to increase voter participation rates. (1) Internal strengthening, utilizing and empowering strengths and minimizing weaknesses. Improving the quality of human resources, partnerships with educational and political institutions, as well as suffrage education. (2) Paying attention to national and regional dynamics to deal with external conditions with the assistance of Regency/Municipal KPU for well-targeted socialization. Keywords: Strategy to increase voter participation, General Election.

THE APPLICATION OF STRATEGIC ANALYSIS IN MARITIME SECURITY DEVELOPMENT

The study presented here is of interdisciplinary nature because it combines prob-lems from the field of security sciences with methods and tools applied in management and quality sciences. It proves the functionality of strategic analysis applied to strengthen and develop maritime security of the State. A reference point to the analysis discussed in the study is Poland’s Strategic Concept for Maritime Security which provides a comprehensive definition of numerous notions and problems necessary to perform it. The recommendations provided in the above-mentioned document have been verified on the basis of the result of the strategic analysis. The result, in turn, determines a scope of actions that should be undertaken. The scope should be understood as a strategic option that comes as a stage of a long-term process, the further stages of which result from a periodic revision of the strate-gic analysis that can come from some possible changes in the environment of the analysed entity/State and from the evolution of its strengths and weaknesses. Resulting from the analysis, the strategic options allow the strategy to be implemented in the forms of pro-grammes for the modernisation of the naval forces, operations undertaken in the field of maritime critical infrastructure, non-military operations undertaken by the State admin-istration and maritime economy to improve maritime security. The results of the particular stages of the strategic analysis come as the outcome of the Author’s original work.

Legal Regulation On The Implementation Of Electronic Certificates

Land as an economically valuable asset will increase in the future is a strategic option. Based on this, it can be said that land is a very important need for society. To utilize a land or plot of land, a person or community must first have authority over the land or what is known as the right of control over land. With the ownership of the land rights, a person or community can have a basis of authority and obligation and prohibition to do something on the land they own. Based on the background described above, the author is interested in researching the legal arrangements for the implementation of electronic certificates. This study uses theories and possibly hypotheses. This study aims to find a rule of law, legal principles, and legal doctrines to answer legal issues faced. From the results of the study it is known that the provisions of land based on legislation in Indonesia, which is regulated in Law No. 5 of 1960 on basic agrarian principles, which regulates the basics and provisions of the control, ownership, use and utilization of National Agrarian resources in Indonesia, it includes the basics and basic provisions, the rights to the homeland and space as well as land registration. The legal regulation on the implementation of electronic certificates refers to ATR/BPN Ministerial Regulation Number 1 of 2021 concerning electronic certificates. The mechanism for issuing electronic certificates is in accordance with agrarian and Spatial Planning Regulation Number 1 of 2021 concerning electronic certificates in Article 4 paragraph (4) electronic documents issued through electronic systems are authorized using electronic signatures in accordance with statutory provisions and validated by authorized officials or appointed officials and given digital stamps through electronic systems.

Station-Based or Free-Floating? An Integrated Carsharing System with Dual Service Types

A specific service type is applied by most one-way carsharing operators, either station-based or free-floating, which depends on whether users are required to pick up and return vehicles in fixed parking lots. However, both of them have inherent limitations. The station-based carsharing system encounters the weakness of low parking-space utilization, whereas the free-floating system needs to face high parking and relocation costs. To overcome the limitations of single-type carsharing systems, this paper proposes an integrated system to apply the two types in different parts of the service area. A mixed-integer linear-programming model is established to maximize the operator profit, considering both strategic decisions of service type and operational decisions of relocation and trip selection. Despite the fact that the model can be solved by the CPLEX solver, it is limited by excessive memory usage and too long solving time in large-scale cases. To enhance the solving feasibility of the proposed model, a heuristic algorithm is proposed to effectively iterate feasible strategic options and solve the operational subproblem. The numerical results of the case study show that the proposed algorithm can achieve comparable objectives with the CPLEX solver in a much shorter computational time. Through system comparison, the integrated system achieves a larger profit and higher demand-fulfillment rate, compared with the single station-based or free-floating system. History: This paper has been accepted for the Service Science Special Issue on Innovation in Transportation-Enabled Urban Services.

COVID-19 Pandemic Challenges for MSMEs: Strategic Options for Surviving in the New Normal Era

The purpose of this study is to analyze the obstacles faced by MSMEs during the COVID-19 outbreak; and to analyze various MSME survival strategies in dealing with the COVID-19 outbreak and the new normal era. This study employs descriptive qualitative methods. Secondary data is gathered from secondary sources such as books, scientific publications, government rules, and policies. Based on the findings of this study, it reveals that MSME actors must recognize the competitive advantages of their business. MSMEs can use social media marketing and record financial reports following SAK EMKM. MSMEs can use cloud accounting to streamline the accounting process, consider customer relationship marketing strategies, and follow health protocols in running their business workplace. Several ways are expected to help MSMEs in their role as the backbone of the nation's economy.

Domino’s Pizza India: growing offline presence in an online world?

Learning outcomes The case study should enable the student:1. to assess the complexities of the Indian quick service restaurants (QSRs) market and its competitive dynamics;2. to infer the factors which have contributed to the growth of Domino’s Pizza in India;3. to apply different tools and techniques to assess and refine strategy;4. to evaluate Domino’s Pizza India in the context of the value chain analysis; and5. to examine the strategic options available to Domino’s India for achieving its future growth in India. Case overview/synopsis The case details the growth story of American pizza chain Domino’s in India. Jubilant Food Works Limited (JFL), a part of the Jubilant Bhartia Group, operates the Domino’s Pizza chain in India. The first restaurant was opened in India in 1996 and, in the initial years, the focus was on promoting and popularising “pizza” as an interesting meal replacement option. Over the years, through memorable advertising, operational efficiency and product innovation, Domino’s emerged as the market leader in the organised pizza market in India. The growth in competition both from domestic and international brands and the challenge posed by the growth of food aggregators posed challenges to its prospect of maintaining market leadership. The nationwide lockdown because of the pandemic severely impacted the foodservice industry. Significant changes were seen in the operations of the QSR and rapid growth was witnessed in online food ordering especially through food delivery apps. The management at JFL believed that the demand for QSR would increase rapidly in the country given the possibility of closure of 30%–35% of conventional restaurants. This company had raised the store addition target for FY22 to 150–175 from earlier 135 as it believed that there would be a greater demand for trusted brands. The management believed that the domestic market had the capacity to absorb 3,000 Domino’s outlets compared with the earlier estimate of 1,800–2,000 outlets. In the first quarter of FY22, it added 20 new Domino’s stores. Was the management correct in anchoring its future success on new physical retail outlets? Was there a need to revisit the strategy? Complexity academic level The case has been written with the objective of enabling the students to understand the dynamics of a rapidly changing emerging market. It is structured for use at a Master’s level course and an MBA audience in the subject of Business Strategy/Retail Strategy. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 11: Strategy.

Overview of Green Energy as a Real Strategic Option for Sustainable Development

The global renewable energy landscape is changing rapidly. Green energies reduce greenhouse gas emissions, diversify the energy supply, and lower dependence on volatile and uncertain fossil fuel markets. The future looks promising for green energy sources, which are taking on an increasingly important role, especially in the current context, as governments are trying to identify viable solutions to the energy crisis and reduce dependence on fossil fuels. Worldwide, there is a growing interest in and support for green energy sources, a factor that could help accelerate the current energy transition. Despite these positive developments, much remains to be done globally to make the energy transition a reality. In this respect, the European Union member states have committed to a wide neutrality target by establishing an increase in the total share of energy from renewable sources to 55% (by 2030) and, at the same time, reducing the net greenhouse gas effect emissions by at least 55% until 2030 to reach the neutrality target by 2050. Green energy sources are essential for long-term efforts to mitigate climate change and will play an important role in improving energy security and accessibility. The efforts of every country to strengthen the energy sector through the development of green energies will reduce geopolitical risks and disproportionate external costs for society. The large-scale use of green energies will contribute to sustainable development. The objective of our research is to review the literature on green energy in the context of sustainable development by analyzing research conducted by various authors and international organizations on these topics. The period considered for this study is 2011–2020. Our research focused on the EU 27, but the review also took into account the results obtained by other countries worldwide, such as China, the USA, Norway, and Iceland. The main research method used was the analysis of scientific papers, studies developed by international organizations, and a wide set of agreements and political commitments assumed by different states for developing green energy as a solution for sustainable development. The obtained results show an interesting international debate about green energies and how they can contribute to sustainable development. This paper’s results also show that in 2019 at the global level, low-carbon energy sources, including nuclear power and renewable energy, accounted for 15.7% of primary energy (solar, wind, hydropower, bioenergy, geothermal and wave and tidal), while in 2021, for the EU 27, the share of energy from renewable sources reached 22%. According to international statistics, more than 90% of the governments of many countries are making investments to efficiently capitalize on green energy sources and to design new models of sustainable economic and social development, in order to lower pollution levels, reduce the dependence on fossil fuel imports and limit the climate change impact.

Dynamic capabilities for digital procurement transformation: a systematic literature review

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to achieve a collective understanding of the capabilities required for digital procurement transformation (DPT).Design/methodology/approachThe authors contextualize theory about dynamic capabilities (DCs) to integrate the fragmented body of literature on procurement digitalization by means of a systematic literature review (SLR). By extracting and clustering capabilities, as well as proven performance outcomes from existing literature in the field, the authors develop a conceptual model of the DCs required for DPT.FindingsThe authors first introduce and define DPT and the corresponding motivations that trigger firms to invest in advanced digital technologies. Second, by adopting the DC lens, the authors provide an overview of nine microfoundations required for DPT and highlight the strategic options procurement leaders can use when strategizing about adopting combinations of digital technologies. Third, the authors present a future research agenda on DCs for DPT.Research limitations/implicationsThe developed conceptual model must be verified and enhanced through further empirical research.Practical implicationsThe conceptual model can be used by procurement leaders as a starting point and framework when strategizing about digitally transforming the procurement organization.Originality/valueThe study is the first to synthesize previous research findings on procurement digitalization through an SLR in order to develop a fine-grained conceptual model that supports practitioners and researchers alike in better understanding the capabilities required for and potential performance outcomes of DPT.

The gap between development and manufacturing in gene therapy: Strategic options for overcoming traps

Gene therapy has been one of the most promising therapeutic approaches in recent years. This study analyzed a research and development (R&D) system for adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based gene therapies, and confirmed that there was a gap between the development and manufacturing capabilities. Although a start-up company that has no academic or manufacturing facilities can begin the clinical development process, it cannot successfully continue development activities without forming alliances and capital investment or, at a certain stage, without appropriate manufacturing and marketing strategies. We reviewed a series of case studies to categorize the acquisition patterns of pharmaceutical companies that are engaged in AAV gene therapy. These results provide insights into the R&D structures for AAV gene therapies from a technological management perspective.

Supporting collaboration and knowledge sharing in building SLEs for ageing well: Using cognitive mapping in KMS design

ABSTRACT This article seeks to contribute to the existing body of knowledge management systems (KMS) literature by using cognitive mapping and demonstrating its usefulness in terms of context analysis for identifying the knowledge needs of multiple stakeholders and the appropriate characteristics of a KMS technology solution. Empirical data were collected through two case studies conducted in Finland and Estonia that used knowledge panel meetings to bring together knowledgeable experts who represented quadruple helix (QH) regional innovation actors involved in building smart living environments for ageing well (SLEaws). Adopting a multi-criteria approach in both case studies, cognitive mapping as an important instrument of the strategic options development and analysis (SODA) methodology was used during the panel meetings of both cases to facilitate the decision making of the experts in developing an integrated framework or tool that can support KMS design.

Soil erosion risk under climate change scenarios: A case study in rural area with varying land uses

Soil erosion is one of the major issues in the tropics. The erosion is highly affected by the changes in climate and land cover. Future changes in tropical climate, particularly precipitation are expected to influence the potential risks of soil erosion. In the face of rapid changes in rural land cover for agricultural purposes, the combined forcings of land cover and climate changes have been to be a major threat to the soil conservation due to soil erosion. In this study, climate change scenarios at the northern part of Borneo were developed based on the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 climate scenarios using Weather Research Forecast Model (WRF). The future climate projection scenarios of the total precipitation were used to simulate the potential erosion risks in varying land covers in a rural area of Sabah, Malaysia. The RUSLE model was used for soil erosion modelling, which was integrated with IDRISI Selva that allow the analysis and assessment of erosion risk. The variability of future total precipitations in the area of varying land cover types have resulted in varying degree of potential soil erosion risk The average soil loss at the studied area has increased by 262 t/ha/yr with 35.94 % increment in annual precipitation under RCP 8.5 emission scenario. However, under RCP 4.5, 26.65 % decrement in precipitation has reduced the soil loss by 315.1 t/ha/yr. In this rural area, exceptionally high soil erosion was found at steep slopes and thin vegetation covers. Therefore, an appropriate land use planning, soil conservation practices, and strategic adaptation options plan should be created and developed to ensure the sustainability of the soil conservation and enhance rural agricultural productivity.

Improving community health-care systems' early detection of cognitive decline and dementia.

Preliminary estimates suggest that current global health-care systems lack the resource capacity to provide persons with dementia timely access to diagnosis, treatment, and care. There is an increasing need to improve timely identification of individuals who will likely progress to Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia particularly among under-represented, underserved, and vulnerable populations. The rapidly evolving area of bioinformatics of health system data and the emergence of fluid-based biomarkers for pre-symptomatic AD may provide an innovative strategic option for health system planners. A think-tank style meeting entitled "The Campaign to Prevent Alzheimer's Disease Work Group on Community-Based Detection and Assessment of Cognitive Decline" developed recommendations to guide future sustainability activities, public policy campaigns, and implementation pilots. The group identified and explored different pathways of community-based detection using electronic health records, from different international health-care systems, to detect and surveil individuals with early possible cognitive impairment.

NATIONAL STRATEGY FOR SHAPING SRI LANKA’S FOREIGN POLICY

The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka is taken as an example to describe the national interests, ends, means, and ways of the foreign policy analysis of the country. This analysis tries to identify the spectrums of foreign policy challenges currently faced by Sri Lanka today. The spectrum is based on national interests, national security, and the strategic environment (domestic and international) of Sri Lanka. The conceptual framework is based on Terry Deibel's strategic logic approach to the analysis of Sri Lanka's national strategy options. In the national interests, the means, and the ways of foreign policy that should be taken by Sri Lanka and assess how the above elements interact with each other in the foreign policy decision-making process. This paper further discusses external and internal actors, core issues, and strategic options available for Sri Lanka based on its, geostrategic location, national security, and national interest. Having understood that this paper discussed: National Strategy (Options) for shaping Sri Lanka’s Foreign Policy – Managing Domestic and International Challenges and Opportunities for the future.

Apport de l'imagerie endocoronaire dans l'angioplastie des occlusions chroniques

The interest in revascularization of chronic total occlusions (CTO) of the coronary arteries during the last decade has not waned. It is one of the latest challenges for percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI), requiring a specific organization of the patient pathway, dedicated equipment, and targeted medical expertise, now establishing CTO as a new discipline in interventional cardiology. Despite technical progress, the success rate of CTO-PCI is still lower than that of non-CTO-PCI, mainly due to guidewire failure. What can be the place of IVUS in CTO recanalization? IVUS offers a real-time cross-sectional image of the lumen and the vessel wall and meets all the criteria for assisting guidewire crossing. In addition, and as in any angioplasty of long and calcified complex lesions, IVUS participates in an optimal sizing of the stent and ensures its proper expansion. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has no place, for multiple reasons, in the management of a CTO procedure but can help on remote control to ensure an optimal result, to validate the interest of a technique.Endocoronary imaging in CTO as in other complex situations is likely to optimize procedural results, to validate strategic options with the ultimate goal of improving clinical results.